Digestive systemDigestive system

Digestive systemDigestive systemElements of digestive systemElements of digestive system1. Alimentary Canal1. Alimentary CanalIt is a tube that extends from the lips to the anus. It is a tube that extends from the lips to the anus. This canal consists of following consecutive This canal consists of following consecutive segments;segments;Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, and Large intestineintestine, and Large intestine2. Accessory Organs2. Accessory OrgansTongue, Teeth, Salivary Glands, Liver, Spleen and Tongue, Teeth, Salivary Glands, Liver, Spleen and PancreasPancreasOther relevant structuresOther relevant structuresAbdominal Cavity and Peritoneum Abdominal Cavity and Peritoneum

Alimentary canalAlimentary canal

MouthMouth

The first part of alimentary canal and is used The first part of alimentary canal and is used for holding, grinding, and mixing food with for holding, grinding, and mixing food with saliva.saliva.PARTS PARTS The mouth consists of two parts:-The mouth consists of two parts:-1. Vestibule1. Vestibule 2. Oral Cavity proper2. Oral Cavity proper

Lips and cheekLips and cheekLipsLipsTwo musculo-membranous folds which Two musculo-membranous folds which surround the orifice of the mouth. surround the orifice of the mouth. The lips are densely innervated by sensory The lips are densely innervated by sensory fibers.fibers.

CheeksCheeksThe cheeks form the sides of the mouth.The cheeks form the sides of the mouth.

Hard palateHard palate

It is formed by the incisive, maxilla and palatine It is formed by the incisive, maxilla and palatine bones.bones.It is bounded in front and on sides by dental It is bounded in front and on sides by dental arches and is continuous with soft palate behind.arches and is continuous with soft palate behind.It consists of:-It consists of:-Median Line/RapheMedian Line/RaphePalatine RidgesPalatine RidgesIncisive PapillaeIncisive Papillae

Soft palate and tonsilsSoft palate and tonsilsSoft PalateSoft PalateIt is a musculo-membranous structure which It is a musculo-membranous structure which separates the cavity of the mouth from that of separates the cavity of the mouth from that of pharynx.pharynx.TonsilsTonsilsThe tonsils are bean shaped structures which are The tonsils are bean shaped structures which are aggregation of lymphatic nodules residing in the aggregation of lymphatic nodules residing in the tonsilar sinus. tonsilar sinus.

TongueTongueTongueTongueThe tongue consists of a mass of muscle covered by The tongue consists of a mass of muscle covered by mucous membrane. mucous membrane. LocationLocationThe tongue is situated on the floor of the mouth, The tongue is situated on the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the mandible.between the rami of the mandible.PartsPartsThe tongue is divided into three parts.The tongue is divided into three parts.1. Root: 1. Root: It is attached to the hyoid bone, soft palate and It is attached to the hyoid bone, soft palate and pharynx.pharynx.2. Body: 2. Body: It constitutes the main mass of the tongue.It constitutes the main mass of the tongue.3. Apex: 3. Apex: It is free, pointed end of the tongue.It is free, pointed end of the tongue.

TongueTongueTypes of Papilla:Types of Papilla: These are of four kinds These are of four kinds i. Filliform = thread-like i. Filliform = thread-like ii. Fungiform = mushroom like ii. Fungiform = mushroom like iii. Lenticular = round-shapediii. Lenticular = round-shapediv. Vallate = cup-shapediv. Vallate = cup-shapedGross features of Tongue: Gross features of Tongue: 1.1. Dorsum LinguaeDorsum Linguae2.2. Frenulum LinguaeFrenulum Linguae3.3. Transverse GrooveTransverse Groove4.4. Glosso- epiglottic FoldGlosso- epiglottic Fold

TeethTeeth

LocationLocationThe teeth are implanted in the alveoli of the bones The teeth are implanted in the alveoli of the bones of the jaws. Teeth are arranged in two dental of the jaws. Teeth are arranged in two dental arcadesarcadesPartsPartsA tooth constitutes three parts;A tooth constitutes three parts;i) Crowni) Crownii) Rootii) Rootiii) Neckiii) Neck

