Climate adaptation in GW based agriculture_Dr. Das, CHE_UNDP Workshop 16 Oct 2014

Centre for Hydrological Education

Centre for Hydrological Educationhttp://www.theche.org

Technical Session 3: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

Climate Adaptation in groundwater based agriculture – Experiences from

GEF FAO SPACC Project

Technical Session 3: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

Climate Adaptation in groundwater based agriculture – Experiences from

GEF FAO SPACC Project

Dr. S. V. Govardhan Dashttp://www.svgovardhandas.info

Dr. S. V. Govardhan Dashttp://www.svgovardhandas.info

UNDP National Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation in Drought affected Areas:

Policies, Programmes and Traditional Coping Mechanisms16th October, 2014, Park Hotel, New Delhi

UNDP National Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation in Drought affected Areas:

Policies, Programmes and Traditional Coping Mechanisms16th October, 2014, Park Hotel, New Delhi

http://www.theche.org

Scheme of presentationScheme of presentation

• About Centre for Hydrological Education (CHE)

• Adaptation Framework for Climate Adaptation– Participatory Groundwater Management (PGM)

– Strategic Pilot on Adaptation to climate Change (SPACC)

– The Gaps

• Relevance of PGM-SPACC Model

• Further reading


About CHEAbout CHE

• Origin

• Vision

• Mission

• Objectives

• Current Activities


About CHE: OriginAbout CHE: Origin• The fourth World Water

Forum (WWF-VI) held at Marseilles, France, in the year 2012

• Concluded that the key to sustainable management of water resources, across the globe, lies in “education”

• Centre for Hydrological Education (CHE) is inspired by this thought-process.


About CHE: VisionAbout CHE: VisionA WORLD WHERE…

• Everybody understands earth’s water cycle and tap water for life, food, livelihood and other economic activities, without damaging the natural hydrological processes

• The scientific community is sensitive to human development agenda and focuses its research on issues that matter to welfare of rural societies, especially the marginalized

• Development agencies base their policies and programs on scientific information for an equitable, sustainable and inclusive water use

• Governments that know how to provide water equitably to whole of its population, irrespective of race, religion, region and gender

• Water users, including industries and agriculturists, who understand the implications of interfering with the natural hydrological processes and avoid excessive water use and activities that pollute natural waters


About CHE: MissionAbout CHE: MissionBUILD WATER-SMART SOCIETIES

• Encouraging children and youth to opt for a career in water management

• Providing direct or indirect platform for all water professionals to engage in meaningful and mutually enriching dialogue

• Informing conventional research institutions on “relevant research topics”, based on grass-roots experimentation

• Providing services to developmental agencies for scientifically sound policy formulation, program formulation and program implementation

• Compiling and disseminating information on impacts of developmental activities on hydrological systems

• Engaging in policy support for evolving scientifically sound and inclusive government policy documents, with emphasis on adaptation to climate change

• Educating water users, government, business houses and academia in sustainable management of water systems


About CHE: ObjectivesAbout CHE: Objectives• Adopt and promote Hydrological Unit (catchment of a third

order stream) as unit of intervention• Demystify Hydrological science and technology for benefit of

the rural communities, for all-round and sustainable development

• Evolve methodologies, approaches and technologies for sustainable management of water resources, in partnership with research institutes, universities and the like

• Organize awareness generation activities including cultural, audio-visual shows and use of print and electronic media

• Publish, print and circulate papers, handouts, brochures, books, journals, manuals containing technical, process and organizational content, aiming at sustainable management of water resources


About CHE: ObjectivesAbout CHE: Objectives• Evolve curricula and conduct vocational Training in

“Hydrology” for practicing water professionals, bureaucrats and politicians, for improving their skills in discharge of their duties

• Promote, inclusive and self-evolving Community Based Institutions (CBOs), in partnership with non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

• Promote social equity irrespective of gender, caste, class and religion; and create a gender sensitive working environment within the society as well as among the rural communities

• Promote sustainable agricultural practices viz., integrated farming systems, organic agriculture, soil and moisture conservation, rain water harvesting, and conservation of biodiversity


