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Mandibular Trauma
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Mandibular Fractures
Presented by Dr. Mohammed haneef
HISTORY ANATOMY INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT CONDYLAR FRACTURES
Contents:
• The pre-Christian era
The first description of mandibular fractures dates to the 17th Century BC in the ‘Edwin Smith papyrus’,
The Egyptians’ attitude to mandibular fractures was rather pessimistic:
“If thou examinest a man having a fracture in his mandible,
thou shouldst place thy hand upon it...and find that fracture
crepitating under thy fingers, thou shouldst say concerning
him: One having a fracture in his mandible, over which a
wound has been inflicted, thou will a fever gain from it. An
ailment not to be treated. Death usually followed, presumably
caused by infection”.• Hippocrates – direct reapproximation of # segments with the use of circum
dental wires • 1180, Textbook written in Salerno, Italy – importance of establishing a
proper occlusion.• 1492, the book Cyrurgia by Guglielmo Salicetti – first mention of the use
of maxillomandibular fixation in treatment of mandibular #.
History:
R. Mukerji et al. / British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44 (2006) 222–228
History• 1887, Gilmer reintroduced MMF in United States.• Buck & Kinlock- first to do ORIF using wires.• 1888 Schede- First to use stainless steel plate & screws.• 1960, Luhr- first to use Vitallium compression plate• 1970, Spiessl through AO/ASIF introduced principles of
rigid internal fixation.• 1970, Michelet- introduced small bendable, non
compression plates- these were further modified by Champy.
• 1987 – M.S. Leonard first to report use of lag screws• Late 1990s – introduction of use of bioresorbable plates
Anatomy:
Area of weakness
• Junction of Alveolar bone & Basal mandibular bone.• Symphysis.• Teeth • Foramen• Angle• Condyle
Muscle Action• Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid,
Genioglossus & Anterior belly of omohyoid – postero-medial & inferior displacement of # fracture fragment.
• Pterygomassetric sling – Supero-medial & anterior displacement of fractured lesser fragment.
• Lateral Pterygoid muscle- Antero-medial displacement of fractured condyle.
• Temporalis – postero-superior displacement of fractured coronoid process.
• Zones of compression and tension within the mandible are determined by the muscles inserting and the forces exerted by these muscles.
• Smaller arrows show direction of muscular forces
• Larger arrows show the load placed during function.
• This gives a zone of compression along the lower border and a zone of compression along the superior border
• Neutral axis about the level of the canal.
Factors influencing displacement of fracture
• Degree of force
• Resistance to the force offered by the facial bones
• Direction of force
• Point of application of force
• Cross-sectional area of the agent or object struck
• Attached muscles
# SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS:-
Mylohyoid constitues a diaphragm b/w hyoid bone & mylohyoid ridge
on inner aspect of mandible
• Mylohyoid & geniohyoid -- stabilizing force symphysis transverse #
• Oblique # in this region tends to overlaps -- genio & mylohyoid
diaphragm
Bucket handle displacement
• B/L # of parasymphysis results
from force which disrupts the
periosteum.
• displaced posteriorly under the
influence of genioglossus /
geniohyoid muscle
• Often removes attachment of
tongue & allows
TONGUE FALL BACK
ANGLE # :- • medial pterygoid stronger component
• Vertical direction # favors the unopposed action of the medial
pterygoid muscle,, post fragment pulled lingually
• Horizontal direction # line favors the unopposed action of masseter and medial pterygoid muscle,, post fragment displaced upwards
15
Nerves• The inferior dental nerve is frequently damaged in #
of body and angle • The fibrous sheath provides considerable support for
contained vessels and nerves which accounts for surprisingly low incidence of permanent nerve damage after #
• Condyle may impact with such force against the temporal bone and # which results in facial nerve damage within follapian canal [Goin. 1980].
• Injury to facial nerve due to external trauma.
