MUMBAI

SK. INTEKHAB ALAM

METROPOLITAN REGION

WHAT IS METROPOLITAN REGION

A formal local government area comprising the urban areas as a whole and its primary

commuter areas; typically formed around a city with a large concentration of people (

i.e. , a population of at least 100,000).

In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the surrounding

territory with urban levels of residential density and some additional lower- density areas

that are adjacent to and linked to the city ( e.g. Through frequent transport, road

linkages or commuting facilities)Sources: UNDESA

CITY SCALE

•Area: 3,287,590 km2

•Population: 1,131.04 millions

•Density: 344/km2

•GDP: 8.9%

•No. of State: 29

•Area: 307,713 km2

•Population: 105millions

•Density: 343/km2

•GDP: 13%

•No. of districts: 35

India Maharashtra State Mumbai metropolitan

region

•Area: 4,355 km2

(1.4% of State area)

•Population: 17.76million

(16% of State Pop.)

•Density: 4080 per/km2

•GDP: 39%

Greater Mumbai

•Area: 438 km2

(10% of State area)

•Population: 11.98million

(67% of region Pop.)

•Density: 27.4per/km2

•GDP: 26%

Source: Urban Age Project

The Mumbai Metropolitan Region extends

over an area of 4355 sq. km and comprises

Municipal Corporations of Greater

Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan, Navi Mumbai

and Ulhasnagar; 15 municipal towns; 7

non-municipal urban centers; and

995 villages. Its administrative limits

cover Mumbai City and Mumbai

Suburban Districts, and parts of Thane

and Raigad District. There are 40

Planning Authorities in the Region

that are responsible for the micro-level

planning of the different areas.

THE MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION

URBAN HISTORY(1600s)

•Mumbai initially known as ‘Bombay’ was

originally an archipelago of seven islands –

Colaba, Malabar Hill, Worli, Mazgaon, Parel,

Mahim & Sion. These islands were inhabited

by farmers and fisherman and the land was

extensively covered with forests.

•By late 15th century, after quite a few

invasions and rulers, the Portuguese took

over the islands and ruled without opposition

for over a century.

• In 1668, the Crown rented Bombay to the

East India Company.

Source: http://www.mumbai.org.uk

HOW MUMBAI BECAME AS A

METROPOLITAN REGION?

URBAN HISTORY(1800s)

•The Hornby Vellard was one of the first

engineering projects to be undertaken in Mumbai.

• The seven islands were finally merged into one

single mass in 1845, and in 1853, the country's

first railway connection was

accomplished between Bombay and

Thane. The city was under the rule of the

Company's hands until the revolt in 1857.

Mahim

Worli

Mazagon

Bombay

Colava

Little Colava

Parel

Land Reclamation

Bombay Reclamation

It took 60 yrs to merge the seven Islands

•In 1853, the country's first railway connection

was accomplished between Bombay and Thane.

•In 1854, the first textile mill was founded in

Bombay.

•The city was under the rule of the Company's

hands until the revolt in 1857.

In 1865, the Bombay Municipal Corporation

was established, and, in 1896, the Bombay

Improvement Trust was created.

•The opening up of the Suez Canal in 1869 also

meant that connections between Bombay and

the rest of the world were open, resulting in

Bombay becoming one of the major ports in

India.

Bombay

Thane

Bombay

Port

Bombay

Cotton mill

Bombay First Railway LineSource: http://www.mumbai.org.uk

URBAN HISTORY(1850s)

•In 1950, the city expanded northward with the

inclusion of portions of Salsette Island, and by

1957 a number of suburban towns - including

Bandra, Andheri, Malad & Borivali - and some

villages of Thane were incorporated into Greater

Bombay, with an area of 169 square miles (434

km²).

•In 1925 electrified train was started.

Bombay

Urban Sprawls

Bandra

Borivali

Andheri

Malad

Thane

Bombay and Urban Sprawls

URBAN HISTORY(1900s)

Source: http://www.archidev.org

Expansion of Bombay

Navi Mumbai : Need for a new city

To reduce the growth of population in Mumbai city by

creating an attractive urban centre which will –

•Absorb the immigrants who will otherwise go to

Mumbai.

• Attract some of Mumbai’s present population so that

overall population of Greater Mumbai can be contained

within a manageable limit.

•To provide physical and social services, raising the

living standards and reducing the disparities in the

amenities available to the different sections of the

population

MMRDA was formedEstablished in 1975 under MMRDA Act,1974 for

Planning, co-ordinating and supervising the proper,

orderly and rapid development of the areas in the region

and executing plans, projects and schemes for such

development, and to provide for matters connected there

with MMRDA Source: Dwivedi and Mehrotra, 1995.