About CHE: Current Activities


• World Wide Fund (WWF) – India Secretariat

– Conducting the Study - “Water availability risk in SALIVAGU catchment, Warangal District, Telanagana State”

• MetaMeta, the Netherlands

– Training Consultants for “Groundwater Management Training” - National Drinking Water Security Pilot Program (NDWSPP), MoDWS&S, GoI - The World Bank – Water and Sanitation Program

• NABARD (in the pipe-line)

– A pilot on Crop Water Budgeting (CWB) in NABARD supported watersheds (under WDF) in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

• SGPL, ANKITA, CARE, CARVE, and SAID




WWF-I visit to CHEWWF-I visit to CHE

CARE: Officers ExposureCARE: Officers Exposure SAID: Students Exposure

SAID: Students Exposure

CARVE: CWB Workshop

CARVE: CWB Workshop

CGWB Training CGWB Training WSP WorkshopWSP Workshop


Adaptation FrameworkAdaptation Framework








Adaptation Framework: PGM






Participatory Hydrological Monitoring

Participatory Hydrological Monitoring

Precondition for CWB:– Hydrological Monitoring Network should have been

established Rain Gauge Stations Monitoring Wells

– Farmers trained in data collection, recording and display

– Data of a minimum one Hydrological Year should have been recorded


Crop water budgeting (CWB)


Definition:

“A set of activities carried out to match groundwater balance with Rabi crop plans, in a Hydrological Unit” (Govardhan Das SV, 2007)

History:

– APWELL (1995-2003): Conception (2000) and field-check

(2002)

– APFAMGS (2003-2009): Up scaling to 63 Hydrological Units

– SPACC (2010-2014): Use of CWB data in climate adaptation

in 9 HUs




Set of Activities:

o Pre-CWB Workshop Activitieso CWB Workshopo Post-CWB Workshop Activities




Pre-CWB Workshop Activities:

•Data collection and updating

•Groundwater Balance Estimation, using CWB package

•Projection of Groundwater Balance at the end of Rabi, based on farmer crop plan

•Material preparation

•Training community leaders in conduct of CWB

•Venue and Program

•Invitation to all groundwater users in the HU




CWB Workshop Activities:

•Ice-breaking by the Anchor•Presentation: groundwater recharge estimation (Kharif)•Presentation: groundwater draft estimation (Kharif)•Presentation: groundwater balance estimation (Kharif)•Presentation: Rabi crop plan of farmers•Presentation: Projected groundwater balance for Rabi•Small group discussions: Strategies to overcome deficit•Presentation: Results of the group work•Facilitated Plenary: Back-to-work reporting/sharing•Oath taking and closure




Post-CWB Workshop Activities:

•Habitation level sharing of CWB workshop decisions

•Small group discussions

•Street corner meetings

•Crop Adoption Survey (CAS)

•Analysis of changes (actual cropping versus crop plan)

•Computation of groundwater balance (based on CAS)

•Comparison of previous years with the current year

•Archiving for sharing in the next CWB workshop


Impact of CWBImpact of CWBChange in cropping pattern


Impact of CWBImpact of CWBImproved irrigation practices

Crop SRI

VermiCompo

st/ mulchi

ng

Sprinkler

Check basin

Alternate

furrow

Double ring

Drip

Rice8134

449600

Groundnut 7480206514

014421

0

Sunflower 340 45390

Chillies 42480 72720 372960

Sweet orange

298008 15720 1839024

Tomato 13160 6720 6720 20328

8134

4411068

2189970

144210

379680 15720 1859352

(Values in cu.m.)

Data from 38 Hydrological Units of APFAMGS of two Crop Water Budgeting exercises


Impact of CWBImpact of CWBAnnual Groundwater Balance


Impact of CWBImpact of CWBAnnual Groundwater Draft


Adaptation Framework: SPACC






SPACC: LocationSPACC: Location


SPACC: Hydrological UnitsSPACC: Hydrological Units


SPACC: COWSSPACC: COWS


Impact of COWS: Weather based farming

Impact of COWS: Weather based farming


SPACC: Adaptation PilotsSPACC: Adaptation PilotsSN Hydrological

UnitCrop season

Kharif 2012 Rabi 2012-13 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2013-14