• Angle 110-140*• Angle decreases with growth- changes in condylar
process ,shape and size
Age Changes
Blood vessels
• Vascular damage to inferior dental artery and vein • A large sublingual haematoma may result from
rupture of dorsal lingual veins medial to an angle.• Hemorrhage from torn periosteum.• The facial vessels are vulnerable to direct trauma
where they cross the lower border of the mandible at anteroinferior margin of Masseter muscle.
• A tubular long bone, which is bent into a blunt V-shape.• Mandible is strongest anteriorly in midline with
progressively less strength towards condyle .• dentition• Muscle attachments.• Mandible is one of the strongest bones, the energy
required to # it being of the order of 44.6 –74.4 Kg / M(425Lb) approximately 350- 400 kg (800-900lb), which is about same as zygoma and about ½ that of frontal bone
[Swearingen 1965, Hodgson 1967, Nahum 1975a, Luce et al 1979]
Introduction:
Mandible is embryologically a membrane bent bone although, resembles physically long bone it has two articular cartilages with two
nutrient arteries.
FRACTURE :Definition :
Fracture is defined as sudden violent solution in the continuity of the bone which may be complete or incomplete resulted from direct or indirect causes.Mandibular fractures :
Fractures of the mandible are common in patients, who sustain facial trauma. SEX :
Most mandibular fractures are seen to occur in male patients. Ratio is approximately 4.5 : 1AGE :
35 % of mandibular fractures occur between the ages of 20 to 30 years.
Subodh et al, Clinical Study An Epidemiological Study on Pattern and Incidence of Mandibular Fractures, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Plastic Surgery International, Volume 2012, Article ID 834364,7pages
AETIOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES• 1.Vehicular accidents • 2.Altercation,assaults,interpersonnel violence
• 3.Fall • 4.Sporting accidents • 5.Industrial mishaps or work accidents • 6.Pathological fractures or miscellaneous
Number of fractures per mandible.
The number of mandibular fractures per patient ranged from 1.5 to 1.8.
1. Unilateral , single - 53%2. Bilateral , double - 37%3. Multiple fractures - 10%
Fifty percent have more than one fracture.Subodh et al, Clinical Study An Epidemiological Study on Pattern and Incidence of Mandibular Fractures, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Plastic Surgery International, Volume 2012, Article ID 834364,7pages
Classification of mandibular fractures :
I. General classificationII. Anatomical locationsIII. Relation of the fracture to site of injury IV. CompletenessV. Depending on the mechanismVI. Number of fragmentVII. Involvement of the integumentVIII.The shape or area of the fractureIX. According to the direction of fracture and favourability for the
treatmentX. According to presence or absence of teethXI. AO classification – relevant to internal fixation
1. Kruger's general classification
• Simple or Closed Fracture
• Compound or Open
• Comminuted
• Complicated or complex
• Impacted
• Greenstick fracture
• Pathological
Simple fracture Compound Fracture
Comminuted fracture
Impacted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Classification:
2. Rowe & Killey classification• Fractures not involving basal bone
• Fractures involving basal bone of the mandible. Subdivided into following: Single Unilateral Double unilateral Bilateral Multiple
3. Dingman & Natvig classification• Midline • Parasymphyseal• Symphysis • Body • Angle • Ramus • Condylar process• Coronoid process• Alveolar process
4. Kruger & Schilli classificationI. Relation to the external environment
• Simple Or closed
• Compound or openII. Types of fracture
• Incomplete
• Greenstick
• Complete
• ComminutedIII. Dentition of the jaw with reference to the use of splint
• Sufficiently dentulous patient
• Edentulous or insufficiently dentulous patient
• Primary and Mixed dentition IV. Localization
• Fractures of the symphysis region between canines
• Fractures of the canine region
• Fractures of the body of the mandible
• Fractures of the angle
• Fractures of the mandibular ramus
• Fractures of the coronoid process
• Fractures of the condyle
5. Kazanjian classification
Class – III : Patient is edentulolus
Class – I : teeth are present on both sides of the fracture line
Class – II : Teeth are present on only one side of fracture line
6. According to direction of the fracture and favorability for treatment ( Fry et al)
Horizontally favorable
Horizontally unfavorable
Vertically favorable
Vertically unfavorable
7. Relation of the fracture to the site of injury
• Direct fracture • Indirect fracture
8. AO Classification(relevant to internal fixation): 1) F: Number of fracture or fragments 2) L: Location (site) of fracture 3) O: Status of occlusion 4) S: Soft tissue involvement 5) A: Associated fractures of facial skeleton
9. Grades of severity: I-V
Grade I and II are closed fractures
Grade III and IV are open fractures
Grade V open fracture with a bony defect (gunshot)
10. AO-analogue classification system of mandibular fractures• Each compartment is classified independently, describing the
degree of displacement and the presence of multifragmentation or osseous defects.
