Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 4 fire suppression and control
27
FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training – Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection – 9 (BFP-9) Page 1 of 27 MODULE 4 FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Trainee Guide
Volunteer Fire Brigade Training Module 4 fire suppression and control
1. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 1 of 27 MODULE 4 FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Trainee
Guide
2. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 2 of 27 Introduction Welcome, in this module we will
discuss about the different firefighting strategies and tactics.
Knowing how and when to use these strategies and tactics can save
lives and properties and may limit damages to a minimum level.
Purpose: The purpose of this module is to provide you basic
information on the fundamental principle involved in firefighting
procedures. Scope: This module has four subjects with one-hour
duration each namely; fundamentals of fire suppression and control;
fundamentals of practices of ventilation; fundamentals of forcible
entry and overhaul operation; and fundamentals of salvage and
procedures. Objectives: By the end of this module, you will: 1.
Know the fundamental principle of fire suppression and control. 2.
Know the fundamental principle of practices of ventilation. 3. Know
the fundamental principle of forcible entry and overhaul operation.
4. Know the fundamental principle of salvage and procedures.
Conditions: The instructions you receive in this module is intended
for fire brigade members, both old and new ones, with the
assumption that you already have knowledge about firefighting
apparatus, tools and equipment but may or may not in the principles
of firefighting operation. Instructions will take place in a
classroom environment. Pictures, slideshows and actual firefighting
equipment and/or demonstrations will be used when necessary and
upon availability.
3. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 3 of 27 Fundamentals of Fire Suppression and Control
Stages of Fire 1. Ignition/Incipient stage the period when the four
elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion
begins; the fire is small and confined to the material first
ignited. 2. Growth a fire plume begins to form above the fire which
draws or entrains air from surrounding space into the column; heat
level rises and oxygen begins to decline. 3. Flashover transition
between the growth and fully developed stage and is not a specific
event such as ignition; conditions in the area change very rapidly
as the fire changes from one that is dominated by the burning of
the materials first ignited to one that involves all the exposed
combustible surfaces within the area. 4. Fully-Developed occurs
when all combustible materials in the area are involved in fire;
maximum heat release based on available oxygen. 5. Decay occurs as
available fuel is being consumed and the rate of heat release
begins to decline; heat level lower and oxygen level very low.
Factors Affecting Fire Development 1. Size, number, and arrangement
of ventilation openings 2. Volume of the area 3. Thermal properties
of the area enclosures 4. Ceiling height of the area 5. Size,
composition, and location of the fuel package that is first ignited
6. Availability and location of the fuel packages (target fuels)
Effects of Fire on Common Building Materials 1. Wood reaction of
wood to fire conditions depends on the size of the wood and the
moisture content. 2. Masonry minimally affected by fire and
exposure to high temperatures although the mortar between bricks,
block and stone may be subject to more deterioration and should be
checked for signs of weakening. 3. Cast Iron stands up well to fire
and intense heat situations but may crack or shatter when rapidly
cooled with water. 4. Steel structural members elongate when heated
and may fall at approximately at 1000 degrees F.
4. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 4 of 27 5. Reinforced Concrete does not perform well
under fire conditions and loses its strength and spalls 6. Gypsum
excellent heat resistance and fire retardant properties. 7.
