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Lehigh Valley
Return on Environment Study
Lehigh Valley Planning Commission
Wildlands Conservancy
Keystone Conservation Trust
4WARD Planning
ECONSULT
1.Natural System Services
2.Air Quality Benefits
3.Outdoor Recreation Economic Benefits
4.Enhanced Property Values
What Makes Up The Lehigh Valley’s
Natural Capital
1. Natural System Services
Natural System Services
• Water supply – Ensure that rainwater is stored and released gradually
• Waste assimilation – forests and wetlands provide a natural protective buffer between anthropogenic activities and water supplies
• Flood Mitigation – Forests, wetlands, and floodplains help trap and contain stormwater
• Soil formation/retention – Create and enrich soil through weathering and decomposition and protect existing soil from erosion
Natural System Services
• Biological Control – Provides dynamic regulation of species populations, including invasives
• Wildlife Habitat – Contiguous patches of land cover can hold naturally functioning ecosystems to support plant and animal species
• Pollination – Provides local pollinators for agricultural crops
Natural System Services Provided by
Different Land Cover TypesSource: ESI (2014)
Natural System Service
Water Supply - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Waste Assimilation - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Disturbance Prevention - - - - - - - - - -
Biological Control - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Habitat - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Soil Formation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Pollination - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Associated Land Covers
Forests, Freshwater Wetlands, Open
Freshwater, Riparian Buffers
Forests, Freshwater Wetlands, Pasture
Freshwater Wetlands, Riparian Buffers,
Urban Green Space
Cropland, Forests, Pasture
Cropland, Forests, Freshwater Wetlands
Forests, Pasture
Cropland, Forests, Pasture
Value Transfer Model
for Natural System ServicesSource: Robert Costanza et.al. 2006
Land Cover Types
(Acres)
Estimates of Natural
System Values by
Cover Type
Total Natural System Service
Value /Year By Service
2011,GIS data
Minimum, Mean and Maximum
Service Values
Natural System Service Benefits Calculated
Using the Minimum, Mean and Maximum Values from Costanza, et. al. (2006)($ Millions)
Natural System Service Min. Mean Max
Lehigh County
Biological Control $1.2 $1.2 $1.2
Pollination $4.3 $11.0 $17.2
Habitat and Wildlife
Conservation $20.6 $97.0 $266.5
Soil Formation $0.3 $0.4 $0.6
Waste Treatment $4.7 $6.7 $6.7
Disturbance (Flood)
Prevention $9.1 $16.6 $24.2
Water Supply $0.6 $20.9 $72.4
Total $40.9 $153.8 $388.8
Northampton County
Biological Control $1.3 $1.3 $1.3
Pollination $4.2 $11.4 $17.8
Habitat Wildlife
Conservation $32.3 $122.5 $309.1
Soil Formation $0.3 $0.4 $0.5
Waste Treatment $7.0 $8.0 $8.0
Disturbance (Flood)
Prevention $18.7 $34.0 $49.6
Water Supply $0.6 $24.1 $74.6
Total $64.5 $201.7 $460.8
Lehigh Valley Total $105.4 $355.5 $849.6Source: ESI (2014)
• Pollutant removal
• Carbon sequestration and
storage
2. Air Quality Benefits
I-Tree Model Source: U.S Forest Service
Land Cover
Estimates of Tons of Pollutant Removed
Total Pollutant Removal Values byPollutant
Forest Mix
Estimates of Value of Pollutants Removed
Air Pollutant Removal Benefits
Pollutant
Pollutant Removal
(Tons)
Benefits
($ Millions)
Lehigh County
Ozone (O3) 1,018 $10.4
Particulate Matter (PM10) 1,068 $7.3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 512 $5.2
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 226 $0.6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 55 $0.1
Total $23.5
Northampton County
Ozone (O3) 1,069 $10.9
Particulate Matter (PM10) 1,121 $7.6
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 537 $5.5
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 237 $0.6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 58 $0.1
Total $24.7
Lehigh Valley Total $48.2
Source: ESI (2014) and iTree (2014)
Total of $48.2 million per year
Carbon Sequestration and Storage
Pollutant Tons of Carbon
Benefits
($ millions)
Lehigh County
Carbon Sequestration (annually) 88,397 $1.7
Carbon Storage 2,681,374 $52.1
Northampton County
Carbon Sequestration (annually) 92,792 $1.9
Carbon Storage 2,814,695 $59.1
Lehigh Valley $3.6
Source: ESI (2014) and iTree (2014)
The outdoor recreation
economy grew
approximately 5 percent
annually between
2005 and 2011 during an
economic recession when
many sectors contracted.
