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Organ Donation –The Gift of Life
Professor Philip O’Connell
1904
1952 Madame Renard Marius Renard
Damaged a single kidney in
a fall
Peter Bent Brigham Hospital 23 Dec 1954
Andrew Ritteris
John Ritteris
99
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
% s
urvi
val
1970-74 (440)
1975-84 (1266)
1985-89 (1231)
1990-94 (1415)
4.8% per year
5-year censored survival unchanged
Early improvement but long term attrition%
sur
viva
l
T. Mathew et al, 2001ANZDATA
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798
Australia CD1. One year survival 1975-99
patient
graft
Year of transplantation Years after transplantation
OKT3 IL2-RAATG
CSA
MMF
TACCSA-ME
AZA
GCV VGV
9
KI 1.9 Kidney transplant waiting list activity among adult patients
Data source: Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (www.transplant-observatory.org), slide courtesy of S White
112,631 organs were transplanted worldwide in 2011 (76,118 kidneys)
2% pancreas4% lung5% heart
21% liver
68% kidney33% of all transplants from living donors
Provided by Sarah White, George Institute
= 10,000 treated cases of kidney failure
76,118 kidney transplants performed in 2011
2.16 million Patients living on dialysis at 31st
December 2011
Data sources: Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (www.transplant-observatory.org)ESRD Patients in 2011: A Global Perspective. Fresenius Medical Care. Bad Homburg, Germany.
On a waiting list for kidney transplantation in 2011
Provided by Sarah White
Territory size is distorted in proportion to the number of organ transplants reported for each country in 2010
<66 to <2020 to <40
Transplantation rate (pmp)
40 to <70>70
Global distribution of transplantation activity
2010
Data source: Global Observatory on Donation and Transplantation (www.transplant-observatory.org), slide courtesy of S White
Provided by Sarah White, George Institute
WHO CAN BE AN ORGAN DONOR?
Potential solid organ donors
How to maximise every opportunity?
Donor procedure• Needs to be done by an
experienced team• On call at short notice
Donor procedure• Minimal ischaemic time. Urgent isolation procedure.
What can people donate?
ORGANS TISSUEKIDNEYS CORNEAS
LIVER HEART VALVESHEART PANCREAS ISLETSLUNGS SKINPANCREAS BONE
TENDONSLIGAMENTS
Determination of Death• Brain Death – Irreversible loss of Brian
Function• Circulatory Death – Irreversible loss of
Circulatory Function
In most jurisdictions the criteria for diagnosing death is not proscribed in law but rather is left to the medical profession to determine
The Steps in a Clinical Examination to Assess Brain Death.
Wijdicks EF. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1215-1221.
No Response to Painful Stimulae
Clinical Assessment of
Brain Stem Reflexes
Apnea TestTemp > 36.5BP > 90 mmHgpO2 200mmHgpCO2 > 40mmHg
Determination of Circulatory Death• Immobility• Apnea• Absent skin perfusion• absence of circulation as evidenced by absent
arterial pulsatility for a minimum of two minutes, as measured by feeling the pulse or, preferably, by monitoring the intra-arterial pressure.
When all of these criteria have been met, the patient is determined to be dead and organ removal may proceed.
Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society – The ANZICS statementOn Death and Organ Donation 2008
Road deaths in NSW 1970 - 1996
So is it making a difference?
Reasons why family declined donation
Some families gave more than one reason for declining donation. This is why the total number of reasons why families declined donation (150) is higher than the actual number of
non-consent to donation (97)
Source: DonateLife Audit Data 2013
Donation consent rates
Raising community awareness – the challenge
Critical fact: In Australia the family will always be asked to confirm the donation wishes of the deceased before donation for transplantation can proceed.
Challenge: For all family members to know each other’s donation wishes so if the situation arises they will uphold them.
Raising community awareness – national media campaign
Phase 1DonateLife, discuss it today. OK?
Phase 2 DonateLife, know their wishes. OK
Raising community awareness – national media campaign
10% increase to 58% - people who have had a family discussion in the last 12 months
5% increase to 56% - people who know family members’ wishes
6% increase to 70% - awareness that family consent is sought
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ETHICAL ORGAN DONOR POLICY
Legality of Organ Donation underpinned by Legislation
Development of Regulations based on Legislation
Oversight of Organ Donation and Transplantation by Health Dept. To ensure Transparency and Safety.Development of Agency to oversee Organ Donation
Institution of Transplant and Organ Donor RegistriesAuditing of agencies
Interaction with Transplant Units and Development of Policies to Ensure Use of Organs is Maximised and used by appropriately credentialed Centres
PUB
LIC
ED
UC
ATIO
N, A
WA
REN
ESS
&
INVO
LVEM
ENT
DEVELOPMENT OF JUST & TRANSPARENT ALLOCATION SYSTEM
www.donatelife.gov.au 34
Australian Organ Donor Registerhttp://www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/medicare/australian-organ-donor-register
What can you do?