Glass/Fiberglass wire-reinforced glass may provide some thermal
protection as a separation but for the most part conventional glass
is not an effective barrier to fire extension; the material used to
bind fiberglass may be combustible and can be difficult to
extinguish. Fire Extinguishment Theory 1. Temperature
Reduction/Cooling one of the most common methods of extinguishment
is cooling with water. This process depends on reducing the
temperature of a fuel to a point where it does not produce
sufficient vapor to burn. 2. Fuel Removal/Starving The fuel source
may be removed by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by
removing solid fuel in the path of fire. Another method is to allow
the fire to consume all available fuel. 3. Oxygen
Exclusion/Smothering Reducing the oxygen available to the
combustion process reduces a fires growth and may totally
extinguish it over time. In its simplest form, this method is used
to extinguish cooking stove fires when a cover is placed over a pan
of burning food. The oxygen content can be flooded with an inert
gas such as carbon dioxide, which displaces the oxygen and disrupts
the combustion process. Oxygen can also be separated from fuel by
blanketing the fuel with foam. 4. Chemical Flame Inhibition
Extinguishing agents such as some dry chemicals and halogenated
agents interrupt the combustion reaction and stop flaming. This
method of extinguishment is effective on gas and liquid fuels
because they must flame to burn. Smoldering fires are not easily
extinguished by these agents. Basic Division of Firefighting
Pre-Fire Planning The objective is to fight the fire before it
occurs. It involves collecting information and using information to
plan ahead of time how fire will be fought if they occur in various
parts of the building. During inspection, information should be
obtained on the following: The size and construction of the
building The life hazard, fire and smoke travel The contents of the
building On-site fire protection Ventilation problems Building
access
5. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 5 of 27 Hazardous materials Hazards to firefighters
Utility controls Salvage Hose requirements Water supply Size-up
Estimate of existing conditions. Can be further subdivided into
three parts: 1. Pre-alarm Size-up first manifest itself when any
information on the fire building or its exposure that could affect
operations on the fire ground is initially gathered. This might
have taken place on a previous response to the occupancy; however
it generally occurs during an inspection of the building which is
made prior to the fire. 2. Response Size-up Knowing the location of
the emergency will provide knowledge as to the number and types of
companies that can be expected. If the address is in a residential
area, at least 2 engine companies ad a truck company will be
received on the first alarm. a. Initial information about the
location b. Type of occupancy c. Time of day d. Weather 3. Fire
Ground Size-up can be divided into two phases: a. Preliminary
size-up the immediate estimate of the situation made by the fire
ground commander upon arrival. It forms a basis for initial
deployment of personnel and equipment and for the calling of
additional help. b. Continuous size-up the continuous and
comprehensive estimate of the situation as firefighting operations
proceeds. Things can change rapidly at a fire, explosion, and
backdraft or flashover can quickly change what appeared to a
controlled situation into a nightmare. Division Functions Functions
can be divided into companies. A company may be defined as a number
of people under the command of a company officer assigned to a
station apparatus. 1. Engine Company given the responsibility for:
a. Extinguishment of fire b. Protecting exposure 2. Ladder Company
is given the responsibility for: a. Ladder operations
6. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 6 of 27 b. Overhaul c. Ventilation d. Forcible entry
e. Physical rescue f. Controlling the utilities 3. Salvage Company
- is given the responsibility for salvage operations 4. Rescue
Company for emergency medical care Rescue As applied to
firefighting, rescue is the removal of humans from places involved
in fire or other disaster. The factor of life saving or life hazard
decides the first or immediate operating procedure at a fire or
other emergency. Rescue is the first consideration to be taken on
arrival at a fire. Therefore, each officer and the firefighters
should thoroughly understand the principles governing rescue. In
case of fire or other emergencies within a building, the first
questions to be considered regarding rescue are as follows: Are
there any people in the building? If so, are they in danger? Have
there been cries for help? Can they be rescued? How can they be
rescued? How many information been given by persons who have
escaped from the building regarding persons in the involved
building? Has any information given by neighbors or bystanders
regarding persons in the involved building When search is
necessary, people may be unconscious and may be found in: Closets
Under beds Furniture Beneath a window Porch Roofs Balconies
Firefighters should know all available points of entries and exits,
construction of the building, layout and hazards present.
Firefighters must be trained in the use of rescue equipment such as
ladders,
7. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 7 of 27 ropes, life nets and gas mask in order to
protect their own lives and the lives of others. Knowledge of the
chemistry of fire, gases ventilation and first aid is a must for
the firefighters. There can be no set rules for rescue as
conditions may differ from case to case. It could be necessary to
use hose streams to protect avenues of escape or to temporarily
confine the fire. In some cases, it might be advisable to attack
the main body of the fire if such action is needed to rescue
trapped people. In order to be ready for any emergency,
firefighters must be drilled regularly to develop teamwork in
rescue practices. Cover Exposure and Confinement Exposure used in
fire service, means any building or material that is likely to
become involve either directly or indirectly with existing fire.
