Chapeter 4

Key Concepts on Medical Information Retrieval

Searching /Retrieval using : Literature can be retrieval by

using : Keywords Searching Boolean search Proximity searching Citation searching

Keywords searching• Keywords are major and important words or concepts extracted from your topic (subject of research)•They are unique and related to the field being investigated.

Do not forget that you are dealing with a computer, not a human being!

SO ,no need write a full sentence, just words (including synonyms) unique to your topic

Example : Peptic Ulcer, Rheumatic Arthritis, Spinal Anesthesia,

Key word finding

Open fractures of the tibial diaphysis are often associated with se-vere bone and soft-tissue

injury. Contamination of the fracture site and devitalization of the soft-tissue envelope

greatly increase the risk of infection, nonunion, and wound complications. Management of

open tibial shaft fractures begins with a thorough patient evaluation, including assessment

of the bone and soft tissue surrounding

the tibial injury. Classification of these injuries according to the sys-tem of Gustilo and

Anderson at the time of surgical debridement is useful in guiding treatment and predicting

outcomes. Administration of antibiotic prophylaxis as soon as possible after injury as well

as urgent and thorough debridement, irrigation, and bony stabilization are done to

minimize the risk of infection and improve outcomes.

The use of antibiotic bead pouches and negative-pressure wound therapy has proved to be

efficacious for the acute, temporary management of severe bone and soft-tissue defects.

Open Tibial Shaft Fractures: I. Evaluation and Initial Wound Management

Find out the Possible Keywords? Open Tibial Shaft Fractures Wound Management the tibial diaphysis Infection Gustilo and Anderson classification antibiotic prophylaxis antibiotic bead pouches surgical debridement bony stabilization Irrigation negative-pressure wound Therapy soft-tissue defects.

Possible Keywords Persistent fever

antipyretics

Immunizations

febrile children

Boolean Searcha Boolean is logical possible

values. Genreally : true or false. Or

combination In computer operation, Boolean

logic can be used as (1 or true) or

not charged (0 or false).

The computer can use an AND or OR gate

operation to obtain a result that can be used

for further processing.

The following table shows the results from

applying AND and OR operations to two

compared states:

0 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1

0 OR 0 = 0 0 OR 1 = 1 1 OR 1 = 1

Boolean uses

Boolean algebra, a logical calculus of truth values or set membership

Boolean algebra (structure), a set with operations resembling logical ones

Boolean circuit, a mathematical model for digital logical circuits

Boolean expression, an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value when evaluated

Boolean function, a function that determines Boolean values or operators

Boolean model (probability theory), a model in stochastic geometry Boolean module, a field pioneered by Chris Brink over relation

algebras Boolean network, a certain network consisting of a set of Boolean

variables whose state is determined by other variables in the network

Boolean processor,

Boolean Search

logical search system developed by the English mathematician and computer pioneer, George Boole .

A Boolean Search is a computerized search using “ AND, OR,NOT called as Boolean operators

They are words by which search terms (keywords) are combined

Why Boolean Search? Search smarter to limit, widen, or define your search Most Internet search engines and Web

directories default to these Boolean search parameters anyway

Boolean Operators Simple commands that tell search

engines to search It include or exclude the search criteria Also called as logical operators By convention, Boolean terms are

usually typed in all capital Letters

Most widely used Standard Boolean Operators in searching are

Simple boolean

AND Operator OR Operator NOT Operator NEAR Operator We can use their math equivalents.

AND Operator

Math equivalent = Addition “+” narrows a search by combining terms AND" operator between two words or

searching for documents containing both of the words or values, not just one of them.

overlapping area indicates terms retrieved

This is expressed as 'blue AND yellow' in a search. When using AND in this search expression, results retrieved will contain both blue and yellow information.

The results will not include those documents containing only blue or only yellow information.

In the diagram the documents retrieved by using this search expression are contained within the green area.

EXAMPLE art AND schools

This will retrieve all records containing both keywords

art and schools.

"pear AND apple“ search will include all the documents including both pear and apple as key words

OR Operator

Widens the search area an “OR" operator between two keyword as

same as in AND at least one of the terms joined by it to

appear somewhere in the document, in any order.

operator is generally used to join similar, equivalent, or

synonymous concepts.

This is expressed as 'blue OR yellow' in a search.

