“The role of sulphate reducing bacteria in groundwater quality management: an assessment of few cases studies from the metropolitan cities in

India”

Presented by-Sandeep Satapathy, K..Harish

MS, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal.

INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRINKING WATER IS: 10500

Sulphates:

• Requirement desirable Limit - 150 mg/l

• Remarks: May be extended up to 400 mg/l

Dhanbad Jamshedpur Kolkata Amritsar Kanpur80

85

90

95

100

105

110

Sulphate Conc.

Sulphate Conc.

Desirable Limit - 150mg/l By 2008, it had reached 110mg/l

• The estimation of this contamination in the metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai etc. has been in the ranges

• air as 50-60 μg/m3 (NAPM, India 2010)

• dissolved water as 400mg/L (BIS, 2009)

• surface water as 50-60mg/L (BIS 2009)

Main Gypsum Industries In India

APRajasthanGujurat KeralaMaharashtraOrissa West BengalTamil nadu

Gypsum building materials are used in all construction types. It is used for the interiors of homes and offices, schools, shops, airports, etc. It also medical utility.

Rajasthan Gypsum Map

Effects of SOx Contamination

• SOx is a secondary contaminant with a low/indirect level of threat to lives.

• It gives water a bitter taste and leads to a laxative effect causing dehydration in the severest of cases.

• Contaminants of groundwater on the basis of Odor, taste, color, corrosiveness and foaming properties.

• Contamination of any level of the presence of Hydrogen Sulfide is a threat level as it possesses all the above listed properties.

Keynotes of Euro Gypsum

• Closed Loop Recycling: the waste is used to make the same product again. Gypsum can be reused over and over because the chemical composition of the raw material in plaster-boards and blocks always remains the same.

• Euro gypsum stakeholders are interested in a higher scale of bio-diversity than only the quarry footprint (alpha-diversity).

• It is a flexible framework adaptable given the local context of each gypsum quarry. It answers to European legislation and strategies for biodiversity.

• The development or selection of biodiversity indicators should start with identifying the issue or decision-making need that the indicator will address.

Thus Ultimately focusing on 3R’s-

Renovation-Resource Efficiency- Recycling

Sulfate reducing bacteria like Disulfovibrio disulfuricans have been used for fixing the elevated sulfates in water body for more than a decade by now (Mc Intire and Edenborne, 1990).

Bacterial sulfate reduction is a naturally-occurring process that proceeds only in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of sufficient organic carbon and sulfate.

Proposal:

Biological pretreatment

Eco-bio blocks

• The end product generated, i.e. hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has a negative stress on the environment by release of sulphuric acids,

• growth of Iron (Fe) rich bacteria and formation of pyrites etc.

• An adoption of the strategy of sulfur elimination plants at Minnesota, USA.- 60% result efficiency.

• Step 1: Constitutive Aeration (less than 10mg/L [SO4

2- ]).

• Step 2: Filtration (less than 40mg/L [SO42- ]).

• Step 3: Shock Chlorination (less than 75mg/L [SO42- ]).

Constitutive Aeration They involve both anaerobic and aerobic (with oxygen) treatment to a higher level than a primary treatment system, resulting in effluent that is suitable for garden (excluding fruit and vegetables) and landscape irrigation.

Filtration

Ultra FiltrationUltra filtration is a pressure-driven purification process in which water and low molecular weight substances permeate a membrane while particles, colloids, and macromolecules are filtered. UF is effective in the removal of colloids, proteins, bacteria, pyrogens and other organic molecules larger than .01 Micron size.

Nano Filtration

Nano Filtration is essentially a liquid phase one, because it separates a range of inorganic and organic substances from solution in a liquid mainly, but by no means entirely, water.

Shock Chlorination • Shock chlorination is performed by mixing a large

amount of sodium hypochlorite( in form of a powder or a liquid) such as chlorine bleach, into the water.

Shock chlorinated water should be used when, sodium hypochlorite count goes down to 3 ppm or less.

Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer.

Commercial Manufacturers

Summary

• Here, we highlight possible remedy measures for treatment of the sulfate pollutants from water bodies using the lessons from the effective strategies adopted by the developed countries of the world.

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Acknowledgement

Dr.Pritam NasipuriAssistant ProfessorEarth and Environmental SciencesIISER Bhopal