Two Types of Exposure Hazard 1. Interior 2. Exterior How Fire May
Extend From room to room on the same floor From floor in the upward
extension From floor to floor in the downward extension From
building to building where one is adjoining or built solidly
against another From building to building not adjoining How to
Prevent Extension of Fire By quick extinguishment of the fire By
protecting the exposed combustibles an example is by using the
entire fire stream power to prevent the upward spread of fire, the
spread from section to section of the involved building, or the
spread from building to building until additional apparatus and men
respond to combat the original fire. By fire-protective devices
should be operational at all times and if possible automatic. o
Fire-resistive construction o Incombustible solid walls o Fire
doors o Vertical protection o Sprinklers o Window protection o
Water curtain
8. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 8 of 27 Things to Consider in Cover Exposure
Completely surrounding the fire with streams so that the fire will
be checked at each possible avenue of extension. Some buildings
with solid walls create only minor exposure hazard. When a building
faces on a wide street and the wind is blowing in the right
direction, there is very little chance of the fire extending across
the street by exposure. Use fire streams to cover exposed buildings
across an alley, court and narrow street. Heavy solid or vapor
streams are far more effective than small streams. Adjust streams
according to size of fire. If there is little danger of exposure to
other buildings, cover exposure may not be necessary. An adjustable
spray nozzle may be used when a working environment becomes too hot
for firefighters to operate. Wind may carry volatile gases which
may ignite other combustibles on adjoining buildings. If the fire
has gone through the roof, the buildings which deserve first
attention are those on either side of it, especially when they
extend above the fire building. The covering of external exposures
of fire buildings, when the fire is about to jump from a floor to a
floor above by way of windows, involves the use of streams to
prevent its vertical extension. Fire streams can be directed on
elevator shafts and hoist shafts to keep fire from extending
through these openings. In covering interior exposures, small
streams are more suitable due to their mobility. Cover vertical
passageways such as dumbwaiters, elevator or hoist shafts,
stairwells, pipe ducts. Vent shafts, light wells, etc. Other
methods of covering exposure within the building or adjoining
building consist of closing doors, trap doors, windows and other
openings by which the fire spread. Check for burning materials
falling from shafts, cover them with streams. Check for other
exposed combustibles near the fire scene not only buildings. Hose
lines for protection purposes should always be laid and kept ready.
Confinement This is the action which is necessary to contain the
fire in the smallest possible area. Things to Consider Air
conditioning systems should be shut down as soon as evidence of
fire s seen. Note the wind direction; fire may most likely spread
in that direction. Prevent high tension wires and electrical
equipment from catching fire, falling or endangering life and
property.
9. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory Training
Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the Pre-Fire
Planning, Training and Community Relations Section (PFPT-CRS),
Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire Protection 9
(BFP-9) Page 9 of 27 Poles can be protected with hose streams from
a safe distance until wires can be cut or control switches pulled
by a qualified person. Check the fire walls or fire-resistant walls
within the exposed building to determine if it is necessary to
ventilate the exposed building from the unexposed sides, to reduce
the temperature or to take care of smoke seepage. Support Service
1. Search and rescue 2. Ventilation 3. Salvage 4. Ladders 5.
Lighting 6. Utility Control electricity, gases, etc. General
Considerations at the Fire Ground 1. Before any fire attack begins,
civilians in danger must be rescued and moved to safety. 2. Fire
attack includes getting water from the source to the scene and
being able to apply it in a timely and efficient manner. 3. There
must be an ability to move sufficient quantities of water to meet
fire flow needs. 4. Where units are operating outside the area of a
pressurized water system, additional units may be needed to relay
or shuttle water. 5. The initial arriving units should be capable
of obtaining a water supply, placing one attack line in service and
providing immediate back-up with a second line. Everyone should be
made to initiate the fire attack with 2 minutes of arrival on the
scene and ready for attack. 6. The initial attack line should be
directed at the fire. 7. A second line should be advanced to the
area above the fire. 8. Additional lines may be needed for areas
adjacent to the fire. 9. While the initial attack line for a
residential structure may be 1 inch, it may not provide sufficient
fire flow to overcome the heat production. 10. Consider using
larger hose lines and nozzles like 2 inch for fire with high heat
production. Also for commercial or large residential structure. 11.
It is better to apply large fire flows and put the fire out faster
than lesser amounts and eventually put the fire out.
10. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 10 of 27 Firefighting Strategies 1.
Offensive made on the seat of the fire or on the immediate area
involved in the fire. This is most commonly used since, upon
arrival, most fires are still small. 2. Offensive-defensive
involves a vigorous attack against the main body of the fire, while
taking adequate measures to control actual and potential extension
of fire. The major portion of the fire force operates directly on
fire extinguishment problems and a lesser force on fire extension
problems. 3. Defensive-offensive this is essentially a holding
action to keep the fire within reasonable bounds while awaiting the
availability of additional forces. 4. Defensive all forces are
heavily engaged in defensive actions. Typically, it would be used
when the volume of fire and the number and nature of exposures
preclude anything but defensive techniques. Nay offensive content
that may be present in such defensive techniques as heavy streams,
lacks the dynamic, advancing qualities we associate with offensive
strategies.
11. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 11 of 27 Fundamentals of Practices of
Ventilation Ventilation defined as the planned, methodical, and
systematic removal of pressure, heat, smoke, gases, and in some
cases, even flame from an enclosed area. It is the carefully
planned release of the products of combustion from a confined area
or structure. Importance: 1. It increases visibility for quicker
location of the seat of the fire. 2. It decreases the danger to
trapped occupants by channeling away hot, toxic gases or excessive
heat. 3. It facilitates the entry of cooler air for the welfare of
firefighters and improves life safety for rescue and other
firefighting operations. Benefits/Advantages 1. Release combustion
products 2. Reduce entry of danger 3. Assist in fire spread control
4. Assist in rescue operation 5. Assist in fire attack &
extinguishment 6. Property conservation 7. Reduction of flashover
potential 8. Reduction of backdraft potential Signs of Backdraft 1.
Smoke-stained windows 2. Smoke puffing at intervals from the
building 3. Pressurized smoke coming from small cracks 4. Little
visible flame from the exterior of the building 5. Black smoke
becoming dense gray yellow 6. Confinement and excessive heat
Drawbacks/Disadvantages (if improperly done) 1. Can intensify fire
2. Cause fire spread 3. Endanger personnel 4. Create property
damage 5. Create poor public relations
12. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 12 of 27 Smoke is a combination of
material, mostly unburned hydrocarbons that have a tarry
consistency. Because smoke is made up of only partially burned
solid bits of microscopic material, it obscures vision. Lack of
Vision seriously hampers firefighting operations and also prevents
victims from escaping. Removal of smoke, heat and toxic gases will
add survival time to a potential victim who is unconscious,
increasing the chance of successful rescue. By venting the
enclosure, the heat level is kept from becoming capable of
producing these phenomena.: Flashover: Everything in a confined
area ignites at almost the same time. Backdraft: Unburned smoke is
heated in the absence of oxygen, and, when oxygen is introduced,
produces an explosive force. At best, the survival time of a
firefighter in full PPE and SCBA is estimated to be between 10 to
15 seconds. Rare Situations: no ventilation at all is performed at
the fire extinguishment operation. Someoccupancies are protected by
a fire inhibiting gas such as Clean Agent into the room. In this
type of occupancy, an identifying placard usually warns that this
gas is present. This system might be used in computer rooms,
biological labs, museum, etc. where these occupancies may suffer
more damage from water than from fire. Types of Ventilation 1.
Natural ventilation merely requires opening doors and windows,
creating a hole on the roof and letting physics take care of the
rest. 2. Mechanical ventilation the use of smoke fans consisting of
ejectors and blowers, and the use of water to create air movement.
Mechanical aids can accelerate the air movement and even reverse
the airflow against natural air current movement. Use of fans and
blowers in appositive or negative mode and water from a nozzle can
provide a large air movement volume. Natural Ventilation 1.
Vertical ventilation removal of gases and smoke through vertical
channel. This will prevent fire extension by convection from
occurring at a remote part of the building. 2. Horizontal
ventilation channeling of smoke and heat out of the structure
through horizontal openings such as windows and doors. 3. Trench or
Strip Ventilation this hole is usually cut well ahead of the
advancing fire for the purpose of setting up a defensive line where
the fires progressed will be halted. At least 4 feet wide and
extends from the exterior wall to the opposite exterior wall.
13. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 13 of 27 Mechanical Ventilation 1. Smoke
Fans two types of fans are sued for smoke and heat removal a.
Ejector used to suck out smoke and heat (negative pressure
ventilation) b. Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) air is
introduced into the smoke-filled area through the use of fans and
blowers 2. Hydraulic last of the mechanical mode of ventilation is
to use water. Water is employed to create air movement. It is a
quick method for expulsion of smoke and heat but the most
inefficient in mechanical methods of ventilation. Considerations
affecting decision to ventilate: Is there a need for ventilation at
this time? Where is ventilation needed? What type of ventilation
should be used? Do fire and structural conditions allow for safe
roof operations? Factors to be Considered When Venting Safety
Considerations Access to the vent site 1. Will ventilation permit
the fire to extend? Wind direction 2. Will the escape route be cut
off? Weather condition 3. Will ventilation endanger others?
Exposures The material burning The height of the building The
potential for fire spread Escape route Obstacles to Ventilation 1.
Security services 5. Unfamiliar building lay-out 2. Height 6.
