Salmonella Salmonella enteritidisenteritidis (SE) (SE)

Surveillance Surveillance Program: Program:

Applications and Applications and Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedEric Gingerich, DVMEric Gingerich, DVM

Diamond VDiamond VNIAA Annual Mtg.NIAA Annual Mtg.

March 27, 2012 – Denver COMarch 27, 2012 – Denver CO

SE Applications and SE Applications and Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

History of SE in the USHistory of SE in the US Response by USDAResponse by USDA Response by industryResponse by industry Response by FDAResponse by FDA

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayersThe report that started the ball The report that started the ball

rollingrolling

““The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New

implications for the control of salmonellosis.”implications for the control of salmonellosis.”

JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107. JAMA 1988; 259: 2103-2107.

M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. M. E. St Louis; D. L. Morse; M. E. Potter; T. M. DeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. BlakeDeMelfi; J. J. Guzewich; R. V. Tauxe; P. A. Blake

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers SE found to be SE found to be

transmitted within transmitted within the egg and not the egg and not due to shell borne due to shell borne transmissiontransmission

Northeastern Northeastern states first region states first region to experience a to experience a significant significant increase in SE increase in SE casescases

National Poultry National Poultry Improvement PlanImprovement Plan

Breeder sources Breeder sources first to be first to be examinedexamined

National Poultry National Poultry Improvement Improvement Plan (NPIP) Plan (NPIP) initiated US SE initiated US SE Clean Program Clean Program for egg-type for egg-type breeders in 1989breeders in 1989

NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program

Parents hatch from SE negative stockParents hatch from SE negative stock Parent flock manure tested once a Parent flock manure tested once a

month for life beginning the first month for life beginning the first month of lifemonth of life 4 manure drag swabs per house4 manure drag swabs per house 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay 2 nest/egg belt samples once in the lay

househouse 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4 300 Pullorum-Typhoid blood tests @ 4

months of agemonths of age

NPIP US SE Clean ProgramNPIP US SE Clean Program

19 parent flocks 19 parent flocks have tested have tested positive for SE positive for SE since 1989since 1989

1 positive in 20051 positive in 2005 1 positive in 20061 positive in 2006 4 positive in 20074 positive in 2007

Source: A.R. Rhorer, USAHA 2007 Proceedings

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

BiosecurityBiosecurity Feed Feed

ingredientsingredients VaccinationVaccination Hatch egg Hatch egg

sanitationsanitation

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

Breeder flock Breeder flock biosecurity biosecurity practices used to practices used to prevent SEprevent SE Rodent controlRodent control Traffic controlTraffic control Bird movement Bird movement

equipment equipment sanitationsanitation

Clean worker and Clean worker and visitor footwear, visitor footwear, clothing, and clothing, and headgear plus hand headgear plus hand sanitationsanitation

Breeder – Best Breeder – Best Management PracticesManagement Practices

Breeder vaccinationBreeder vaccination Used by the major Used by the major

breeder in the USbreeder in the US Must keep 300 non-Must keep 300 non-

vaccinates for vaccinates for testing at 4 monthstesting at 4 months

Hatch egg Hatch egg sanitationsanitation Used by some Used by some

operationsoperations Spray at time of Spray at time of

collectioncollection

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers HatcheriesHatcheries

Hatch only Hatch only eggs from eggs from breeder breeder flocks on flocks on NPIP SE NPIP SE Clean Clean ProgramProgram

Use standard Use standard sanitation sanitation practicespractices

SE Outbreaks by state, 1985-1999

CDC data

CDC Salmonella Annual Summary 2006

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture 1992 - US Secretary of Agriculture

declared SE and emergencydeclared SE and emergency

1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun1992-93 – SE Pilot Project Begun

1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality 1994 – The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) Assurance Program (PEQAP)

initiatedinitiated

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Risk Reduction in

Commercial LayersCommercial Layers Three critical control points Three critical control points

correlated with SE positive layers correlated with SE positive layers found by the SE Pilot Projectfound by the SE Pilot Project1.1. Positive pulletsPositive pullets

2.2. Rodent populationRodent population

3.3. C&D of house between flocksC&D of house between flocks

SalmonellaSalmonella Enteritidis Risk Enteritidis Risk Reduction in Commercial Reduction in Commercial