Outdoor Industry Association, 2012
3. Outdoor Recreation’s Economic Benefits
Economic Benefits Process
1. Data gathering
2. Interviews with local experts
3. Preliminary analysis on participation and
spending
4. Create scenarios (Minimum and
Expected)
5. Run the IMPLAN Model
Minimum Direct
Contribution
Minimum Participation
Rate and Minimum Spending
Expected Direct
Contribution
Expected Participation
Rate and Expected Spending
Recreation Economic Benefits
Scenarios
Lehigh Valley ROE Participation Rate Analysis (%)
Ou
tdo
or
Fou
nd
atio
n
20
13
Par
tici
pat
ion
Surv
ey (
8)
20
11
U.S
. Fis
h a
nd
Wild
life
Serv
ice
(2)
20
14
Pen
nsy
lvan
ia
Ou
tdo
or
Rec
reat
ion
Par
tici
pat
ion
Surv
ey (
9)
No
rth
amp
ton
Ou
tdo
or
Rec
reat
ion
Su
rvey
20
14
Inte
rvie
ws
Wit
h
Loca
l Exp
erts
Cen
ter
for
Dis
ease
Co
ntr
ol
Walking 69.1 75.35 .6
Fishing*
13.6 11.0 18.3
23.94
13.6
Hunting*
5.1 8.0 14.5 10.56 8.0
Birding/Bird Watching
5.0 27.0 30.9 33.45 30.0
Wildlife Watching 8.0 36.0 35.0 50.7
Camping 13.3 15.5 11.27 6.0
Kayaking/ Canoeing
2.8 17.4
27.11
14.0
Bicycling 16.4 21.6 47.54 17.0
Hiking/
Backpacking 15.1 13.6 10.0
Jogging/ Running
18.5 17.3 16.0
Nature Study
9.2 23.94 14.0
Numbers to be used for model:Tan – LowGreen – ExpectedBlue – Low and Expected
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
Participation InOutdoor Activities
Participation Minimum
Participation Expected
Lehigh Valley ROE Spending Rate Analysis
US
Fish
an
d
Wild
life
Ser
vice
,
20
11
.
Rec
om
men
ded
by
Gam
e C
om
mis
sio
n
DC
NR
20
09
Ou
tdo
or
Rec
reat
ion
Res
iden
t
par
tici
pat
ion
Surv
eySo
uth
wic
k N
atio
nal
20
13
Eco
no
mic
An
alys
is
Ru
nn
ers
Wo
rld
Loca
l Exp
erts
esti
mat
es
Walking $96
Fishing $409 $831
Hunting $1,207 $687
Birding/Bird Watching
$329
$211
Wildlife Watching $308
Camping $2,529 $2,009 $600
Kayaking/ Canoeing $482 $375
Bicycling $453 $1,196 $600
Hiking/Back packing $280 $1,115
$458
Jogging/ Running $238 $196 $3,734
$900
Nature Study
$150
Numbers to be used for model:Tan – LowGreen – ExpectedBlue – Low and Expected
Lehigh ValleyActivity Direct Impact Output (million) Employment
State and Local
Taxes
Walking $37,280,563 $53.3 741 $4,054,840
Fishing $29,118,967 $41.6 579 $3,167,141
Hunting $22,232,419 $31.7 442 $2,418,122
Bird Watching $6,828,297 $9.7 78 $718,503
Wildlife Watching $15,947,796 $22.6 181 $1,678,097
Camping $23,300,352 $36.6 376 $1,494,972
Kayaking/ $7,281,360 $10.8 144 $791,960
Bicycling $46,911,375 $67.0 932 $5,102,340
Hiking $18,122,496 $22.6 318 $1,971,103
Jogging/ Running $20,297,195 $27.3 381 $2,207,635
Nature Study $8,737,632 $12.5 99 $919,413
Totals $236,058,455 $340 4,334 $24,524,126
Activity Direct Impact Output EmploymentState and Local
Taxes
Walking $37,280,563 $53.3 741 $4,054,840
Fishing $37,060,504 $53.0 736 $4,030,906
Hunting $85,932,992 $122.8 1,708 $9,346,547
Bird Watching $66,011,191 $93.5 746 $6,945,987
Wildlife Watching $69,771,609 $98.8 788 $7,341,676
Camping $23,300,352 $36.6 376 $1,494,972
Kayaking/ $33,979,680 $48.5 675 $3,695,819
Bicycling $66,017,664 $94.4 1,313 $7,180,447
Hiking $29,643,225 $42.4 590 $2,841,624
Jogging/ Running $93,201,408 $133.2 1,852 $6,453,123
Nature Study $13,591,872 $19.3 154 $1,430,197
Totals $555,791,063 $795 9,678 $58,882,653
Low Economic Contribution Scenario
Expected Economic Contribution Scenario
4. Enhanced Property Values
• Value transfer of enhanced value from detailed study outside of Lehigh Valley
• Local residential property values determined from county tax assessment records
Open Space’s Impact On
Property Values
Methodology
Housing Data on Homes Within
Specified Distances
From Open Space
Average Open Space
Premium
Total Impact of Open Space on Property
Values
Average Assessed Value of Homes
Estimates Value by distance
from Open Space
Percent Value of Proximity to Open Space by Planning Area (<1 mile)
Core City 14.4%Developed Community 6.7% Growing Suburb 1.1%Rural Area .7%
Source: Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, Economic Value of Protected Open Space in Southeastern Pennsylvania, 2011
The value of Proximity (1/4 mile) to open
space is approximately $14,600 per
single-family dwelling and
$1.87 Billion in the Lehigh Valley