• Each fracture is classified:
- type A, nondisplaced fractures
- type B, displaced fractures
- type C, multifragmentary/defect fractures
• Each fracture is divided into 3 groups,
specific to the mandibular unit.
Int.J.Oral Maxillofac.Surg.2008;37:1080-1088
Vertical unit
Horizontal unit
Central horizontal unit
• Direct violence• Indirect violence• Excessive muscular contraction.• Pathological fractures• Iatrogenic
• R.T.A’s
• Falls
• Fights
• Sport Injuries
• Industrial mishaps
Etiology:
History
Clinical Examination
Radiological Examination
Panoramic radiograph
Lateral oblique Radiograph
Posteroanterior Radiograph
Occlusal view
reverse towne’s view
CT scan
Diagnosis of Mandibular fracture:
History• Focussed questioning should reveal following:
• Mechanism of injury• Previous facial fracture• H/O TMJ disorders• Preinjury occlusion
Clinical examination
Examination of pt with # of mandible takes place in 3 stages:
A. Immediate assessment and treatment of any condition constituting a threat to life.
B. General clinical examination of pt.
C. Local examination of mandibular #.
• Change in occlusion
• Anesthesia, Paresthesia or Dysesthesia of lower lip
• Abnormal mandibular movements
• Change in facial contour and mandibular arch form
• Laceration, Hematoma and Ecchymosis
• Loose teeth and crepitation on palpation
Clinical Examination
Clinical examination
Test for sensation
Signs and symptoms• Tenderness +ve• Occlusion changes - # teeth
- # alveolar process - # mandible at any location
- # condyle
• Anterior open bite - B/L condylar #
• Posterior open bite - parasymphysis #
• Unilateral open bite - # ipsilateral angle - # parasymphysis
• Posterior cross bite - midline symphysis #- condylar #
Radiological examination
Ideally need 2 radiographic views of the fracture that are
oriented 90’ from one another to properly work up
fractures
• Single view can lead to misdiagnosis and
• complications with treatment
• Most informative • Shows entire mandible and
direction of fracture (horizontal favorable, unfavorable)
Disadvantages:• – Patient must sit up up-right• – Difficult to determine buccal/lingual bone and• medial condylar displacement• – Some detail is lost/blurred in the symphysis, TMJ
and dentoalveolar regions
Posteroanterior (pa) radiograph: Shows displacement of fractures in the ramus, angle, body, and
symphysis region
Disadvantage: • Cannot visualize the condylar region
Lateral oblique • Used to visualize ramus, angle, and
body fractures
Disadvantage: • Limited visualization of the condylar
region, symphysis, and body anterior to the premolar
Occlusal radiograph• Used to visualize fractures in the body in regards to medial or
lateral displacement
Used to visualize symphyseal fractures for anterior and posterior displacement
Computed tomography ct:Excellent for showing
intracapsular condyle fractures
axial and coronal views,
3-D reconstructions
Disadvantage:• – Expensive• – Larger dose of radiation
exposure compared to plain film
• – Difficult to evaluate direction of fracture from individual slices (reformatting to 3-D overcomes this)
1. The patient’s general physical status should be carefully evaluated and monitored prior to any consideration of treating mandibular fracture.