Ventilation timing 3. Poor planning 7. Access 4. Personnel
assignment
14. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 14 of 27 Fundamentals of Forcible Entry
and Overhaul Operations Forcible Entry the ability to gain entry to
secured areas and buildings is a primary operation at fires and
other emergencies. Types of Tools Used For Forcible Entry 1.
Striking - used to deliver impact force to break lock or drive
another tool. a. Flathead axe b. Maul c. Sledgehammer d. Battering
ram e. Hammer f. Punch & chisel g. Lock breaker 2. Prying -
used to provide mechanical advantage or leverage. a. Crowbar b.
Halligan tool c. Hux d. Claw tool e. Pry bar f. Hydraulic tool 3.
Cutting - used to cut material away; cut around locking devices,
cut through a door, cut through a roof or wall. a. Axes b. Saws c.
Torches d. Bolt cutters 4. Through-the-lock a. K tool designed to
pull out lock cylinders and expose the mechanism in order to open
the lock with various key tools. 5. Pushing/Pulling used on a
limited basis forcible entry; breaking glass, gypsum board or
sheetrock. a. Hooks b. Pike poles
15. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 15 of 27 6. Power Saws a. Rotary
(circular) saw most often gasoline powered and has changeable
blades. Spins more than 6000 rpm. b. Chain saw used during natural
disasters c. Ventilation saw more efficient than rotary saw Power
Saw Cautions Do not push a saw beyond the limits of its design and
purpose. Never use a power saw in a flammable atmosphere. Always
use eye protection when operating any power saw. Safety
Considerations While Using Forcible Entry Tools Rotary and chain
saws Entryways such as gates, overhead or personnel entry type
doors, and windows have become increasingly more secure. They often
require more than a mere prying tool to open them. The rotary or
chain power saw has become the tool that can most rapidly remove
the door or gate. These saws present a number of hazards of which
firefighters must be aware in order to operate them safely. Always
follow the manufacturers instructions. Conduct daily checks for
operation and blade condition. Check the saw for fuel and proper
operation before proceeding to the entry location. Equip the saw
with a carry strap (standard equipment with some manufacturers).
Use the right blade for the material being cut. Never carry a
running saw up a ladder or through a crowd of firefighters. Power
saws require two firefighters: the saw operator and a guide
firefighter. Carrying tools Many forcible entry tools have sharp or
pointed ends and must be carried safely from fire apparatus to the
fire scene. Firefighters should always be aware of their safety in
addition to the safety of other firefighters. Axes o Carry the axe
with the blade away from the body and the pick head covered. o
Never carry an axe over the shoulder. Prying tools o Similar to the
axe, pointed and sharp edges should be carried away from the body
and covered if possible. Hooks or pike poles o The tool head, the
hook end, should be carried down and close to the ground. Depending
on handle length, beware of overhead electrical wires and other
obstructions. Inside a building, carry the handle close to the body
with the hooked end toward the ceiling. Striking tools
16. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 16 of 27 o These tools tend to be heavy
and the head should be carried close to the ground. When using
these tools do not use a free-swing motion. Firmly grasp the tool
with two hands and use a controlled and accurate stroke to move the
tool. Maintenance of Forcible Entry Tools Proper tool maintenance
is the first step to tool safety, and tools must be inspected and
cleaned on a regular basis. Check for wear and damaged parts: tools
should be removed from service or repaired when defects are found.
Metal heads and Parts Remove any dirt and rust with steel wool or
emery cloth. Use a metal file to maintain the proper profile and
cutting edge. Sharpen edges and remove burrs with a file. Do not
keep the blade edge too sharp; this may cause it to chip when in
use. Do not grind the blade because it can overheat and cause it to
lose the temper and become soft. Do not paint the metal parts. Keep
them lightly oiled if desired. Fiberglass Handles Check for damages
or cracks. Wash them with soap and water and dry completely. Make
sure metal parts are secure. Wood Handles Check for damage and sand
off splinters. Do not paint or varnish the handles. A coat of
boiled linseed oil may be applied if necessary. Ensure that the
head is securely fastened to the handle. Clean with soap and water,
rinse then dry completely. Typical Construction Problems Firewalls
versus stud wall construction. Steel, metal, or concrete roofs
versus wood frame construction. Steel versus wood doors. On
occasion a firefighter may be required to force entry through a
wall. o Load bearing wall supports the buildings ceilings and/or
rafters.
17. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 17 of 27 o Non-bearing wall can be
removed safely and without danger. Can also be called partition
walls. o Exterior Walls Constructed of one or more materials. Many
residential structures are commonly constructed of brick or wood
frame. Commercial building walls are commonly constructed of
concrete, masonry or metal. Interior Walls o Many residential
structures are commonly constructed of wood or metal studs covered
by gypsum, plaster or sheetrock. o Breaching an interior wall can
be dangerous because: Electrical wiring Plumbing Cable wires Phone
wires o Floors. Most popular floor constructions in residential and
commercial buildings are wood and poured concrete. Both are tough
to breach and require power tools. Usually the best point to
attempt forcible entry to a structure is the door or window. Doors
and windows are constructed as entry points and are generally of
weaker materials than walls or roofs. Basic door construction o
Door the entryway itself o Jamb the frame o Hardware the hinges and
handles o Locking device Wood Door Construction o Solid core wood
core blocks covered by a face panel. o Hollow-Core lightweight,
honeycomb interior covered by a face panel. Metal Door Construction
o Decorative for residential use o May be either hollow or solid
core Guidelines for openings doors Try before you pry. Examine
construction. Determine method of operation. Examine lock.
18. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 18 of 27 Force? Find other method of
entry? Use easiest, least damaging method. Six basic methods of
forcing a door Removing the hinge pins Breaking the glass and
unlocking from inside Breaking the lock Prying the door and jamb
apart Cutting an entry hole Battering the door down Breaking Glass
Wear protective clothing Stand to windward side Use a tool Strike
at top of pane Keep hands above point of impact Take special
precautions when breaking glass above the ground floor Wind may
cause heavy shard to travel great distances Overhaulthe final task
performed by firefighters at the scene of the fire. Although the
primary objective of overhaul is to ensure that the fire is out, it
generally includes doing whatever is necessary to leave the
premises in as safe and secure state as possible. Planning Overhaul
Operations: Start as soon as the fire has been brought under
control and adequate personnel are available Coordinate closely
with the investigators to prevent loss of important evidences and
fire pattern which are visible and measurable at the scene. Should
not be carried out in a haphazard manner. Should be accomplished in
a systematic and professional manner as possible. The fire ground
commander should size-up and make a walkthrough of the premises to
determine if it is structurally safe for work parties to enter and
commence working. During size-up, determine where it would be best
to store salvageable materials and which spot would be best for
dumping debris.
19. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 19 of 27 Things to be considered during
overhaul: Are the firefighters at the scene physically capable of
doing the work? What is the condition of the exterior walls? Are
there any unsafe conditions that should be corrected? Is there a
water removal problem? Is there as equipment on the premises such
as forklifts or pay loaders? Are there employees trained in the use
of the said equipment? What tools and equipment will be needed or
to complete the work? Are they available in the scene? Does the
department have special on call equipment that might be useful
during the particular overhaul operations? Additional thoughts that
should be considered during overhaul: All avenues through which
heat may have extended during the fire should be thoroughly checked
for hidden or smoldering fires. Check all concealed spaces,
particularly walls and under floor between joist. Broken glass lift
in windows, doors transoms and so on present hazard to anyone
entering the premises. If not done during firefighting operations,
the electricity should be shut off to the burned out area if the
insulation on any electrical wiring has been burned off. Be alert
during the overhaul process for any materials that is subject to
spontaneous heating upon becoming wet. Take particular care when
overhauling, bales of cotton or copra. Be cautious when overhauling
materials to those packages that have been damaged by water or
fire. Restrict opening of package materials to those packages that
have been damaged by water or fire. Fires in multiple-storey
buildings may make it necessary to throw materials out the window
to the ground below. However, make sure that below is clear to make
injury. Overhaul Equipment 1. Specialized tools a. Excavation
equipment b. A heat sensor c. Lighting d. Combustible gas indicator
2. Small tools a. Pick head axe b. Pike pole and hooks
20. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 20 of 27 c. Saws d. Flat head axe e.
Forcible entry tools 3. Hose lines a. Extinguishing hidden fires b.
Fire watch Systematic Method This method can be adapted for
specific situations and department SOPs. Sector Organization The
first step in a systematic approach to overhaul is to divide the
structure into sectors. Each sector is then assigned a different
priority and level of overhaul. Within each sector, overhaul should
follow the same basic steps: o Separate debris o Open voids to
locate hidden fire o Extinguish fire o Retrieve equipment
21. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 21 of 27 Fundamentals of Salvage
Procedures Salvage as applied to the firefighting service, is
essentially the prevention and reduction of damage from indirect
causes. Purpose of Salvage Loss reduction Public relations Clean-up
Damage caused by the fire incident may be classified as: Direct
damage caused by actual burning; Indirect damage caused by the heat
and smoke generated by the fire, water used to extinguish the fire,
falling debris, and breakage. Some important salvage operations
during a fire: Placing waterproof covers to protect stock,
furniture, business records, fixtures, and machinery from water and
falling debris. Moving goods or property threatened by fire.