URBAN HISTORY(1950s)

Powers of MMRDA include ….

To freeze or restrict development, where necessary

To give directions

To require local authority to assume responsibility in certain area

To impose conditions while financing schemes

To levy a Cess on buildings and lands for activities in the Act

To levy Betterment Charges on increased land value as a consequence of

its projects

Role of MMRDA

Spatial planning at regional level

Micro planning through SPA

Co-ordinating development

Development financing

Execution of special projects

Providing Technical Assistance to ULBs

MMRDA

Source: Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority

Area 4355 sq.km

Population 1.92 Cr (2001)

Districts in MMR 1. Mumbai

2. Suburban

3. Thane

4. Raigad

Corporations in MMR 1. Greater Mumbai 2. Thane 3. Navi

Mumbai 4. Ulhas Nagar 5. Kalyan-

Dombivali 6. Mira Bhayandar 7.

Bhiwandi- Nizampur MUMBAI

METROPOLITAN REGION

Mumbai Khopoli Pen Alibag

Badlapur Panvel Uran Matheran

Karjat Navi Mumbai Raigad Dist. 7.

Bhiwandi- Nizampur 8. Vasai-Virar

Municipal Councils in MMR 1. Ambernath 2. Kulgaon-Badlapur

3. Alibaug 4. Pen 5. Uran 6.

Matheran Hill Station 7. Panvel 8.

Karjat 9. Khopoli

Villages 1000

Urbanisation 94% Urban Population 6% Rural

Population

Chapter-2 Regional Setting2.1 Tehsils/District in MMR 2.2 Planning Authorities in MMR. 2.3 Daily mean Temperature at different stations in MMR. 2.4 Humidity at different stations in MMR 2.5 Wind Direction and Speed at different stations in MMR. 2.6 Rainfall at different stations in MMR 2.7 Urban Sprawl 2.8 Existing Land use 1991 232.9 Existing Land use

Chapter-3 Population Growth, Characteristics and Projections3.1 Growth of population in Greater Mumbai 3.2 Population Growth : 1971-91 323.3 Projection by Ratio Method – Greater Mumbai. 3.4 Projection by Ratio Method – MMR 3.5 Proposed Regions and Sub-Regions in MMR 3.6 MMR Population 1971, 1981, 1991. 3.7 MMR Projected Population 2001-2011.

Chapter 4 Regional Economy4.1 Regional Domestic Product 1980. 4.2 Regional Domestic Product 1990. 4.3 Employment Changes in Greater Mumbai. 4.4 Size-wise Number of Establishments in Greater Mumbai. 4.5 Employment by Size of Establishments in Greater Mumbai. 4.6 Formal Sector Employment in Mumbai 1980-90 4.6 Industrial Employment in Greater Mumbai and MMR –1980-81 to 1990-91 4.8 Employment in Registered Factories 1961-88. 4.9 Households below poverty line (1991 prices).

Chapter 5 Regional Development Strategy

PART- 2Chapter 6 Industrial Growth Policy

6.1 Employment Share of Major Industries in MMR 1990-91 6.2 Employment in Major Industries in MMR. 6.3 Value Added in Major Industries in MMR. 6.4 Output of Major Industries in MMR.

Chapter 7 Office Location Policy

7.1 Spatial Distribution of Office Establishments in Greater Mumbai in 1980 & 1990 7.2 Spatial Distribution of Office Employment In Greater Mumbai in 1980 & 1990 7.3 Distribution of Office Employment by size of Establishments in Greater Mumbai in 1990

Chapter 8 Shelter Needs and Strategies

8.1 Shelter Supply in MMR 8.2 Conventional Supply Scenario. 8.3 Moderate Supply Scenario. 8.4 Accelerated Supply Scenario 8.5 Viability of Slum Redevelopment.

Chapter 9 Urban Land Policy

9.1 Property Taxes Revenues 9.2 Property Taxes in Greater Mumbai. 9.3 Incentives for Land Assembly : Gross & Net FSI. 9.4 Incentives for provision of Social Facility and Arterial Roads. 9.5 Incentives for provision of Social Facility and Arterial Roads. 9.6 Incentives for small plot provision. 9.7 Incentives for provision of small plots for low income groups.

Chapter 10 Water Resource Planning and Development

10.1 Mumbai Hydrometric Area. 10.2 Water Demand and Supply in MMR 10.3 MMR Water Demand.

Chapter 11 Transportation : A Strategic Perspective

11.1 Growth of Vehicles and population in MMR. 11.2 Growth of Private and Other Vehicles. 11.3 Total Travel Demand in MMR. 11.4 Road and Rail Network Existing. 11.5 MMR Rail System 1994. 11.6 Proposed Road Network 11.7 MMR Rail System Proposed. 11.8 Future Mass Transport Corridors.