LayersLayers Developed by Developed by

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania scientistsscientists

Published in 1997Published in 1997 Covers all aspects Covers all aspects

of SE controlof SE control Available on PSU Available on PSU

website - website - http://pubs.cas.pshttp://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/AGRS72.pdfdfs/AGRS72.pdf

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Egg Quality Egg Quality Assurance Assurance Programs Programs (EQAPs)(EQAPs) Best Best

Management Management PracticesPractices

Education/Education/TrainingTraining

Record keepingRecord keeping VerificationVerification

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania MarylandMaryland CaliforniaCalifornia New YorkNew York

South CarolinaSouth Carolina OhioOhio New EnglandNew England United Egg United Egg

ProducersProducers Company Company

programsprograms

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

All EQAPs have Best Management All EQAPs have Best Management PracticesPractices Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders BiosecurityBiosecurity C&D of houses between flocksC&D of houses between flocks Rodent controlRodent control Egg sanitationEgg sanitation Egg holding conditionsEgg holding conditions

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Rodent control Rodent control found to be highly found to be highly correlated to SE correlated to SE infection in layersinfection in layers

Rodent index Rodent index formulated in PAformulated in PA

Twelve live traps Twelve live traps (Tin-Cats) placed (Tin-Cats) placed in layer housein layer house

Mice counted after Mice counted after 7 days7 days

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Rodent IndexRodent IndexNo. of mice No. of mice

caughtcaughtRodent Rodent IndexIndex

DescriptionDescription

0 to 100 to 10 11 LowLow

11-2511-25 22 ModerateModerate

26 +26 + 33 HighHigh

An index of 1 or less is acceptable

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Training/Training/educationeducation MeetingsMeetings Written materialsWritten materials 33rdrd party audit party audit

visits visits (Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Dept of Ag)Dept of Ag)

Record keepingRecord keeping Rodent control logRodent control log VaccinationsVaccinations C&DC&D TestingTesting

Sampling Chick Box Papers

Verification Verification TestsTests

Required by Required by ProgramsPrograms

Chick box paper Chick box paper testingtesting

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Pullet manure Pullet manure testing, 12wtesting, 12w

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Young layer manure Young layer manure testing (30 weeks)testing (30 weeks)

PA, MDPA, MD

Mid-lay manure Mid-lay manure testing (45 weeks)testing (45 weeks)

PA, MDPA, MD

Post-molt manure Post-molt manure testingtesting

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Pre-moveout testing Pre-moveout testing (within 8 weeks of (within 8 weeks of moveout)moveout)

NY, OH, SC, UEPNY, OH, SC, UEP

Manure Drag Swab Sampling – High-rise House

Swabbing A Cage-free House

Swabbing Manure Belts

Egg testing of manure Egg testing of manure positive flockspositive flocks

Initial testInitial test 1000 eggs1000 eggs Pools of 20 eggsPools of 20 eggs 2 week interval2 week interval 4 tests4 tests

Continued testingContinued testing 1000 egg sample, 1000 egg sample,

once a quarteronce a quarter

Egg Quality Assurance Egg Quality Assurance ProgramsPrograms

Diversion of Diversion of eggs to eggs to pasteurization or pasteurization or hard-cookinghard-cooking Required if Required if

any egg pool any egg pool is positiveis positive

PA, MD, NYPA, MD, NY

Chance of an Egg Chance of an Egg Positive FlockPositive Flock

In PEQAPIn PEQAP On average for the last 5 years, On average for the last 5 years,

approximately 33% of manure positive approximately 33% of manure positive flocks have tested egg positiveflocks have tested egg positive

VaccinesVaccines

Not required by any Not required by any EQAPEQAP

Used by producers Used by producers to aid in remaining to aid in remaining SE negative, egg SE negative, egg test negativetest negative

Only one egg Only one egg positive flock in positive flock in PEQAP where SE PEQAP where SE bacterin has been bacterin has been usedused