TeethTeethTypes of teethTypes of teethThe teeth are of four types: The teeth are of four types: IncisorIncisorCanineCanine PremolarPremolar Molar Molar CompositionCompositionTeeth are composed of four types of tissues; (from within to outward)Teeth are composed of four types of tissues; (from within to outward)i) Pulpi) Pulpii) Dentineii) Dentineiii) Enameliii) Enameliv) Cementumiv) Cementum

Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands

1. Chief Salivary Glands1. Chief Salivary Glands

i) Parotid glandi) Parotid glandii) Mandibular gland ii) Mandibular gland iii) Sublingual glandiii) Sublingual gland

2. Minor Salivary Gland2. Minor Salivary Gland

i) Labial gland i) Labial gland ii) Buccal glandii) Buccal glandiii) Lingual glandiii) Lingual glandiv) Palatine glandiv) Palatine gland

Salivary GlandsSalivary Glands

Type of Salivary glands on the basis of nature of Type of Salivary glands on the basis of nature of secretionssecretions

1.1. Serous glandsSerous glands secrete a watery fluid. Eg secrete a watery fluid. Eg Parotid Parotid glandgland

2.2. Mucous glands Mucous glands secrete mucus. Egsecrete mucus. Eg Minor salivary Minor salivary glandgland

3.3. Mixed gland Mixed gland produces both mucous and serous produces both mucous and serous fluids. Egfluids. Eg Mandibular and Sublingual glands Mandibular and Sublingual glands

PharynxPharynxIt is a musculo-membranous sac which forms common It is a musculo-membranous sac which forms common passage for both the respiratory and digestive systems.passage for both the respiratory and digestive systems.Division Division The pharynx is divided into three parts;The pharynx is divided into three parts;1. Oropharynx1. Oropharynx2. Nasopharynx2. Nasopharynx3. Laryngopharynx3. LaryngopharynxOpeningsOpeningsThe cavity of the pharynx presents seven openings for The cavity of the pharynx presents seven openings for Oral cavity, Nasal cavity, Eustachian tubesOral cavity, Nasal cavity, Eustachian tubes, , Larynx Larynx and and EsophagusEsophagus..

EsophagusEsophagusIt is a collapsible, musculo-membranous tube extends from the It is a collapsible, musculo-membranous tube extends from the pharynx to the stomach. pharynx to the stomach. Course Course From Pharynx From Pharynx dorsal to the trachea dorsal to the trachea Thoracic inlet Thoracic inlet Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity enters Diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus enters Diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus Within the abdominal cavity, the esophagus joins the stomach.Within the abdominal cavity, the esophagus joins the stomach.Division Division The esophagus consists of two parts:-The esophagus consists of two parts:-i) Cervical Parti) Cervical Partii) Thoracic partii) Thoracic partBlood and nerve supplyBlood and nerve supplyBlood supply - Esophageal artery from thoracic aorta Blood supply - Esophageal artery from thoracic aorta Nerve supply – Vagus nerve.Nerve supply – Vagus nerve.

StomachStomach

It is a muscular bag forming the widest and most It is a muscular bag forming the widest and most distensible part of the digestive tube. distensible part of the digestive tube. It intervenes between the esophagus and the small It intervenes between the esophagus and the small intestine.intestine.The stomach is formed of four parts:• Cardia• Fundus• Body • Pylorus

Small intestineSmall intestine

The small intestine is the tube which connects the stomach with The small intestine is the tube which connects the stomach with the large intestine.the large intestine.Division Division i) Fixed part:i) Fixed part: Duodenum. Duodenum.ii) Mesenteric Part: Jii) Mesenteric Part: Jejunum and Ileum. ejunum and Ileum. 1.1.DuodenumDuodenumThe duodenum is the shortest, widest, first part of the small The duodenum is the shortest, widest, first part of the small intestine, begins at the pylorus. It forms S-shaped curve.intestine, begins at the pylorus. It forms S-shaped curve.OpeningOpeningThe bile duct and pancreatic duct joins together and opens at The bile duct and pancreatic duct joins together and opens at the same point in the duodenum. the same point in the duodenum.

