1. Chapter 2: The Development of US Intelligence ________________________________________ * Part1MAJOR THEMESIN THE DEVELOPMENTSOF U.S. INTELLIGENCE * Part 2MAJORHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOF INTELLIGENCE 2

2. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 3. THE PHRASE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IS USED THROUGHOUT THIS BOOK AS WELL AS IN MOST OTHER DISCUSSIONS OF U.S.INTELLIGENCE. THE WORD COMMUNITY IS PARTICULARLY APT IN DESCRIBING U. S. INTELLIGENCE. THE COMMUNITY IS MADE UP OF AGENCIES AND OFFICES WHOSE WORK IS OFTEN RELATED AND SOMETIMES COMBINED. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE B U T T H E Y S E R V E D I F F E R E N T N E E D S O R D I F F E R E N T C L I E N T S A N D W O R K U N D E R V A R I O U S L I N E S O F A U T H O R I T Y A N D C O N T R O L . T H E I N T E L L I G E N C E C O M M U N I T Y G R E W O U T O F A S E T O F E V O L V I N G D E M A N D S A N D W I T H O U T A M A S T E R P L A N . I T I S H I G H L Y F U N C T I O N A L A N D Y E T S O M E T I M E S D Y S F U N C T I O N A L . 4 4. One Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), Richard Helms (19661973), testified before Congress That, despite all of the criticisms of the structure and functioning of the intelligence community, if one were to create it from scratch, much the same community would likely emerge. Helmss focus was not on the structure of the community but on the services it provides, which are multiple, varied, and supervised by a number of individuals. This approach to intelligence is unique to The United States, although others have copied facets of it. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 5 5. Director of Intelligence Richard Helms MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 6 6. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE To the French Intelligence from the sway of 7 7. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 8 DURING THIS TIME THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE EXPERIENCE WAS BRIEF. 8. from the late nineteenth century, a broader U. S. national intelligence capability began to arise only with the creation of the Coordinator of Information (COI) The predecessor of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE The first glimmer of a national intelligence enterprise did not appear until 1940. Although permanent and specific naval and military intelligence units date 9 9. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE Allen Welsh Dulles OSS/COI Spymaster 10 10. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS). 11 11. What explains this nearly 170-year absence of organized U.S. intelligence? For most of its history, the United States did not have strong foreign policy interests beyond its immediate borders. The success of the 1823 Monroe Doctrine (which stated that the United States would resist any European attempt to colonize in the Western Hemisphere), assisted by the agreement and unspoken support of Britain, solved the basic security interests of the United States and its broader foreign policy interests. The need for better intelligence became apparent only after the United States achieved the status of a world power and became involved in wide-ranging international issues at the end of the nineteenth century. 12 12. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 13 13. The United States faced no threat to its security from its neighbors, from powers outside the Western Hemisphere, with the exception of the Civil War (1861-1865) from large-scale internal dissent that was unfavorable to its form of government. This benevolent environment, so unlike that faced by all European states, undercut any perceived need for national intelligence. MAJOR THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE 14 14. 15 15. 16 16. A Threat-Based Foreign Policy. The United States assumed a vested interest in the international status quo. This interest became more pronounced after the Spanish-American War in 1898. With the acquisition of a small colonial empire, the United States achieved a satisfactory international positionlargely self- sufficient and largely unthreatened. However, the twentieth century saw the repeated rise of powers whose foreign policies were direct threats to the status quo: Germany in World War I, the Axis in World War II, and then the Soviet Union during the cold war. 17 17. 18 18. How Did This War End? 19 19. World War 2 20 20. The Cold War 21 21. 22 22. 23 23. During the special circumstances of World War II and the Cold War, the American people were willing to support a permanent, organized, secret intelligence effort and to delegate oversight of its performance to a limited number of members of the executive and legislative branches. Whether the public will continue to support a large intelligence effort in the more benign climate of the 1990s is by no means certain. Because the case can be made only by providing the public with information needed to judge intelligence performance, openness is a necessity. The alternative is to watch intelligence budgets shrink and return to the situation prevailing before World War II, when the intelligence effort was limited, sporadic, and largely unimportant. 24 UNCLASSIFIED A basic tension Openness and Secrecy David D. Gries 24. As the war progressed and our national security was threatened, breakthroughs in jet-engine technology, radar, sonar, rocketry, and atomic weapons required special protection. Openness in operations of the legislative and executive branches, previously the guarantors of the Founding Fathers' promise, was sharply curtailed. 25 25. Elaborate systems were devised to ensure secrecy, not only for spectacular achievements like reading German and Japanese wartime codes, but also for daily activities of the foreign affairs, intelligence, and military components of government. With the advent of the Cold War, conflict between the old tradition of openness and the new requirement for secrecy became a significant issue. 26