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Colombian Seaport Maritime Industry
• Colombian seaports zones
• Seaports structure
• Steps of construction and expansion of seaport infrastructure
• Climate change risks in the Colombian seaport sector
Colombian seaports zones
Colombia have eleven (11) seaport zones in the Pacific ocean and the Caribbean sea.
CARIBBEAN SEA PORT ZONE
NUMBER OF SEAPORTS
1. Barranquilla 11
2. Cartagena 20
3. Cienaga 3
4. Santa Marta 3
5. Golfo de Morrosquillo 3
6. San Andres 1
7. La Guajira 2
8. Turbo 1
9. Magdalena 3
Total 47
PACIFIC SEAPORT ZONE
NUMBER OF SEAPORTS
1. Buenaventaura 6
2. Tomaco 2
Total 8
US$ 708 million of investment in seaport expansion (2015 – 2017) for postpanamax ships
The investment in Seaport infrastructure in Colombia in the period of 2010 – 2016 has been in the order of US$ 2200 millions.
Cargo mobilized in 2015 in Colombia: 198.636.101 ton
Three (3) new seaports in operation on (2016 – 2017) with an investment of US$ 500 millions
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean
Bulk Coal
Containers
General Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Bulk Cargo
Bulk Coal
Containers
General Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Bulk Cargo
Bulk Coal
Containers
General Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Bulk Cargo
Bulk Coal
Containers
General Cargo
Liquid Bulk
Bulk Cargo
COLOMBIAN MAIN SEAPORT ZONES - CARGO
LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN
80% of theoperationalprocess are paperwork
The 20% remining are
cargo movement
process
SEAPORT VALUE CHAIN
The following figure is the flowchart thatshows the relation between process,activities, and actors within the seaportchain value.
SEAPORT VALUE CHAIN
The activities in blue are
the most susceptible of
climate chance and can
slow, delay or put in risk all
the cargo operational
process.
CARGO OPERATION ZOOM IN
• Policy maker’s actors
• Institutional actors
• Direct actor
• Cargo inspections actors
SEAPORTS ACTORS TYPES
ACTORS IN THE SEAPORT CHAIN VALUE
BRPM SEAPORT OPERATION
For the BRPM seaportopertation, we generated Threetypes of climate risk analisysmatrix.
• Maritime Operations• Terminal Operations• Hinterland Operations
MARITIME OPERATION
SEAPORTS CONSTRUCTION AND EXPANSION STEPS
The basic steps of contemporary seaportdesign according with the national legislationand environmental requirements, are focusedin six (6) basic components (in green) thatinteract in each process along the seaportconstruction and operation. Each of the sixcomponents are concepts that will applytowards to a more efficient operationalresources management and sustainability,especially in seaport construction andterminal construction expansion.
SEAPORTS CONSTRUCTION AND EXPANSION STEPS
BRPM SEAPORT CONSTRUCTION AN EXPANSION
The seaport constructionand expansion BRPM, isbased on the climate risktable technical projectcharacteristics
TECHNICAL PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS
SEAPORTS CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS AND ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES
Changes in sedimentation processes, draft / bathymetry, Dredging, erosion at the coastline
Seaport facilities damage (including corrosion / oxidation)
Accidents (land and sea) in port operations
Port operations delays (days without port operation)
Increase in maintenance and repair costs for port facilities
Increased insurance costs and re-insurance of ports, ships, facilities, equipment and port operations in vulnerable areas
CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS
CARIBBEAN SEAPORTS VULNERABILITY PACIFIC SEAPORTS VULNERABILITY
CLIMATIC THREAT VULNERABILITY*
Coastal erosion 39,9%
Sea level raising 49,1%
Swell sea 57,1%
Gale winds 71,4%
Floods 71,4%
Sedimentation 28,6%
Hurricane 71,4%
Storms 14,3%
CLIMATIC THREAT VULNERABILITY*
Coastal erosion 48,5%
Sea level raising 64,3%
Sedimentation 100%
SEAPORTS CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS AND ADAPTATION ACTIVITIES
*Climate change management plan for the colombian seaport
THANKS
Carlos Andrés García LAERA GROUP Consultant MSc. Economy and management of marine resources and coastal environment
SEAPORT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK
PORT ADAPTATION AND SEA LEVEL RISE
There are three major adaptation solutions (hard engineering options): elevate, defend, or retreat (Aertset al., 2014; Cheong, 2011; Kates et al., 2012).
Elevating a port typically entails filling the port lands to raise them above the floodplain, reconstructing facilitiesat the new elevation, and designing a system to accommodate the difference in heights between the water level andthe port infrastructure.
Defending a port entails construction of a coastalprotection solution, such as a caisson breakwater,often with floodgates or locks to allow for the passageof ships. In areas where adjacent land is not availablefor development, seaports can expand by filling insubmerged land to a sufficient elevation that will alsoprotect existing infrastructure.
Retreat will likely be the option of last resort becauseadjacent hinterland areas are typically not vacant oravailable for relocation.
SEAPORT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK
PORT ADAPTATION AND COASTAL EROSION
The soft adaptation solutions (soft engineering options) try to take advantage of the resources of nature to achieve the stabilization of the coastal erosion process.
Artificial reefs structures absorb energy of the wave and the tide, thus providing a coastal defense.
Beach drainage decrease the movement of sediments avoiding accumulation of sea water
Cliffts drainage this technique is sought to slow down the massmovements and decrease their backwardness
Conservation and planting of mangroves and vegetation:their roots will absorb the energy of the waves and avoidsediments movements
SEAPORT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK
SEAPORT TERMINAL AND FACILITIES
Heavy duty defenses to minimize damage to docks from ship collisions Electric mooring hooks to avoid human risk
SEAPORT ADAPTATION STRATEGIES FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK
The system aims to
improve the capacity of
observation, diagnosis,
analysis, knowledge
and prediction of
climatic variability in
different scales
associated with ocean-
atmosphere-earth
interaction processes
in order to use the
information in the
improvement of safety
(human life at sea) and
decision-making
related to maritimeactivities.