Removing rugs from floors, pictures form walls, curtains from
windows, etc. to protect them from water, smoke and debris. Using
waterproof covers to bag the floors. Diverting water from the fire
building and the use of waterproof covers to cover floors and
stairways not to provide chutes necessary to divert the water to
the exterior of the building. Ventilation of the building to remove
smoke and heat. Removing the contents of the building where they
obstruct firefighting operations and when it is not possible to
provide protection within the building. Some of the important
salvage operations after the fire is controlled or extinguished
are: Shutting down sprinkler systems Replacing fused sprinkler
heads Placing sprinkler systems back in service Removing water from
floors and basements Removing articles of value from debris
Complete ventilation of the building to remove remaining smoke and
heat
22. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 22 of 27 Shutting off defective or
damaged water systems to prevent leakage Providing necessary
coverage for the roof, windows and other openings to protect the
interior of the building and its contents from the elements The
removal of covers spread during fires or other emergencies The
securing of the building against intruders and vandalism Salvage
equipment 1. Salvage covers a. Canvass b. Polyethylene c. Plastic
sheeting 2. Water removal equipment a. Buckets b. Mop, ringer and
squeegee c. Water chutes d. Hose e. Pumps f. Water vacuums 3. Smoke
reduction equipment a. Ventilation equipment b. In-house fan system
c. Windows d. Smoke ejector or blower Salvage Covers very important
of salvage operations, the success of salvage operations depend as
much upon proper cover maintenance as upon their application. Care
of Covers Avoid pulling them over sharp edges where they might
become torn. Do not spread over broken glass and sharp debris.
Avoid unnecessary walking over covers. Be careful in removing
covers, watch for sharp projections. Do not throw covers from
roofs, windows or other openings. Wet or dirty covers shall be
washed on both sides with clear water and then hung until dry. Use
mild soap to remove oil or stain, then rinse with clear water.
Inspect covers for dryness, cleanliness and good repair.
23. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 23 of 27 Covers that have sustained small
tears or small holes shall be mended with a waterproof adhesive
tape. With large tears and large holes, plainly mark and set aside.
Covers that are clean, dry and in good repair shall be folded in
the standard manner and placed on storage racks. Covers carried on
the apparatus and not used within a period of three months shall be
removed, refolded and replaced on the apparatus. Covers kept in
storage and not used within a period of three months shall be
removed, refolded and rotated into service on the apparatus. Unless
unavoidable, covers in a wet or damp condition shall not be allowed
to remain on the apparatus more than twenty-four hours. All covers
shall be regularly inspected, maintained in good condition, and
ready for immediate use. Techniques in Folding and Spreading of
Salvage Covers One firefighter roll One firefighter double roll One
firefighter fold Two firefighter fold One firefighter donut roll
Accordion fold Cover Work at Fires The first objective of salvage
work is to locate the fire and then do cover work to protect the
exposed property from as much water damage as possible. If the fire
is at the upper floor of a multiple-storey building, cover work
usually starts immediately below the fire. If the fire involves a
portion of a large storage, mercantile or manufacturing area, it
may be possible to protect stock and machinery adjacent to the
actual fire. Protect stocks and furnishings located below the floor
of the actual fire by bagging which means covering the floor
completely and the edges of the cover are rolled to hold water.
Upon entering the building, each firefighter assigned to salvage
work should take as many covers as can be conveniently carried.
Work in pairs. One method of folding a salvage cover is to roll it
for spreading by one person. Cover where the water is likely to
reach first, select the stock most valuable and easily covered and
then proceed to the more difficult work.
24. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 24 of 27 Group stocks and furnishings
into compact stacks before covering. If time permits, remove rugs
first by rolling and then place over heavy furniture. Valuables
should be placed in drawers for safekeeping. If goods are removed
they should be covered outside the premises. In commercial and
industrial buildings, the covering of machinery and stocks is the
first part of salvage work. All damageable nature lying about on
the floor of these buildings should be removed from the floor
before cover work is started. For stocks on shelves, remove stocks
on upper shelf then try to insert covers between the shelves and
back wall. In covering glass top showcases, counters and wherever
else necessary, place chairs, cartons or other objects across the
frames to warn firefighters against climbing or stepping on them.