VaccinesVaccines

VaccinationVaccination SE bacterinSE bacterin

Usually 1x at 13 to 15 Usually 1x at 13 to 15 weeksweeks

Live ST vaccinesLive ST vaccines 3 applications – 2, 6, 3 applications – 2, 6,

and 12 weeksand 12 weeks Bacterin + live Bacterin + live

vaccinevaccine Live vaccine - 2 and 6 Live vaccine - 2 and 6

weeksweeks Bacterin – 13 to 15 Bacterin – 13 to 15

weeksweeks

SE Reduction by EQAPsSE Reduction by EQAPs

PEQAP SuccessPEQAP Success19921992 20032003 20082008

+ Manure + Manure

SamplesSamples (LY-1, LY-2, (LY-1, LY-2, and LY-3and LY-3

23%23% 1.5%1.5% 1.5%1.5%

Manure Manure Positive Positive FlocksFlocks

38%38% 4.4%4.4% 6.5%6.5%

Egg Egg Positive Positive FlocksFlocks

1.9%1.9% 2.4%2.4%

SE Prevalence Ohio

Year Total Houses Tested

No. SE Positive Houses

Percent Positive

2009 386 22 5.6

2010 435 21 4.8

2011 473 10 2.1

From CDC report, 2004

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

SE Illnesses per 100,000 persons

Foodnet data

Egg Safety Center SE Update 2009

Salmonella Human Prevalence – EU vs. US

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Cas

es P

er 100

,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

USEU

Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data

SE Human Prevalence – US vs. EU

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Cas

es p

er 100

,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

USEU

Dr. Jean Guard, USDA-ARS: US – Foodnet data; EU – EFSA data

Egg Safety Center SE Update 2007

Broiler Meat and SEBroiler Meat and SE

2004 FoodNet case-control study2004 FoodNet case-control study

““A new risk factor for A new risk factor for Salmonella Salmonella enteritidis enteritidis incidence is eating incidence is eating

chicken prepared outside the home”.chicken prepared outside the home”.

Number of SE + Broiler Number of SE + Broiler Carcass Rinses By Carcass Rinses By

EstablishmentEstablishment

Emerging Infectious Diseases, www.cdc.gov/eid, Dec08

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule

First proposed in 2004First proposed in 2004 Shelved in 2008 with new administrationShelved in 2008 with new administration Re-submitted in 2009Re-submitted in 2009 Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009Announced Final Rule on July 7, 2009 ImplementationImplementation

July 2010 for farms over 50,000 layersJuly 2010 for farms over 50,000 layers July 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000 July 2012 for farm between 3000 and 50,000

layerslayers Farms under 3000 layers exemptFarms under 3000 layers exempt

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule

Contains components of the successful EQAPsContains components of the successful EQAPs Monitoring and control program for rodents and Monitoring and control program for rodents and

fliesflies Written SE on-farm programWritten SE on-farm program Training of on-farm person in charge of programTraining of on-farm person in charge of program Cleaning and disinfection of houses between flocksCleaning and disinfection of houses between flocks Chicks from NPIP SE Clean breedersChicks from NPIP SE Clean breeders Manure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of ageManure testing of pullets – 14 to 16 weeks of age Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers Refrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collectingRefrigeration at 45F within 36 hours of collecting

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule

Manure testing of layersManure testing of layers 40 to 45 weeks of age40 to 45 weeks of age 4 to 6 weeks post-molt4 to 6 weeks post-molt

Egg testing if manure is SE +Egg testing if manure is SE + 1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests1000 eggs at 2-week intervals, 4 tests If all negative, no further testing and If all negative, no further testing and

remains on shell marketremains on shell market If positive, must divert to pasteurization If positive, must divert to pasteurization

or hard-cookingor hard-cooking

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule

Challenges for a national programChallenges for a national program Diversion of eggs very difficult in many Diversion of eggs very difficult in many

parts of the US. Producers may have to parts of the US. Producers may have to destroy flocks without compensation.destroy flocks without compensation.

Laboratory testing capabilities are Laboratory testing capabilities are lacking in many stateslacking in many states

Laboratories will need to purchase Laboratories will need to purchase equipment not now requiredequipment not now required

More laboratory people will be needed More laboratory people will be needed for egg testingfor egg testing

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued)

FDA and molecular lab methods may be much FDA and molecular lab methods may be much more sensitive than present leading to more more sensitive than present leading to more egg testing and diverted flocksegg testing and diverted flocks

FDA methods more time consuming and may FDA methods more time consuming and may lead to delays in diversionlead to delays in diversion

Many states not willing to subsidize costs of Many states not willing to subsidize costs of programprogram

TestingTesting AuditingAuditing

Private laboratories are much more expensivePrivate laboratories are much more expensive

FDA Egg Safety RuleFDA Egg Safety Rule

Challenges (continued)Challenges (continued) Farm packed eggs now refrigerate at Farm packed eggs now refrigerate at

55F55F Will need to add cooler capacityWill need to add cooler capacity May lead to more thermal checksMay lead to more thermal checks

Questions??