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MULTIMODAL PAIN MANAGEMENT IN ORTHOPAEDIC PROCEDURES
Presenter - Dr.V.S.Yamini
Moderator – Dr. J.BalaVenkat
Objectives Concept of nociception
Central sensitisation
Multimodal analgesia for perioperative pain management
ASRA 2016 GUIDELINES on Pain management
Consequences of Inadequate Postoperative pain Relief
Definition of Pain IASP - An unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.
Latin – Poena – Pain
More than 80% of patients who undergo surgical procedures experience acute postoperative pain
And approximately 75% of those with postoperative pain report the severity as moderate, severe, or extreme
CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN
PAIN
SOMATIC
SUPERFICIAL( Skin n subcut tissues )Eg: Cuts, Burns
DEEP( Muscle, Bone, Periosteum,
Fascia )Eg :Fractures, Arthritis,
Muscle belly rupture
VISCERALEg : Angina pectoris,
Renal colic, Intestinal colic
PAIN RECEPTORSAre sensory receptors and cutaneous receptors and pain receptors the same ???
Sensory receptors - Sensory input from various external stimuli is thought to be received by specific peripheral receptors that act as transducers and transmit by nerve action potentials along specific nerve pathways to CNS.
First order afferents – differentially sensitive
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS Mechanoreceptors Tactile non painful stimuli Pacinian , Meissner corpuscle, Merkel’s disc 2 point discrimination, proprioception
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors Free Nerve ending that responds to a noxious stimulus
NOCICEPTION Nociceptor- A high-threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral
somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli.
Nociception begins in the nerve terminals of sensory neurons
Mechanical, Chemical or thermal
Polymodal
Silent Nociceptors
Types of Nociceptors :
Aδ Unmyelinated C fibers
Receptor Types
ION CHANNELS
Neurochemistry1. TRP ( Transient receptor potential ) channels A. Temperature : TRPV1 >42°C TRPA1 <17°C
B.Chemical : TRPV1 – Capsaicin , Piperine TRPA2- Cinnamaldehyde
C. Inflammatory signals: Bradykinin, NGF ( TRPV1)
D. Itch signals : Histamine (TRPV1)
E. Mechanosensors : TRPV4
F. Acid sensing : TRPV1 Ph 5.5
2.ACID SENSING ION CHANNELS eNac family – ph 6.5 to 6.9 Asic3 – Angina
3. PURINOCEPTORS Neuropathic pain
4. TWO PORE DOMAIN POTASSIUM CHANNEL
5. Voltage Gated Sodium Channel
NEURAL PAIN PATHWAY
° TRANSDUCTION Chemical events to Electrical events in neurons
º TRANSMISSION Electrical events are transmitted Molecules in the synaptic cleft transmit information from one cell surface to another .
ºMODULATION Up regulation or Down Regulation
ºPERCEPTION
The Substantia Gelotinosa Rolandi– tip of dorsal horn – Called Gate
NEUROTRANSMITTER – A delta – Glutamate C fibers – Substance P
Key role in pain perception
A Delta – Fast – Terminate at lamina I – Neospinothalamic
C – Slow – Lamina II &III of dorsal horn – SG -Paleospinothalamic
NORMAL SENSATION
CENTRAL SENSITISATION
THE CONCEPT OF MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA
MULTIMODAL ANALGESIA
Multimodal analgesia is achieved by combining different analgesics that act by different mechanisms and at different sites in the nervous system, resulting in additive or synergistic analgesia with lowered adverse effects of sole administration of individual analgesics
These regimens must be tailored to individual patients, keeping in mind the procedure being performed, side effects of individual medications and patients’ pre-existing medical conditions.
Pain pathways and multimodal analgesic pathways
1.NSAIDS AND COX2 INHIBITORS PG E2 – Causes reduced pain threshold or incites
an inflammatory response at the site of injury
NSAIDS inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins both in the periphery and spinal cord thus diminishing the hyperalgesic states.
Only iv NSAID - Ketorolac Also available as intra nasal Latest – iv Ibuprofen Topical 1% Diclofenac
2.ACETAMINOPHEN
3.ANTI CONVULSANTS Inhibit the central neuronal sensitisation
Pregabalin and Gabapentin
Alpha-2-delta subunit of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in DRG and brain
Reduction in the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and substance P
4.NMDA RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Ketamine – iv or intra nasal Memantine – Oral . Completely absorbed
from GIT, Approx 80% remains as parent drug. Usual dose – 10 mg bd with 5-10 mg / day increments
Magnesium –inhibition of calcium influx , Antagonism of NMDA receptors
5. ALPHA 2 AGONISTS The alpha-2 adrenergic receptor has high
density in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn in humans and that is believed to be the primary site of action by which alpha-2 adrenergic agonists can reduce pain.
