TerminologyTerminology

Clinical Training Team

Human Anatomy—Definition

“The study of the human body,

Its organs and structures, & the

Spatial relationships between them.”

Precise Terminology

• Allows identification of anatomical sites and pathology in relation to anatomical structures.

• Improves Communication between medical professionals and other health care professionals.

• Improves communication between medical sales representatives and health care professionals.

Correct Anatomical Position

Body erect standing Eyes open and level Head in mid-position Upper extremities at the sides Palms facing forward Feet parallel

Heels close together

Anatomical Terminology

• Anterior (ventral) - Toward the front, in front of – The breastbone is anterior to the spine

• Posterior (dorsal) - Toward the back, behind – The heart is posterior to the breastbone

• Superior (cranial/cephalad) - Above or up – The head is superior to the abdomen

• Inferior (caudal) - Below or down– The navel is inferior to the chin

Anatomical Terminology

• Medial - Towards the midline of the body– The heart is medial to the arm

• Lateral - Away from the midline– The arms are lateral to the chest

• Proximal - Closer to the origin or point of attachment – The elbow is proximal to the wrist

• Distal - Away from the origin or point of attachment– The knee is distal to the thigh

Anatomical Terminology

• External (superficial) - Toward or on the surface – The skin is external to the skeletal muscles

• Internal ( deep) - Away from the body surface– The lungs are internal to the skin

• Supine - Lying stomach up– Place the patient in the supine position

• Prone - Lying face down– Place the patient in the prone position

Correct Anatomical Positioning

• RIGHT OR LEFT? – CORRECT, NOT RIGHT!

Mass. surgeon operated on wrong

side of patient

2008 The Associated Press

Abdominal Quadrants

• The abdomen is divided into four quadrants.

Divide words into parts:

1.Roots: – All words have a foundation, called a root.

2.Prefixes:– A prefix is a word part that precedes a word, or some

form of a word, to influence its meaning.

3.Suffixes:– The ending that follows a word root is called a suffix.

The Language of Medicine

Word Analysis

GASTRITIS

GASTR / ITIS

ROOT SUFFIX

Stomach Inflammation

GASTRITIS is an inflammation of the stomach.

GASTROENTEROLOGY

GASTR / O / ENTER / O / LOGY

ROOT ROOT SUFFIX STOMACH INTESTINES STUDY OF

GASTROENTEROLOGY –Is the study of the stomach and intestines.

Word Analysis

Four General Rules—

1.Read the meaning of the word from the suffix first, prefix second, and root last.

2.Combine root words from proximal to distal.

3.Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

4.Keep the combining vowel between two roots.

Word Analysis

Common Prefixes

• Extra - Outside, beyond Intra - Inside, within

Inter - Between, in between

• Supra - Above, superior Sub - Below

Infra - Below, inferior

Pre - Before, anterior Retro - Behind, posterior

Ante - Before (in time) Post - After (in time)

• Hyper - Above, more than normal

Hypo - Below, less than normal

• Anti - Away from Para - Beside, near

Per - Through Peri - Around

• Endo - Within, inner Ecto - Outside, outer

• Pseudo - False Dys - Abnormal

• Uni - One Bi - Two

Tri - Three Quad - Four

Hemi - Half

Common Roots – GI (Combining Forms)

• Oro - Mouth

• Pharyngo - Pharynx

• Esophago - Esophagus

• Gastro - Stomach

• Pyloro - Pylorus, outlet of stomach

• Entero -Small intestine

• Duodeno - Duodenum

• Jejuno -Jejunum

• Ileo - Ileum

• Ceco - Cecum

• Colo - Colon

• Sigmoido - Sigmoid colon

• Procto -Rectum

• Ano - Anus

Common Roots (Combining Forms)

• Thoraco - Chest

• Laparo - Abdomen

• Hepato - Liver

• Spleno, Lieno - Spleen

• Nephro, Reno - Kidney

• Dermo - Skin

• Myo, musculo - Muscle

• Osteo - Bone

• Lumbo - Lumbar Sacro - Sacrum

• Ilio - Ilium (bone) Ischio - Ischium

• Angio - Vessel

• Arterio - Artery

• Phlebo, Veno - Vein

• Cysto, Vesico - Sac, bladder

Common Suffixes

• Ectomy - removal, excision

• Tomy - cutting into

• Stomy - creating an opening between two structures

• Lysis - breaking down, reduction

• Pexy - fixation, tacking

• Rrhaphy - surgical repair

• Rrhea - flow, discharge

• Plasty - repair, surgical formation of

• Scopy - to view

• Logy - to study

• Itis - inflammation

• Sis - state of, abnormal condition

• Oma - tumor

Surgical Abbreviations – Terms

Mesentery - intestinal fatty attachment containing vessels, nerves

Meso - mesentery covered by double layer of peritoneum

Lap - laparotomy (root) or laparoscopic (prefix)

Expl Lap exploratory laparotomy

Lap Appy - laparoscopic appendectomy

Lap Colect - laparoscopic colectomy

Lap Chole - laparoscopic cholecystectomy

AR - anterior resection (usually above 10-12 cm)

LAR - low anterior resection (usually below 10-12 cm)

TME - total mesorectal excision

TEM - transanal endoscopic microdissection

HARTMAN - sigmoid resection with sigmoidostomy & rectal pouch

ADJUVANT - additional treatment given following surgery

NEOADJUVANT - treatment given before surgery

Let’s Exercise—

• How do we say:– Taking out part of the colon?

– Colectomy– Inflammation of the liver?

– Hepatitis– Viewing the stomach?

– Gastroscopy– Surgical repair of the small intestine?

– Enterorrhaphy– Creating an opening between the ileum and the rectum?

– Ileoproctostomy

Basic Surgical Concepts

• Surgery is concerned with operative or manual procedures

Medical/Surgical Terminology

• Diagnosis • Differential Diagnosis• Symptom • Sign • Syndrome • Diagnostic Procedure • Exploratory Laparotomy • Biopsy

– incisional biopsy– excisional biopsy

• Prognosis

Division of Perioperative Periods

• Preoperative Period

• Intraoperative Period

• Postoperative Period – immediate postoperative– late postoperative

Operative Treatment

• Diagnostic vs. Curative vs. Palliative

• Emergency vs. Elective

Evaluation of a Surgical Procedure

• Morbidity

• Mortality

• Recurrence

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Locking Spring

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Anvil Shaft

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