When using OR in this search expression, results

retrieved will contain either blue information, or

yellow information, or blue and yellow information

together.

Such a search will not merely retrieve documents

containing only blue information or only yellow

information.

In the diagram the documents retrieved by using

this search expression are contained within all the

colour areas.

EXAMPLEs ceramics OR pottery

This will retrieve all records containing the keywords

ceramics or pottery, as well as those containing both.

(ceramics & pottery)

"pear OR apple" means one is searching for documents containing

either of the words. And both pear & apple

NOT Operator Maths equivalentsubstraction The search term must NOT be in any records

retrieved Use to exclude all records containing a search

term Narrow search

This is expressed as 'blue NOT yellow' in a search.

When using NOT in this search expression, results

will contain only blue.

The NOT operator will exclude yellow completely

and thus any green information will be excluded

also.

It is important, therefore, to be careful when using

this operaor in order to avoid hindering your

search. In this diagram the documents retrieved by

using this search expression are contained within

the blue area.

EXAMPLE

film NOT photography

This will retrieve all records containing the keyword film

but not the keyword photography.

Parentheses use can also be used when conducting an

advanced search. Narrow or broaden search ( )Group words or phrases when

combining Boolean phrases and to show the order in which relationships should be considered:

examples (mouse or mice) and (gene or pseudogene)

art AND (school OR college)

this expresses a search for records containing information about art schools or colleges.

Proximity operators

Proximity operators allow you to locate one word within a

certain distance of another.

The symbols generally used in this type of search are w and

n. and

The w represents the word "with(in)"and the n represents the

word "near.“

This type of search is not available in all databases

operators no Operator (keyword)

With in operator

NEAR operator

No operators

Find words as a phrase,

e.g., life stage transitions

It retrieves records containing the three

words immediately adjacent to one

another and in the same order.

Quotation marks “ ” Requires words to searched as a

phrase, in the exact order you type them.

“working mothers” ”affirmative action”

NEAR Operator (Nx) words within x number of words from

each other, regardless of the order in which they occur。

Find words within a specified radius,

Example: carbon within 3 fiber

retrieves records that contain carbon and fiber in any order and within a three word radius of one other.

Any number may be used to determine the proximity radius.

television n2 violence would find "television violence" or

"violence on television," but not "television may be the culprit in recent high school violence."

Within Operator (Wx) finds words within x number of words from

each other, in the order they are entered in the search

Example: Franklin w2 Roosevelt would find Franklin Roosevelt or Franklin Delano Roosevelt or Franklin D. Roosevelt, but would not find Roosevelt Franklin.

NEAR Find words within 10 words of each

other near is the same as within 10.

e.g., (women near violence) retrieves records that contain women and violence in any order and within a 10 word radius of one other.

WILDCARDS SYMBOL SEARCHWildcard symbols can expand the scope of your search.

Wildcards — a symbol used to represent any character. Wildcards can usually be used at the end of a word or within a word.

The pound symbol (#) is used in many databases as a wildcard. Y

ou can use this symbol to search variant spellings of a word. You can use more than one pound sign to stand in for more

than one character Each pound sign represents 0-1 characters. Example: wom#n retrieves woman or women

                    teen##### would retrieve teens and teenager and teenagers

Plurals  a symbol added to the end of a word to

instruct the database to search for plural as well as singular forms of words. The symbol used in many databases is a plus (+).

Example: drug+ retrieves drug or drugs

Truncation This expands a search term to include all

forms of a root word, The truncation mark is usually an “*”, an asterisk. e.g., patent* retrieves patent, patents,

patentable, patented, etc. adolescen* retrieves adolescent,

adolescents, or adolescence

Example

“Teen*”will retrieve “teen”, “teens”,

“teenager”… and all data containg teen only

It is compatible with all computerized search

(online or CD). Google and other search

engines recognize it.

Multi-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. Use to indicate an unlimited number of

characters within a word, e.g., behavi*r retrieves behaviour or

behavior.

Single-character wildcard ? for finding alternative spellings. The ? represents a single character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters,

and so on. Used within or at the end of a word

e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as

women, and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or

carbon fibre.

Citation searching Search using the citation Mostly available in journal database

searching A “citation "is the way you tell your

readers that certain material in your work came from another source.

It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: information about the author the title of the work the name and location of the company

that published your copy of the source the date your copy was published the page numbers of the material you

are borrowing

End .

Thank you