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Warm-Up1. What type of reaction – synthesis,
decomposition, or exchange – occurs when fats are digested in your small intestine?
2. Salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. What is an electrolyte? (See Ch. 2)
3. Which ion is responsible for increased acidity?
Warm-Up1. What are monomers of carbohydrates
called?
2. Which monomer is blood sugar?
3. What is the animal form of stored carbohydrate called?
Warm-Up1. Describe the four levels of protein structure.
2. List and describe the two main types of proteins.
3. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA.
Chapter 2Part 3: Organic Compounds
Organic CompoundsAll contain C, H, OTypes:
CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids (DNA, RNA)ATP
PolymerPolymer: chainlike molecules made of repeating units called monomersmonomers
Organic molecules are made by dehydration dehydration synthesissynthesis
monomer monomer polymer polymer macromolecule macromolecule
Polymers are broken down (digested) by hydrolysishydrolysis
CarbohydratesStructure: contains C, H, O (C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio)Function: main fuel for cells; some structureTypes:
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides ( (monomersmonomers) ) – simple sugarsGlucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose
DisaccharidesDisaccharides – double sugarglucose + fructose sucroseEg. lactose, maltose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides – polymer (many sugars linked)Starch: storage carb in plantsGlycogen: storage carb in animal tissues (liver,
skeletal muscle)
LipidsStructure: contains C, H, O (much more CH than O)Function: store energy, cell membranes, hormonesTypes:
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: oils, fatsFatty acid + glycerolSaturated, unsaturatedunsaturated (mono- or poly-), trans,
omega-3omega-3PhospholipidsPhospholipids: lipid bilayer in cell membranesSteroidsSteroids: cholesterol, hormonesEicosanoidsEicosanoids: prostaglandins (blood clotting,
blood pressure, inflammation, labor)
ProteinsStructure: contains C, H, O, N (+ some S, P)
Monomer = amino acidamino acidFunctions:
Enzymes (lactase)Hormones (insulin)Transport (hemoglobin)Immunity (antibodies)Movement (muscles)Support (collagen)
Structural Levels of Proteins1.1. PrimaryPrimary:
Amino acid sequence forms polypeptide
20 different amino acids AA’s linked by peptide bondspeptide bonds
Structural Levels of Proteins2.2. SecondarySecondary:
Hydrogen bonds make spirals and sheets
Spirals = Alpha (Alpha ()-helix)-helix Sheets = Beta (Beta ()-pleated sheet)-pleated sheet
Structural Levels of Proteins3.3. TertiaryTertiary:
More folding to produce globular (compact, ball-like) molecule
Structural Levels of Proteins4.4. QuaternaryQuaternary:
2+ polypeptides
amino acids polypeptide protein
Two Types of ProteinsFibrous ProteinFibrous Protein
StructuralEg. collagen,
keratin
Globular ProteinGlobular ProteinFunctionalEg. antibodies,
enzymes
Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D
shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!
Nucleic AcidsStructure: contains C, H, O, N, P
Monomer = nucleotidenucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)
Function: store hereditary informationTypes: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide
DNADNA RNARNA
DNADNA RNARNAInstructions for building
proteinsDouble-stranded
(double helix)Sugar: DeoxyriboseBases: A, G, C, Thymine
Complimentary: A-T, G-C
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
Single-strandedSugar: RiboseBases: A, G, C, UracilmRNA, tRNA, rRNA
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Structure: adenine base + ribose +3
phosphatesFunction: main energy compound of cells
ATP ADP + Pi + energyenergy
EnzymesBiological CatalystBiological Catalyst: speeds up chemical
reactions, but not used up or changedLowers activation energyactivation energy (E required to start
reaction)
EnzymesSubstrateSubstrate: what an enzyme acts onActive siteActive site: where substrate binds (very specific
shape to fit substrate)
EnzymesEnzymes are proteins affected by pHpH and
temperaturetemperature
Protein DenaturationDenatureDenature = protein unfolds and loses 3D
shapeCauses: pH, temperatureChange in STRUCTURE change in FUNCTION!!!