Auditory Smell and Taste Signal Processing

Sound

Sound wave

The Audible Spectrum

External ear: sound boosting at 3Khz

Middle ear: Impedance Matching

Masking

Attenuation of Sound by Contraction of the Tensor Tympani and Stapedius Muscles

The Inner Ear (Cochlea)

Basilar Membrane and Resonance in the Cochlea

Transmission of Sound Waves in the Cochlea

Pattern of Vibration of the Basilar Membrane

Motion of the basilar mambrane

The Organ of Corti

Excitation of the Hair Cells

Hair Cell Receptor Potentials

Innervation of the organ of Corti

Auditory Pathway

Integrating Information from the Two Ears

Determination of Direction of Sound

The Auditory Cortex

Discrimination of Sound “Patterns” by the Auditory Cortex

Auditory Evoked Response

BAEP

Organization of the human olfactory system

A) Peripheral and central components of the olfactory pathway.

B) (B) Enlargement of region boxed in (A) showing the relationship between the olfactory epithelium,

C) containing the olfactory receptor neurons, and the olfactory bulb (the central target of olfactory receptor neurons

Olfactory Perception in Humans

The Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons

The Transduction of Olfactory Signals

Olfactory System

(C) Diagram of the basic pathways for processing olfactory information.

(D) Central components of the olfactory system.

Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Odorants

Taste System

The Organization of the Taste System

Transduction of Taste Signals

Central Processing of Taste Signals