1. Mallappavagu Cotton Groundnut, chilly, bhendi, field bean (maize as border crop) and tomato

Castor (intercrop: pigeion-pea)

Groundnut (cow-pea as intercrop and castor as border crop)

2. Nathiganicheruvu

Cotton Groundnut and Ridge Gourd

Cotton Groundnut (intercrop: cow-pea)

3. Chinneru - Groundnut (castor as border crop)

Rice Groundnut (border crop: castor)

4. Upparavanka Groundnut (intercrops: pigeon-pea black-eyed pea and pearl-millet)

- Groundnut Tomato (intercrops: maize and marigold)

5. Rommonivagu Groundnut (intercrops: pigeon-pea, black-eyed bean, field bean, and sorghum)

- Finger-millet (inter crops: pigeon-pea, cow-pea, peal-millet, and cucumber

Tomato


SPACC: Adaptation PilotsSPACC: Adaptation PilotsSN Hydrological

UnitCrop season

Kharif 2012 Rabi 2012-13 Kharif 2013 Rabi 2013-14

6. Bokkineru - Groundnut, Chickpea, and Sun-flower

Cotton (intercrops: sorghum, sesame, mustard, pigeon-pea, black-eyed pea, and bottle gourd)

Groundnut (Intercrop: maize)

7. Yadalavagu - Black-gram and Fodder (Hybrid Napier Grass)

Cotton Finger-millet and Tomato (intercrop: pearl-millet)

8. Narsireddipallivagu

- Hybrid Napier Grass Cotton Chickpea and Tomato

9. Jampaleru - Maize, Chilly (intercrops: sorghum and castor), and Tomato

Cotton (intercrop – maize)

Maize and Tomato


SPACC: Farmer Climate Schools

SPACC: Farmer Climate Schools


SPACC Impact: sustained crop yield/income


Groundnut Castor




Napier Grass

Tomato


Adaptation Framework: Gaps






Relevance of PGM-SPACC Model


• Community based adaptation – Several examples from disaster management perspective– Very few examples from drought management angle– The PGM-SPACC model becomes important

• Importance of groundwater based agriculture– Was important in the growth of agriculture based economy– But lead to over-exploitation in many pockets and keeps

growing– Matching annual recharge with draft key to sustainable use– PGM approach becomes important

• Vulnerable Smallholder– At the mercy of input dealers– Access to wells + PGM-SPACC can make a huge difference




• Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP)– Focus on supply side management– Indiscriminate water use – the situation may turn back to

square one– PGM focus is on demand side management – Implemented together, PGM and IWMP compliment each other

• Aquifer Mapping and Management Program– PGM is quite essential for sustainable management of aquifers– Participation of NGOs and CBOs is critical

• Weather Based Index for crop insurance– Weather stations wide apart – Rainfall is highly variable within small distances– COWS may provide an alternative data source


Further ReadingFurther Readingo 1999, Govardhan Das, S. V. and Rao P. S., “Participatory

Hydrological Monitoring (PHM) – An effective tool for community managed groundwater systems”, Volume: Advances in Land Resource Management for 21st Century, pp 557-565, Soil Conservation Society of India

http://svgovardhandas.info/download/advances%20in%20Land%20resource%20management%20(21st%20Century).htm

o 2003, Govardhan Das, S. V., ”Judicious management of groundwater through Participatory Hydrological Monitoring: A Manual”, Arcadis Euro Consult, The Netherlands

http://svgovardhandas.info/download/Participatory%20Hydrological%20Monitoring.pdf

o 2012, Govardhan Das, S. V., and Burke Jacob, “Smallhoders and Sustainable Wells”

http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3320e/i3320e.pdfo 2012, Govardhan Das, S. V., “2653 Farmer Managed

Groundwater Systems”, Sixth World Water Forum, Marseilles, France http://www.solutionsforwater.org/solutions/farmer-managed-groundwater-systems-fmgs

o 2014, Govardhan Das, S. V., Satya Priya, and Peter E Kenmore, “Smarter Smallholders”, (In press)


THANK UTHANK U

Environment

Climate adaptation in GW based agriculture_Dr. Das, CHE_UNDP Workshop 16 Oct 2014