2. Diagnosis and treatment of mandibular fractures should be approached methodically not with an “emergency-type” mentality
3. Dental injuries should be evaluated and treated concurrently with treatment of mandibular fractures
4. Re-establishment of occlusion is the primary goal in the treatment of mandibular fracture.
5. With multiple facial fracture mandibular fracture should be treated first.
6. Intermaxillary fixation time should vary according to the type, location, number severity of the mandibular fracture as well as the patient’s age and health.
7. Prophylactic antibiotics should be used for compound fractures.
General principles in the treatment of mandibular fracture
Basic principles for Rx of Fracture
Reduction• Closed
• Direct interdental wiring Indirect interdental wiring (eyelet or Ivy loop)
• Continuous or multiple loop wiring
• Arch bars• Cap splints• 'Gunning-type' splints• Pin fixation
Open Transosseous
wiring (osteosynthesis)
Plating Intramedullary
pinning Titanium mesh Circumferential
straps Bone clamps Bone staples Bone screws
Fixation Direct Indirect
Immobilization• Methods of immobilization
• (a) Osteosynthesis without intermaxillary fixation• (i) Non-compression small plates• (ii) Compression plates• (iii) Mini-plates• (iv) Lag screws
• (b) Intermaxillary fixation• (i) Bonded brackets• (ii) Dental wiring
• Direct• Eyelet
• (iii) Arch bars• (iv) Cap splints• (v) MMF screws
• (c) Intermaxillary fixation with osteosynthesis• (i) Transosseous wiring• (ii) Circumferential wiring• (iii) External pin fixation• (iv) Bone clamps• (v) Transfixation with Kirschner wires
1. Non-displaced favorable fractures
2. Grossly comminuted fractures
3. Fractures exposed by significant loss of overlying soft tissue.
4. Mandibular fractures in children with developing dentition
5. Coronoid process fracture
6. Condylar fractures
Indication for Closed Reduction of Fractures
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CLOSED REDUCTION
Advantages• Inexpensive • Only stainless steel wire
needed • Convenient• Gives occlusion• Conservative • O.T not required• Generally easy ,no great
operator skill needed
Disadvantages • Cannot obtain absolute
stability • Difficulty nutrition • Oral hygiene impossible• Long period of IMF• Changes in TMJ cartilage• Weight loss • Decrease range of motion of
mandible • Risk of wounds to operator
CLOSED REDUCTION
• HISTORY • William Saliceto(1210-1277) Tied the teeth (MMF)• Thomas Gilmer(1849-1931) Reveiwed the tech,
introduced Arch Bars in 1907.• Barton bandage by JOHN BARTON
• Lingual-Labial occlusal splint. • Vaccum formed acrylic splint
• Royal Berkshire Haio Frame
Direct interdental wiring
• Gilmer's wiring• simple & rapid method of
immobilization jaw • first aid method • temporary immobilization
of # fragment
Disadvantage
- complete removal of wires
- extrusion of teeth
IV LOOP METHOD
IVY-LOOP METHOD• quick and easy way of
obtaining maxillo-mandibular fashion.
• 24 gauge wire• simple and effective for
reduction and immobilization of #
WILLIAM’S MODIFICATION
Clove hitch• Incase of single tooth
Button Wiring
• Leonard (1977) considers that eyelet wires have several drawbacks.
• He described the use of titanium buttons of 8mm diameter,
inclusive of a 1mm rim, and 2mm deep.