Small intestineSmall intestine2.2. JejunumJejunumIt is the longest part of the small intestine. The It is the longest part of the small intestine. The

jejunum is defined by the marked increase jejunum is defined by the marked increase in the length of the supporting mesentery. in the length of the supporting mesentery.

3.3. IleumIleumThe ileum is the short and last part of the small The ileum is the short and last part of the small

intestine that joins the large intestine. It is intestine that joins the large intestine. It is distinguished from the jejunum by a fold of distinguished from the jejunum by a fold of mesentery between it and the cecum. mesentery between it and the cecum.

Large intestineLarge intestineThe large intestine extends from the ileum to the anus.The large intestine extends from the ileum to the anus.PARTS PARTS The large intestine is divided into 4 parts;The large intestine is divided into 4 parts;CaecumCaecumThe caecum is a blind sac between the small intestine and colon.The caecum is a blind sac between the small intestine and colon.i) Basei) Baseii) Bodyii) Bodyiii) Apexiii) ApexColonColonThe colon consists of :-The colon consists of :-Ascending colon and Descending colonAscending colon and Descending colonRectumRectumTerminal part of the alimentary canal, extends from the pelvic inlet to the anus.Terminal part of the alimentary canal, extends from the pelvic inlet to the anus.Anal CanalAnal CanalThe lower part of the large intestineThe lower part of the large intestine

Accessary organsAccessary organs

LiverLiverIt is the largest gland of the body, constituting about 1-2 % of It is the largest gland of the body, constituting about 1-2 % of total adult body weight. It secretes bile and performs various total adult body weight. It secretes bile and performs various other metabolic functions. other metabolic functions. LocationLocationThe liver is located in right side, in contact with the diaphragm.The liver is located in right side, in contact with the diaphragm.DescriptionDescriptionThe liver presents two surfaces; The liver presents two surfaces; (i) Parietal Surface(i) Parietal SurfaceIt is attached with the diaphragm and with last 2-3 rib.It is attached with the diaphragm and with last 2-3 rib.(ii) Visceral Surface(ii) Visceral SurfaceIt is related to the stomach, pancreas and esophagus. It is related to the stomach, pancreas and esophagus. Gall BladderGall BladderIt is pear-shaped sac that lies partially in contact with the visceral It is pear-shaped sac that lies partially in contact with the visceral surface of the liver.surface of the liver.It is regarded as the reservoir for the bile.It is regarded as the reservoir for the bile.

LiverLiver

Ligaments of liverLigaments of liverThe attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments;The attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments;1. Coronary Ligament1. Coronary Ligament2. Falciform Ligament2. Falciform Ligament3. Hepatorenal Ligament3. Hepatorenal Ligament4. Round Ligament4. Round Ligament5. Right Lateral Ligament5. Right Lateral Ligament6. Left Lateral Ligament6. Left Lateral LigamentBlood SupplyBlood SupplyThe liver receives two blood supplies. The liver receives two blood supplies. 1. The Hepatic artery, a branch of ceoliac artery supplies the 1. The Hepatic artery, a branch of ceoliac artery supplies the liver. liver. 2. The Portal vein carries blood to the liver, while all the venous 2. The Portal vein carries blood to the liver, while all the venous blood is pour down into the posterior vena cava via hepatic veins.blood is pour down into the posterior vena cava via hepatic veins.

SpleenSpleenIt is a lymphatic organ which acts as a filter for blood and plays It is a lymphatic organ which acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role in the immune responses of the body.an important role in the immune responses of the body.DescriptionDescriptionTwo endsTwo endsi) Dorsal end i) Dorsal end ii) Ventral endii) Ventral endTwo SurfacesTwo Surfacesi) Parietal surface (related to diaphragm) i) Parietal surface (related to diaphragm) ii) Visceral surface (attached to the stomach)ii) Visceral surface (attached to the stomach)Two BordersTwo Bordersi) Anterior borderi) Anterior borderii) Posterior borderii) Posterior border

SpleenSpleen

LocationLocationIt lies on the stomach just behind the diaphragmIt lies on the stomach just behind the diaphragmLigamentsLigamentsThere are two ligaments that attach the spleen with other viscera.There are two ligaments that attach the spleen with other viscera.1. Gastro-splenic ligament1. Gastro-splenic ligament2. Suspensory Ligament 2. Suspensory Ligament Blood supplyBlood supplyThe splenic artery-a branch of the celiac artery. The splenic artery-a branch of the celiac artery. The splenic vein carries blood to the portal vein.The splenic vein carries blood to the portal vein.

