non-enzymatic glycosylationEx

trace

llula

r env

ironm

ent

Intra

cellu

lar e

nviro

nmen

t

Metal binding proteins

Antioxidants

Transition metal ions, e.g. Fe++ Cu++ Zn++

:ROS + RNS

Microbes Radiation

Chemicals and other environmental factors

-ve

-ve

Oxidative Stress

Antioxidant Enzymes:SOD GPx Catalase GSH

and other co-factors, e.g. NADP+

-ve

Indirect repair: replacement of oxidised molecules

Direct repair: reduction of oxidised molecules

Oxidised LDL =+ circulating monocytes - resident macrophages+ foam cell formation

-ve

Oxidative Reactions

Antioxidant Reactions

Oxidatively Damaged Cell

Apoptosis

Necrosis

Protein cross-linking

DIET

-ve

Endothelial Cells

Endothelial damage (ED)DNA strand breaks / mutations

Oxidants

Key

DNA