Col. Stout wiring
Risdon’s wiring
Arch bars
• For temporary fragment stabilization in emergency cases before definitive treatment
• As a tension band in combination with rigid internal fixation • For long-term fixation in conservative treatment • For fixation of avulsed teeth and alveolar crest fractures
• Different types of Arch bar• Winters • Jelenkos• Dautrys Arch bar• Berns titinium arch bars• Burmachs arch bar• Custom made
Screws • Screws are quick to place• Reduce the chance of needlestick injury from wires• Can be used with heavily restored teeth• Can be placed and removed rapidly• Well tolerated by patient• Allow oral hygiene to be easily maintained
Pre drilled Drill free
• When drilling the screw holes, saline irrigation assists bone debris removal and cooling of tissues.
• There is a risk of the drill damaging the roots of adjacent teeth, especially in inexperienced hands
• Cannot be used
• No irrigation required
• Less chance of damage
to adjacent teeth
• Drill free screws may
be used in comminuted fractures
Cap Splints :
• Indications Advanced periodontal
disease #s of tooth bearing
segments & condylar neck Portion of body of
mandible missing
• Impression technique• Fitting the splint• Reduction of fracture
Biphasic pin fixation
• Closed technique uses external fixation (Morris appliance & Roger anderson appliance) for management of communited mandibular #.
• screws placed - two on either side of the fracture through stab incisions & holes drilled in the mandible.
• Once external pins are in position,
the fracture segments are manipulated to
achieve reduction.
• Then the pins are locked in reduced position by applying of an acrylic mix that is placed over the ends of the pins that are protruding out of the skin.
• The acrylic is allowed to harden while mandible is held in reduced position.
• Steinmann pins or Kirshner wires can also be used as external pins
Indications• Edentulous fractures• If IMF is not feasible• Comminuted fractures• Bone graft
requirements• With a head frame
Contraindications• Irradiated tissues• Grossly contaminated
tissue• Osteoporosis• Osteosclerosis• Atrophy
Advantages
• Control of the edentulous
fragments without
involving the fracture lines.
• under LA.
• avoidance of the need for
surgery at the fracture site,
• minimum operative time
• Simple surgical technique.
Disadvantages
• Conspicuous
uncomfortable
• uncooperative or cerebrally
irritated patient.
• Difficulty with washing
and shaving
• scars caused- pinholes
• risk of infection.
Acrylic splints take the form of
modified dentures with bite block in place of molar teeth &
space in the incisor area to facilitate feeding
Used in edentulous jaw fractures
Gunning splints
INDICATION
• - unilateral / bilateral # edentulous mandible
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• - unfavorable displaced #s lying out side
denture bearing areas
• - severe posterior displacement of #s of the
anterior part of mandible
• Preparation of cast/ mock surgery
• Preparation of acrylic block in centric
relation
• Acrylic bite block in molar region
• Space in anterior region
• Stainless steel hooks in molar region
Fabrication
Immobilization
Maxilla -Peralveolar wiring
- Circum zygomatic wiring
- With help of bone screws
Mandible - Circum mandibular wiring
Followed by IMF
Early General supervision Infection control Pain control Oral hygiene maintenance Feeding
Post operative care
Late
Testing union & removal of fixation
Jaw physiotherapy
Houpert’s procedure The operator should drill transfixion holes (in a vestibulo‐lingual direction) with a tiny round burr in the crown of the deciduous teeth away from the pulp and a safe distance from the occlusal surface. A 0.2‐mm stainless steel wire impregnated in silver nitrate is introduced through the holes. Depending on the number of teeth used, either bimaxillary or monomaxillary fixation can be applied. Each hole should be filled with amalgam. A variation of this technique (Ginestet) allows placing an eyelet through each hole to fix both a vestibular and a lingual/palatal hard, 0.5‐mm stainless steel wire, with the possibility of a double splint device both in the vestibular and at the lingual/palatal aspect of the dental arcade.