Considerable salvage is often accomplished in the use of covers as
hall runners to protect floors, stairs, carpets, rugs, and other
floor or stair coverings from water damage, debris, or from
firefighters tracking debris. When salvaging records, extreme care
must be exercised when grouping and covering them, place records
above floor level. Computer systems should be shut down if possible
before covering them, as heat may build up in the system because of
the cover. When computer systems are being protected with fixed
extinguishing systems, like carbon dioxide, firefighters must be
aware to wear protective breathing apparatus. Handling Water in
Buildings Primary objective when removing water from a building
should be to remove it quickly and safely without damage to
unaffected portions of the building. Floor drains and soil pipe
openings offer built-in means for water removal. Stairways may also
serve as a route to the outside if conveniently located. As a last
resort, walls can be breached or holes cut in floors. Use pumps if
available, in draining water from basements. Small Amounts of Water
Can be removed from the floor of a building with scoop, shovels,
buckets, brooms, squeegees, etc.
25. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 25 of 27 Large Amounts of Water Elevator
shafts o If possible, raise elevator to a point above drainage. o
Shut off electrical supply to elevator machinery. o If exposed
elevator machinery is in the basement, protect with salvage cover.
o Open basement drains. o Make ready to remove water from the
elevator pit by means of a portable pump, if necessary. o If the
elevator shaft is open, protect the opening at intervening floors
with salvage covers lapped into the shaft. o If the elevator shaft
is enclosed, block the door openings at intervening floors with
salvage covers. Stairways When water is directed down stairways,
cover the treads and risers in the standard manner. After proper
placement of the covers, direct the water toward the stairway with
brooms or squeegees. Covers must lead to the exterior or to a
drainage point. Chutes to the Outside Chutes can be constructed
with salvage covers. A very effective short chute can be made by
removing a door from its hinges and placing one end on the window
sill with the other end pitched higher to drain. A rolled salvage
cover is used to channel the water. Holes should be cut in floors
only when large amounts of water are present and draining
facilities are inadequate. Whenever it becomes necessary to cut a
hole for drainage into a chute, the ceiling below the floor
containing the water must be punctured as soon as possible to
prevent the water from spreading over the ceiling below. Dikes
Dikes can be constructed to prevent the spread, or to direct the
flow of water. Salvage covers rolled or folded and placed end to
end may be used to good advantage to route water out of buildings.
Folded or rolled salvage covers are also often placed in doorways
on the floor to prevent the flow of water to rooms or areas not
involved.
26. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 26 of 27 Catch Basin Can be used for
quick construction of devices to trap large amounts of water.
Although suitable method of draining the water must also be
considered to eliminate the danger of run-over. Basement Drainage
All stock resting on the floor, subject to water damage, must be
removed or elevated. Toilet bowls removed from floors leave
openings that allow drainage of water. Water may be removed with
buckets and scoop shovels. Portable pumps can be used for faster
results. Shut off electrical machineries to minimize hazards from
electricity. Safety During Salvage Work areas should be well
lighted. Use extreme care in climbing. Adequate equipment and
protective clothing are necessary safety factors.
27. FIRE SUPPRESSION AND CONTROL Fire Brigade Mandatory
Training Version 1.0 August 2012 Training Course provided by the
Pre-Fire Planning, Training and Community Relations Section
(PFPT-CRS), Zamboanga City Fire District (ZCFD), Bureau of Fire
Protection 9 (BFP-9) Page 27 of 27 Review and Closing Review:
During this module, we have discussed about the following; 1.
Fundamental principle behind fire suppression and control. 2. The
principle, advantages, disadvantages of practices of ventilation.
3. The purpose of forcible entry and the different tools, equipment
and some procedure of its practice. 4. The importance of overhaul
operation with the equipment needed in keeping the scene safe after
the firefighting operation. 5. The importance and principle of
salvage operations with procedures on different cases. Closing:
With all the modules complete for a basic training as a fire
brigade member, you should be knowledgeable now how to properly
utilize the different firefighting equipment, the different
techniques on how to use them and also the different approach and
principles behind a complete firefighting operation. What you have
learned in this particular module will help you greatly in
performing your duties and responsibilities as a fire brigade
member not only in keeping the people, your properties, and area of
responsibility safe but also to you ,as a firefighter, first and
foremost.