Methods Used To Study Sleep: p1321. Sleep Laboratories:

2. Electroencephalograph (EEG):

3. Electro-oculogram (EOG):

4. Electromyograph:

Characteristics of Sleep: pg 139

‘Sleep is defined as a natural and periodically reoccurring state of rest’ (Coon 1992)

Reduced activity Lessened responsiveness to stimuli Distinct brain wave activity

Is it considered A.S.C? Why?

Methods used to Study Sleep: pg 132

Changes in electrical activity of the brain during sleep are measured using an:

1. Electroencephalograph (E E G)= Encephalo = brain

2. Electro – oculargram (E O G) pg 286.= Ocular = Eyes (Optical)

- measures eye movements via electrodes attached to the face – Rapid Eye Movements. REM indicates that an individual is dreaming.

3. Electromyogram (E M G)= Myo = Muscle

- measures muscle tintion which is lax during REM sleep.- *See fig 3.4p 135 (know where the electrodes go)*

To remember the brain waves as we descend from being awake to keep sleep think of this acronym:

BAThe D (Beta Alpha Theta Delta)

(Brain is Busy) (Almost Asleep) (Deep sleep)

Patterns of Sleep: pg 139.

There are 2 types of sleep:

NREM: Non Rapid Eye MovementREM: Rapid Eye Movement

NREM: 80% of all sleep It lasts for 70 – 80 minutes and consists of 4 stages, each with distinct brain

wave patterns. At the end of each period of NREM sleep – REM sleep follows. Eg; stage 5.

Sleep consists of NREM (not necessarily al 4 stages) and then a period of REM. REM sleep increases as the night progresses: *see fig 3.9 p139

Task: explain Fig3.9 pg 139

REM: Eyes move rapidly underneath eyelids 20% of all sleep

TASKNREM: read pg 149 and list the key points.

Describe the following: pg 141

Describe falling asleep and the hypnogogic state:

Stage 1:

Stage 2:

Stage 3:

Stage 4:

Pg 143: REM sleep is sometimes referred to as Padadoxical sleep – why?

List the key reason:

Our deepest sleep occurs early in the sleep cycle not later.

More dreams are remembered when they have occurred just before we wake. WHY??

CHANGES IN SLEEP PATTERNS OVER THE LIFE SPAN P149

Why do infants and children spend more time in REM? Fig 3.17 p150

Explain what happens to the sleep cycle as we get older? Describe 2 general trends in the pattern and proportions of NREM and REM sleep across the life span.. p150

SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE SHIFT DURING ADOLESCENCE p151 Describe the sleep-wake cycle shift during adolescence?What are 3 potential consequences of this shift?

What is meant by delayed onset of sleep and sleep debt? p151

Explain sleep, phase syndrome? p157

Why do we dream? Pg 146 box 3.4

Briefly explain Freud’s wish-fulfilment theory. P147

Briefly explain Hobson and McCarley’s acivationsynthesis theory. P147

Effects of Sleep Deprivation: pg 164Sleep deprivation – involves a lack of sleep leading to lethargy, irritability, loss of concentration, REM rebound, headaches and difficulty completing low level tasks..

Important: sleep deprivation affects low difficulty level tasks NOT high difficulty level tasks.

Symptoms of sleep deprivation: -psychological - physiological

Less severe: Inattention Confusion

Severe Deprivation: Visual hallucinations Disorientation Paranoia these are all temporary Sleep deprivation Psychosis

Eg; Tripp saw cobwebs in his shoes.Eg; Randy Gardner at age 17 went 268 hours (11 days) without sleep. It took him 14 hours to sleep to recover.

- Age and personality affect symptoms of sleep loss. P166

REM rebound: occurs after being selectively deprived of REM sleep. People then make up by spending more time in REM sleep over the next few nights.

Task

Q. What is the purpose of sleep as suggested by some psychologists? P160Restoration-

Survival-

Q. What have psychologists learnt about total sleep deprivation in animals? P165

Explain the difference between Partial sleep deprivation and total sleep deprivation. P165

Psychological Effects of Prolonged Sleep Deprivation:

List key 2 psychological effects of prolonged sleep deprivation

Physiological Effects of Prolonged Sleep Deprivation:

List 2 Physiological effects of prolonged sleep deprivation

What is a microsleep and when is it more likely to occur? p167

Group Work:

Group 1: Box3.10:Can you reduce the amount of sleep you need? Pg 162

Group 2: Box 3.37:The sleep – waking cycle as a biological rhythm. Pg 155

Group 3: Box 3.12:Shift-work and sleep. Pg 168

Complete the Chapter test on p172/173