1. Displaced unfavorable fracture through angle of the mandible
2. Displaced unfavorable fractures of the body or pasymphyseal region
3. Multiple fractures of the facial bones
4. Midface fractures and displaced Bilateral condyler fractures
5. Fractures of the edentulous mandible with severe displacement of fragments
6. Edentulous maxilla opposing a mandibular fracture
7. Delay of treatment and interposition of soft tissue between noncontacting displaced fracture fragments.
8. Malunion
9. Special systemic conditions contraindicating intermaxillaryfixation
Indications for open Reduction
Contraindications
• G.A / more prolonged procedure is not
advisable
• Gross infections at the # site
• Sever comminution with loss of soft
tissue
• Patients with difficult to control
seizures
Surgical approaches to the mandible
• Intraoral symphysis and
parasymphysis
Intraoral body, angle and ramus –
Transbuccal approach
Degloving incision
Extraoral approaches
Submental Submandibular Retromandibular
Transalveolar / upper border wiringSir Williams Kelsey Fry • To control the posterior fragment• Use – vertically and horizontally unfavorable #• Horizontal mattress wiring
Transosseous / lower border wiring
Hayton Williams 1958 • # fragments expose extraorally• posterior fragment hole higher level then anterior
fragment• both wires passes simultaneously through same hole
1973 Obwegeser :- • Combined direct and figure of ‘8’ wiring with single stand
of wire
Transosseous or lower border wiring
Bone plate osteosynthesis
• Non compression plate with monocortical screw
• Compression plates with bicortical screw
- DCP - EDCP
• Bio degradable plates and screws
• Three dimensional plates
• Titanium miniplates
Principle of compression plate osteosynthesis
• The holes for the screws should be prepared at the far ends of the plate holes.
• When tightening the screws the fracture ends are approximated by the effect of the spherically shaped holes
Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2008; 36: e251 - e259
Compression plates
• Axial compression b/w fractured bone ends• Rigid fixation with intra-fragmentry compression• Bone ends correctly opposed and maintained • IMF is not needed post operatively • Primary bone healing occurs by direct osteoblastic activity
within #• AO/ASIF dynamic compression plates
Compression plate approach Eccentric dynamic compression plate
DCP EDCP
• The plate design is based on a screw
head that, when tightened, slides
down an inclined plane within the
plate.
• Screw behaves as compression
screw or the static screw
• Compression is not achieved at the
upper border so tension band is
required
• The EDCP is similar to the DCP in that the
inner holes are designed to produce
compression across the fracture site
• Two oblique outer eccentric compression
holes aligned at an angle oblique to the
long axis of the plate. The activation of
these outer holes produces a rotational
movement of the fracture segments with
the inner screws acting as the axis of
rotation
• Brings compression at the upper border so
tension band is not required
Mini plate Osteosynthesis :- 1973 MICHELET1975 CHAMPY MODIFIED
- Under physiological strain, forces of tension along the alveolar border & forces of compression along the lower border of the mandible. - With in the body of the mandible these forces produce, predominantly, moments of flexion – angle strong & weak in PM region. - with in the symphysis – torsional moments - Champy et al analysed these moments using a mathematical model of the mandible – ideal line of osteosynthesis.# symphysis 2 plates# angle 1 plateMonocortical screws 2 mm diameter and 5 to 10 mm length Plate 2cm long, 0.9mm thick and 6mm wide
Advantages of monocortical miniplate osteosynthesis over bicortical compression plates.
Monocortical • Requires minimal
dissection.• Less technique
sensitive• Less chances of
complications
Bicortical
• Extra oral approach• Nerve injury• Difficult to adapt
Compression plate Miniplates • Bicortical plates
• Bulky and difficult to use
• Applied extraorally
• Cannot be used at the upper border of the mandible
• Provides rigid fixation • No interfragmentary
movement allowed
• Monocortical plates
• Easy to use • Applied intraorally, small
incision , less soft tissue dissection , less likely to be palpable
• Can be used without any associated complication
• Provides functionally stable fixation
• Little interfragmentary movement present, torsional movement seen under functional loading
Champy’s line of osteosynthesis
Locking vs Standard mini plates
3-D plate ostesynthesisDental Research Journal /Mar 2012 /Vol 9 / Issue 2
• Titanium 3-D plating system was developed by Farmand to meet the requirements of semi-rigid fixation with lesser complications.
