Hygiene

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Course outline:IntroductionDefinitionsTypes of hygieneThe difference between communicable

diseases and non communicable diseases.Examples of communicable and non

communicable diseasesImportance of hygiene in daily lifeModes of disease transmission

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Introduction

In the manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other products, good hygiene is a key part of quality assurance i.e. ensuring that the product complies with microbial specifications appropriate to its use. The terms cleanliness (or cleaning) and hygiene are often used interchangeably, which can cause confusion. In general, hygiene mostly means practices that prevent spread of disease-causing organisms. Since cleaning processes (e.g., hand washing) remove infectious microbes as well as dirt and soil, they are often the means to achieve hygiene.

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DefinitionHygiene refers to the set of practices

perceived by a community to be associated with the preservation of health and healthy living. Hygiene practices are employed as preventative measures to reduce the incidence and spreading of disease.

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Health:The World Health Organization (WHO)

defined health in its boarder sense as a state of complete physical, mental and social-well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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Definition (cont)

Definition (cont)DiseaseAny deviation from or interruption of the

normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.

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OR disease is a state of discomfort in which the normal functioning of the body is disturbed, e.g. malaria, conjunctivitis, typhoid, chickenpox tuberculosis, etc

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Definition (contCommunicable diseases:Communicable diseases are diseases that can be

transmitted from one individual directly to another individual.  Body excretions provide the mode for transmission.  Some communicable diseases can be spread by casual contact, such as colds, flu and tuberculosis from respiratory droplets, such as from coughing, sneezing or runny noses. 

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Other communicable diseases require contact with blood from an infected individual, such as Hepatitis B and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (the virus that cases AIDS).  Other communicable diseases require intimate contact with an infected individuals body fluids or genitalia, such as Chlamydia, herpes and syphilis

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Definition (cont)

Definition (cont)Non- communicable disease:A disease is said to be non- communicable

if it does not spread from one person to another, e.g. Heart diseases, Stroke, Cancer, Asthma, Diabetes.

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Types of hygieneMedical hygieneHome and everyday life hygiene Culinary (food) hygienePersonal service hygiene

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Types of hygiene (cont) Medical hygiene Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the

administration of medicine, and medical care, that prevents or minimizes disease and the spreading of disease.

Medical hygiene practices include: Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to prevent

spread of infection. Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures. Use of protective clothing and barriers, such as masks, gowns, caps,

eyewear and gloves. Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries. Safe disposal of medical waste. Disinfection of reusable (i.e. linen, pads, uniforms) Scrubbing up, hand-washing, especially in an operating room, but in

more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted[4] 12

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Types of hygiene (cont)Home and everyday life hygieneHome hygiene pertains to the hygiene

practices that prevent or minimize disease and the spreading of disease in home (domestic) and in everyday life settings such as social settings, public transport, the work place, public places etc.

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Types of hygiene (cont)Hygiene in home and everyday life settings

plays an important part in preventing spread of infectious diseases. It includes procedures used in a variety of domestic situations such as hand hygiene, respiratory hygiene, food and water hygiene, general home hygiene (hygiene of environmental sites and surfaces), care of domestic animals, and home healthcare (the care of those who are at greater risk of infection

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Types of hygiene (cont) Culinary (food) hygieneCulinary hygiene pertains to the practices

related to food management and cooking to prevent food contamination, prevent food poisoning and minimize the transmission of disease to other foods, humans or animals. Culinary hygiene practices specify safe ways to handle, store, prepare, serve and eat food.

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Types of hygiene (cont)Culinary practices include:Cleaning and disinfection of food-preparation areas and

equipment (for example using designated cutting boards for preparing raw meats and vegetables). Cleaning may involve use of chlorine bleach, ethanol, ultraviolet light, etc. for disinfection.

Careful avoidance of meats contaminated by trichuris worms, salmonella, and other pathogens; or thorough cooking of questionable meats.

Extreme care in preparing raw foods. Institutional dish sanitizing by washing with soap and clean

water. Washing of hands thoroughly before touching any food.

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Types of hygiene (cont)Washing of hands after touching uncooked

food when preparing meals. Not using the same utensils to prepare

different foods. Not sharing cutlery when eating. Not licking fingers or hands while or after

eating. Not reusing serving utensils that have been

licked.

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Types of hygiene (cont)Proper storage of food so as to prevent

contamination by vermin. Refrigeration of foods (and avoidance of

specific foods in environments where refrigeration is or was not feasible).

Labeling food to indicate when it was produced (or, as food manufacturers prefer, to indicate its "best before" date).

Proper disposal of uneaten food and packaging.

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Types of hygiene (cont)Personal service hygienePersonal service hygiene pertains to the

practices related to the care and use of instruments used in the administration of personal care services to people:

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Types of hygiene (cont)Personal service hygiene practices include:Sterilization of instruments used by service

providers including hairdressers, aestheticians, and other service providers.

Sterilization by autoclave of instruments used in body piercing and tattoo marking.

Cleaning hands.

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Importance of hygiene to lifeWith the kind of health risks that are

posed to the human race today, it has become vital to stay as hygienic as possible. In fact, most of the new-world diseases like bird flu and swine flu have been attributed to lack of hygiene. And if we fight lack of hygiene today, it will have good effects on the generation after us too.

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Modes of disease transmissionAirWaterExcreta and sewage disposalContaminated food

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