Chapter 12 Environmental Management

12.1 Greater Mumbai – SO2 Iso-lines (Post Monsoon Period). 12.2 Greater Mumbai–NOx Iso-lines (Post Monsoon Period). 12.3 Greater Mumbai – SPM Iso-lines (Post Monsoon Period).

Chapter 13 Revised Land Use Plan

13.1 MMR Employment 1980, 1990, 2011. 13.2 Development Proposals for Bhiwandi. 13.3 Development Proposals for Ulhasnagar, Kalyan. 13.4 Development Proposals for Panvel. 13.5 Development Proposals for Khopta. 13.6 Development Proposals for Alibag-Rewas. 13.7 Development Proposals for Karjat. 13.8 Proposed Land use for MMR 1991-2011 13.9 Emerging Spatial Structure.

Chapter 14 Development Control14.1 Proposed SPA Area.

Chapter 16 Institution, Infrastructure and Investment16.1 Institutional, Framework for Regional Planning and Development.

Chapter 17 Information System17.1 Information System for Strategic Planning for MMR.

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Urban Development department

Metropolitan committee

MMRDA Urban Local BodiesSPA/NTDA

Regional Plan Development Plan Development Plan

Source: Concept Plan Report 2011

MMRDA: EARLY INITIATIVES – RP IMPLEMENTATION

• Office Location Policy – No new development for office and

wholesale establishment and FSI more than 1.33 in Island City

without MMRDA permission. (1977 to 1992)

• Industrial Location Policy – policy of restraining industrial

development in Island City and Suburbs

• Bandra Kurla Complex – Undertook planning and

development to bring about relocation of offices and Cloth

Market from SOBO

• Wadala Truck Terminal – Developed a project for

warehousing and parking of multiple consignment trucks for

decongestion of old Mumbai

• BUTP Bombay Urban Transport Project 1978-82 – MMRDA

as coordinating and monitoring agency. (Bus Transport + Fly

Overs)

Water Supply and Sanitation project 1977 – MMRDA as

project formulator benefiting per urban areas

Bandra Kurla

complex

Island

City

Navi

Mumbai

Karanja

Thane

Thane District

Raigad District

Vasai

Mira

Bhayandar

Alibaug,

Uran

Pen

Bhiwandi

Kalyan

Badlapur

Panvel

The Regional Plan 1973 diagnosed that in the absence of planned intervention

1. Industrial development in terms of value added and growth in employment will continue to be the basic activity which will

cause growth in other sectors as well as immigration to the Region.

2. In addition to industries, tertiary employment particularly in offices including Government offices will also become a major economic

activity causing concomitant growth in other sectors,

3. Industries, offices and commercial activities will continue to concentrate in south Mumbai which will make provisions of

infrastructure, particularly transport very costly,

4. Private land ownership and speculation in land market would restrict access to land of the poor and prevent land value gains being

recouped for infrastructure investment, and

5. There would be urban sprawl with hotch-potch development invading good agricultural

land leading to infrastructure demands which will be expensive to meet.

Based on the above diagnosis the Regional Plan adopted the following framework for its proposals

1. Supporting inter regional dispersal of industries to reduce immigration to MMR.

2. Promoting growth of Navi Mumbai and other growth centres like Kalyan by restricting growth of industries and offices in Mumbai,

as such decentralised pattern of growth would be cost effective in terms of investment requirement for infrastructure.

3. Bulk land acquisition is the only option available for controlling speculation and recouping land value gains for financing

infrastructure improvements.

4. Urban growth needs to be physically confined to well defined areas based on the desirable densities and population distribution and

rest of the region be conserved as agricultural/rural area.

INFERENCE

•Long term plan can provide framework for development control

•But it does not induce positive actions

•Actions transpire in response to current problems (not necessarily for achieving

Vision)

• Financial strength determines roles ‘Planning’ vs. ‘Projects’

• Judgment on quality of outcomes – difficult!

• Metropolitan governance is but a concept, since in reality it comprises a loose

bundle of multiple actors and organisations.

REFERENCES

1. Hema Priya ; REVISIT MUMBAI-the new spatial order, 2011

2. Concept Plan Report 2011

3. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority

4. http://www.mcgm.gov.in

5. www.city-data.com

6. http://www.archidev.org

7. Urban India: Understanding the maximum city, by urban age, india