• The 3-D miniplate is a misnomer as the plates are not three dimensional, but hold the fracture fragments rigidly by resisting the forces in three dimensions, namely, shearing, bending, and torsional forces.
• The basic concept of 3-D fixation as explained by Farmand
is that a geometrically closed quadrangular plate secured with bone screws creates stability in three dimensions. The stability is gained over a defined surface area and is achieved by its configuration and not by its thickness or length.
• The large free areas between the plate arms and minimal dissection permit good blood supply to the bone.
• The newly introduced 3-D plating system provides definite advantages over the conventional miniplates.
• The 3-D plating system uses fewer plates and screws as compared to the conventional miniplates, to stabilize the bone fragments. Thus, it uses lesser foreign material, and reduces the operation time and overall cost of the treatment
• The 3-D plating system has a compact design and is • easy to use. The 1.0-mm-thick 3-D plate is as stable • as the much thicker 2.0 mm miniplate. This offers • better bending stability and more resistance to out-ofplane
movement or torque.
Three dimensional plate
Advantages: -• Improved handling characteristics, • Increased stability,• Shorter surgical time,• Preservation of bony
perfusion,• Decreased bone necrosis,• Increased bony healing and regeneration.
Bioabsorbable PlatesBioresorbable materials used for rigid fixation • Polydioxanone• Polyglycolic acid• Polylactic acid
Strength inadequate to provide clinically acceptable rigid fixation.
• Use of poly-L-lactide in 69 fractures by Kim et al• 12% complication• 8% infection• No malunion
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol 110, july 2002, 25-31
Bioresorbable plates & screws[Robert M. Laughlin JOMS 2007;65:89-96]
Advantages:• Provides the proper strength
when necessary and then harmlessly degrades over time.
• No need for an additional removal operation.
• Reduce the total treatment & rehabilitation time of the patient.
• No bending pliers are necessary.
Lag screwCompress fracture fragments without the use of bone plate
Two sound bony cortices are required -- Shares the loads with the bone
Uses: • absolute rigid fixation• Less hardware • More cost effective• Rigid method of internal fixation • Insertion -quicker and easier• Reduction more accurate
Lag screwsPlaced indirection that is perpendicular
to the line of fracture to prevent overriding
& displacement during
tightening of the screws.
INDICATIONS
• #s in edentulous parts
• Concomittant #s of body & condyle
• IMF contraindicated
• Saggital/oblique fractures
• Non/mal union
Lag Screw fixation.
Lag Screw technique
107
Anchor lag screw vs conventional lag screw
Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research 3 (2013) 15e19
Loosening of screw, damage to bone, mobility of fragments, incidence of pain, infection presence
Reconstruction plates
• For communited mandibular fractures• Decreased post op morbidity• Stabilization of entire communited complex• Defect fractures can be treated• 2.0 mm plate with bicortical screw used in conjuction with lag
screws or miniplates
Advantages of open reduction. • Accurate reduction &
fixation of fractures by direct visualization.
• Better bone healing.• Early return to normal
jaw function.• Normal nutrition, no
weight loss.• Patient can maintain
oral hygiene.• Early return to work.
Disadvantages of open reduction.• Requires surgical
exposure.• Requires general
anesthesia.• Expensive.• Compared to IMF
technique is difficult and risky.
• Foreign body is left in the tissues.
• Scarring.
