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What kinds of ’expert search’ skills emerge from the above illustration?
Extended search techniques for health librarians:from grey lit to snowballing
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Health librarians as expert searchers
‘Extended search techniques’
Evidence-based practice(s)
Grey literature searching
Search assignment(s)
Tonight’s class topics & activities:
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Reflective exercise – Take 5-7 mins.
Some questions to consider re: search assignment I:
• What did you learn after you completed the search assignment?• What would you change or do differently?• What surprised you about biomedical searching – and the databases?• What did you learn about searching? • Did you learn on your own …or with your peers?• What worked for you? What didn’t?• What do you need to do to become an expert?
“Reflective practice involves careful consideration of one’s experience in learning…” Donald Schoen. The Reflective Practitioner 1983.
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Source: Helmer D et al. Evidence-based practice: extending the search to find material for the systematic review. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 2001 Oct;89(4):346-52.
“…while MEDLINE is considered the premier source for accessing medical information, it has been established that searching MEDLINE alone generally fails to identify all
possible studies for inclusion in systematic reviews … a number of guidelines have been produced for conducting systematic review searches that extend beyond MEDLINE … …
search protocols based on these guidelines generally require that researchers and librarians search the subject-specific and specialized databases… the gray literature,
handsearch key journals, scan reference lists, identify conference proceedings & consult with researchers in the topic area…”
Extending your search
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Extended search techniques• Documenting all search activities
• Googling & Google scholar-ing
• Search for grey (gray) lit
• Identify conference proceedings
• Scan reference lists & bibliographies
• Contact experts in the area
• Personal communication i.e., telephone calls, emails, tweets?
• Blogsearching, specialized websites, directories
• Search academic vitaes
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
See Expert searching on HLWIKI Canada
Documentation skills & practices
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Documentation for reproducibility OvidSP MEDLINE search:
1. bibliography/2. ((check$ or review$ or handsearch$ or screen$ or scan$ or search$ or crosscheck$) adj (cited adj
(work$ or reference$))).tw.3. ((check$ or review$ or handsearch$ or screen$ or Scan$ or search$ or crosscheck$) adj
(reference$ or bibliograph$)).tw.4. (Identif$ adj2 (cited adj (work$ or reference$))).tw.5. (Identif$ adj2 (reference$ or bibliograph$)).tw.6. bibliograph$.tw.7. (reference$ adj2 list$).mp.8. (pearl grow$).mp.9. ((work or works) adj2 cited).mp.10. citation$.tw.11. Information Systems/12. (snow ball$ or snowball$).mp.13. footnote chas$.mp.14. backward chain$.mp.15. or/1-1416. not “cochrane database of systematic reviews”.jn.17. methods/18. epidemiologic methods/19. exp “bias (epidemiology)”/20. (recall or precision).tw.21. or/17-2022. 15 and 21
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Johns Hopkins’ clinical trial volunteer Ellen Roche died in 2001 after she participated in a clinical trial for a
proposed asthma treatment...
Were health librarians consulted for this trial?
Do expert search skills save lives?
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
"information produced on all levels of government, academia, business and industry in electronic and print formats not
controlled by commercial publishing" ICGL Luxembourg definition, 1997 - Expanded in New York, 2004
“…a body of materials [not] found easily through conventional channels such as publishers … frequently original and usually recent“
Wikipedia entry on ‘gray literature’
What is “grey” about grey literature?
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Think of grey … as an in-between metaphor – grey zone
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Different types of grey literature
• Theses & dissertations• Conference proceedings• Newsletters• Reports• Government documents (including NGOs, IGOs)• Informal communication (telephone calls, meetings)• Translations• Census, economic & other data • Conference proceedings & abstracts• Research reports (completed & uncompleted)• Technical reports, standards, patents• Videos• Clinical trials & practice guidelines
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
• e-prints, preprints, post-prints• emails, blogposts, even tweets on Twitter• web 2.0 communication channels• wiki articles & virtual worlds like Second Life• listserv archives• digital libraries (i.e. Institutional Repositories)• grey (gray) data; spatial data (ie. Google Earth) • meta-searching, federated searching, portals• electronic & social networks / images, maps• DOCLINE & other interlibrary loan networks
Newer sources/types of grey lit & data
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
• e-prints, preprints, post-prints• emails, blogposts, even tweets on Twitter• web 2.0 communication channels• wiki articles & virtual worlds like Second Life• listserv archives• digital libraries (i.e. Institutional Repositories)• grey (gray) data; spatial data (ie. Google Earth) • meta-searching, federated searching, portals• electronic & social networks / images, maps• DOCLINE & other interlibrary loan networks
Newer sources/types of grey lit & data
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Traditionally, grey literature is hard to find
• Hard to control• Difficulties with classification and cataloguing; storage • Shorter print runs lead to lack of availability• Eventually becomes invisible
Digitization trends = easier to find
• Open access publishing• Search engines crawl web content• Collaborative writing• Informal scholarly publishing via wikis and blogs
Shifts in grey literature
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Impact in medicine
Although not always considered scholarly, grey literature is produced by experts … and “serves scholars and lay readers alike with
research summaries, facts, statistics, and other data that offer a more comprehensive view of the topic of interest.”
Outten, C. Gray Literature. 2008
• Medline is not enough…• Grey literature opens doors -- fills in ‘evidence’ gaps • Accessible on the open web via Google for free• Outside mainstream scholarship & research; unconventional format• Data-mining - think of hospital patient & epidemiological data
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Expert search skills for health librarians
1. Assume expert roles in biomedical database searching2. Describe expert role(s) assumed by health librarians in evidence-based practice3. Knowledge of teaching, learning styles and strategies4. Learn how to use pre-appraised sources such as Cochrane and UpToDate 5. Be able to search the grey literature using Google, Scirus & web search tools6. Understand systematic review process; methodologies & statistics7. Articulate five (5) steps of evidence-based clinical practice8. Understand hierarchies of evidence to search filtered / unfiltered9. Search by clinical domain ie. diagnosis, etiology, prognosis, therapy 10. Engage in critical appraisal & reflective practice
See Top Ten Competencies in Medical Reference, 2012
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
Expert strategies• Document searches fully; ask for help from peers
• Network with GL producers; modify your strategies as needed
• Import citations into RefWorks or Mendeley
• Watch scholarly publishing trends; copyright & ‘self-archiving’
• Identify relevant organizations to search
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
NYAM list of greylit producershttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/hsrproj/
Expert strategies
• Consult hotspots of grey expertise
• Know your Canadian colleagues in greylit community• CADTH - Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies
• GreyNet - http://www.greynet.org
• Health technology assessment (HTAi) portal
• OpenSIGLE - http://opensigle.inist.fr
• Finding the Hard to Finds: Searching for Grey (Gray) Literature
Dean Giustini, SLAIS Adjunct faculty, LIBR534March 2012
http://hlwiki.ca
Canadian GL source