PancreasPancreasThe pancreas is a gland that is partly exocrine and partly endocrine.The pancreas is a gland that is partly exocrine and partly endocrine.It is soft, reddish brown and elongated organ. The exocrine part secretes the It is soft, reddish brown and elongated organ. The exocrine part secretes the digestive pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes hormones, e.g. digestive pancreatic juice and the endocrine part secretes hormones, e.g. insulin.insulin.LocationLocationIt lies entirely to the right of the median plane with the visceral surface of the It lies entirely to the right of the median plane with the visceral surface of the liver and attached with the duodenum.liver and attached with the duodenum.Lobes of pancreasLobes of pancreasThere are two lobes of the pancreas;There are two lobes of the pancreas;i) A large Right Lobei) A large Right Lobeii) A small Left Lobe.ii) A small Left Lobe.Blood supplyBlood supplyPancreatic arteries, from the branches of the celiac & anterior mesenteric Pancreatic arteries, from the branches of the celiac & anterior mesenteric arteries. arteries. The pancreatic veins carry blood to the portal vein.The pancreatic veins carry blood to the portal vein.

Abdominal cavityAbdominal cavity

The abdominal cavity is the largest of the body cavities. The abdominal cavity is the largest of the body cavities. It encloses the peritoneal cavity between its parietal and It encloses the peritoneal cavity between its parietal and visceral layers. visceral layers. It is separated from the thoracic cavity by It is separated from the thoracic cavity by DiaphragmDiaphragm..It is continuous behind with It is continuous behind with PelvicPelvic cavitycavity..It consists of :-It consists of :-FlankFlankParalumbar fossaParalumbar fossa

PeritoneumPeritoneum

It is a large thin serous membrane which lines the It is a large thin serous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. It is in the form of a abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. It is in the form of a closed sac which is in-vaginated by a number of viscera.closed sac which is in-vaginated by a number of viscera.Peritoneal cavityPeritoneal cavityIt is formed by the lining of the peritoneum. It is formed by the lining of the peritoneum. Layers of peritoneum Layers of peritoneum As a result, the peritoneum is divided into:As a result, the peritoneum is divided into:(i) An outer parietal layer(i) An outer parietal layer(ii) An inner visceral layer(ii) An inner visceral layer(iii) Folds of peritoneum (iii) Folds of peritoneum

PeritoneumPeritoneum1.1. Parietal PeritoneumParietal Peritoneum It lines the inner surface of the abdominal and pelvic walls and the It lines the inner surface of the abdominal and pelvic walls and the

lower surface of the diaphragm. lower surface of the diaphragm. 2.2. Visceral peritoneumVisceral peritoneum It lines the outer surface of the visceraIt lines the outer surface of the viscera3.3. Folds of PeritoneumFolds of Peritoneum Many organs within the abdomen are suspended by folds of Many organs within the abdomen are suspended by folds of

peritoneum.peritoneum.Peritoneal folds are :-Peritoneal folds are :-(i) Omentum:(i) Omentum: Types of omenta areTypes of omenta arei)i) Greater OmentumGreater Omentumii)ii) Lesser OmentumLesser Omentumiii)iii) Gastro-splenic OmentumGastro-splenic Omentum(ii) Mesentary: (ii) Mesentary: Types of mesentary areTypes of mesentary are1.1. Mesentary of small intestestineMesentary of small intestestine2.2. Mesentary of large intestestineMesentary of large intestestine(iii) Ligaments(iii) Ligaments

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