Protocol for treatment of mandibular fractures(Philip L. Maloney,J Oral Maxillofac Surg,59:879-884, 2001)
• Simple fractures of the condylar process and ramus - closed reduction. MMF for 48 to72 hours - training elastics and close observation
• No MMF is required for coronoid fractures; archbars and training elastics are used only if a malocclusion is present.
• Simple or compound fractures with a time delay from injury to immobilization of < 72 hours are treated by a closed reduction (CR) or, if indicated, open reduction with rigid fixation (ORIF).
• Compound fractures - delay from injury to immobilization of >72 hours - MMF and IV antibiotics .
• If the closed reduction is adequate, the patient is continued on oral antibiotics for an additional 10 to 14days and maintained in MMF and on a blenderized diet for 5 to 6 weeks from the time of closed reduction.
• If not, ORIF is performed, and MMF is maintained for 10 to 14 additional days.
• Edentulous patients are treated with rigid fixation, no MMF, and a blenderized diet for 4 to 5 weeks.
• Teeth in the line of fracture are judged individually.
The goal of AO/ASIF is rigid internal fixation with
primary bone healing, under functional loading
Basic principals
• Reduction of bony fragments
• Stable fixation of the fragments
• Preservation of the adjacent blood supply
• Early functional mobilization
Bone healing • Histomorphologic changes during fracture healing
Post fracture time Histology
Immediate Extravasation of blood
24 hrs Aseptic inflamm – clot
48 hrs Org of clot
4 days Intramemb bone formation
Subperiosteal bone formatn
5 to 10 days Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage + calcification
30 days until of Trabecular bone formation
healing
Cortical bone formation
General principles in the treatment of mandibular fractures
• Patient’s general physical status
• Methodical approach -not “emergency-type” mentality.
• Dental injuries - evaluated & treated concurrently
with T/t of mandibular fractures.
• Re-establishment of occlusion -primary goal
• With multiple facial fractures, mandibular fractures
should be treated first.
• IMF time should vary • Type• Location• Number • Severity of mandibular fractures
• As well as the patient’s age & health
the method used for reduction & immobilization.• Prophylactic antibiotics should be used for compound
fractures.• Nutritional needs should be closely monitored
postoperatively.
Young adult with Fracture of the angle receiving Early treatment in which Tooth removed from fracture line
3 weeks
Guide for time of immobilization
(a) Tooth retained in fracture line: add 1 week(b) Fracture at the symphysis: add 1 week(c) Age 40 years and over: add 1 or 2 weeks(d) Children and adolescents: subtract 1 week
IF
Teeth in the line of fracture• Potential impediment to healing
• Fracture is compound
• Tooth maybe damaged structurally subsequently become
necrotic
• Pre existing pathology – apical granuloma
Teeth in line of fracture Indications for
removalAbsolute • Longitudinal #• Dislocation/subluxation of
tooth• Periapical Infection• Infection of the fracture line• Acute pericoronitis
Relative• Functionless tooth• Advanced caries• Periodontal disease• Doubtful teeth• Untreated # > 3
days
Management of teeth retained in fracture line
• Intra-oral periapical radiograph
• Systemic antibiotic therapy
• Splinting of tooth if mobile
• Endodontic therapy if pulp exposed
• Immediate extraction if fracture becomes infected
• Follow-up for 1 yr with endodontic therapy if there is
demonstrable loss of vitality.
Fracture healing
• With RIF the strain on the bone is reduced
• Bone heals by direct approximation
• Gap healing – minimal callus
• healing – satisfactory immobilisation
• Inflammatory stage• Cartilagenous stage• Bony callous stage• Remodelling
ComplicationsComplications during primary treatment
Misapplied fixation
Infection
Nerve damage
Displaced teeth and foreign bodies
Pulpitis
Gingival and periodontal complications
Drug reactions
Late complications
Malunion
Delayed union
Non-union
Derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Late problems with transosseous wires and plates
Sequestration of bone
Trismus
Scars
Management of Infections
Intra oral ORIF
Management of TMJ complications
Thank you