Dexmeditimidine and Clonidine
6. TAPENTADOL Mu opioid receptor agonism Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
100 mg tapentadol = 15 mg oxycodone
Decreased incidence of nausea and vomiting for equipotent doses of opioids
7.SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
Sensory and motor block
Local anaesthetics plus adjuvants
NEWER AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
8. PERIPHERAL Nerve block
9. Transdermal fentanyl
10. Extended release epidural Morphine
11. Liposomal Bupivacaine
12. Patient controlled analgesia
Tailored education to patient or responsible caregiver
Parents of children should receive instruction in methods of assessing pain and appropriate administration of analgesics
History of medical and psychiatric comorbidities, substance abuse ,chronic pain
Adjust the pain management plan based on adequacy of pain relief and presence of adverse events
Validated pain assessment tool to track responses
NEED FOR EFFECTIVE PATIENT EDUCATION
Dr House asthma inhaler.mp4
Multimodal analgesia - Combination of pharmacological and non pharmacological techniques
Oral opioids preferred over i.v. opioids for post operative analgesia
Avoid intramuscular route of drug administration
I.V. PCA to be used for post op systemic analgesia
No basal continuous iv infusion of opioids
Appropriate monitoring of sedation, respiratory sedation in patients receiving iv opioids
Acetaminophen and /or NSAIDS as a part of multimodal analgesia
200-400mg of celecoxib oral preop
Gabapentin or Pregaba as a component of multimodal analgesia
Use of topical local anaesthetics before giving peripheral nerve blocks
No intrapleural analgesia for pain control after thoracic surgery
Surgical site specific peripheral regional anesthesia technique
Continuous local anesthetic based peripheral regional anesthetic techniques
Neuraxial analgesia for major thoracic and abdominal procedures
Avoid neuraxial administration of magnesium, benzodiazepines, neostigmine, tramadol and ketamine
Organisational structures and policies and procedures to be developed and maintained
Clinicians should have access with consultation to a pain specialist in case of inadequately controlled post op pain
CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE PAIN TREATMENT ORGAN SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
1. CVS Increase in HR, PVR, SBP, Myocardial contractility, Increase oxygen demand
2. RS Respiratory muscle splintingDecreased vital capacityImpaired ventilationAtelectasisIncreased V/Q mismatch, Hypoventilation, Hypoxia, HypercarbiaIncreased pulmonary infection
3. GASTROINTESTINAL Increased anal sphincter toneDecreased intestinal motilityIleusNausea and vomiting
4.RENAL Increased urine sphincter tone Urine retention
5. COAGULATION Increased platelet aggregationVenostasisIncreased DVTThromboembolism
6.MUSCULAR Muscle weaknessLimitation of movementsMuscle atrophyFatigue
7.PSYCHOLOGICAL AnxietyFearDepression
8.OVERALL RECOVERY DelayedProlonged hospital stayDelayed return to normal life
PERSISTENT POST OPERATIVE PAIN CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS 1. Pain developed after surgical procedure 2. Pain of atleast 2 months duration 3. Other causes of pain excluded
ACUTE TO PERSISTENT PAIN Peripheral and central sensitisation of nervous system
causes intractable pain that can become chronic
Repeated noxious stimuli can induce change in chemical profile , function or even structure of neurons – increased sensitivity to pain
Periph sensitisation – hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons
Central sensitisation – Hyperexcitability of spinal nociceptive neurons , expansion of sensory receptive fields , alterations in processing of innocuous stimuli
SUMMARY OF INTERVENTIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PAIN
1.NON PHARMACOLOGICAL a. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation b. Cognitive modalities2.SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGICAL a. Acetaminophen b. NSAIDS c. Oral Opioids d. Patient controlled i.v. analgesia with opioids e. Gabapentin and Pregabalin
2.SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGICAL
e. Ketamine i.v
f. Lignocaine i.v.
g.Local anesthetic infiltration
h.Intra articular local anesthetic
i. Topical local anaesthetics
J.Peripheral regional anesthetic techniques
K. Neuraxial analgesia
THANK YOU