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Presented By:
Huma Farooq
Noor-ul-ain
Aasia Wahab
Farhat Yasmeen
Saba Khursheed
INTRODUCTION
• Emissions may be at ground level or above ground
• Atmospheric composition: effected from aircraft emissions
at altitudes from 8 to 13 km
• Air travel emissions contribute to 5% of global warming
Rosenthal, E. (n.d.). The New York Times - Breaking News, World News
& Multimedia. The Biggest Carbon Sin - Air Travel. Retrieved November
14, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/sunday-review/the-
biggest-carbon-sin-air-travel.html
MAJOR AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
• Unburnt Hydrocarbons
• Oxides of carbon
• Oxides of nitrogen
• Particulate matter
• Sulfur dioxide
(1999). Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Subsonic
Commercial Jet Aircraft. EPA- Air and Radiation, 77.
TYPICAL EMISSIONS INDICES
No. Pollutant
Species
Emission
Index
(g/kg-fuel
burnt)
1. NOx 13
2 CO2 3600
3. SOx 1
4. PM2.5 0.06
5. HC 1
6. CO 11Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States.
AIRCRAFT EMISSION PHASES
• Aircraft emissions are generally categorized into two phases:
Cruise Cycle
Landing Take-off
(LTO) Cycle
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts on Local and Regional Air Quality in the
United States.
CRUISE & LTO CYCLE
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
CRUISE ALTITUDE
• Altitude where most aircraft operating hours and emissions
take place.
• Approximately 68-91% of full flight emissions occur during
cruise operation.
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States
LTO CYCLE
• The LTO cycle includes phases such as idle, taxi to
and from terminal gates, take-off and climb-out, and
approach to the airport.
• Emissions at mixing height are normally considered
equal to emissions occurring during the LTO cycle.
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States
AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS
NITROGEN OXIDES:
• Maximum NOx emissions from aircraft take place during
aircraft takeoff and climb-out operations
PARTICULATE MATTER
• Usually emitted during the high power operations of aircraft
(1999). Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Subsonic
Commercial Jet Aircraft. EPA- Air and Radiation, 77.
AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS
SULFUR DIOXIDE
• Usually emitted when sulfur present in the fuel reacts with
oxygen during the combustion process
AMBIENT PM2.5
• The prominent emissions from aircraft that result in ambient
PM2.5 are SOx and NOx as well as the direct release of
primary PM2.5
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States.
AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS
VOCs & CO
• Their emissions rates are maximum when the aircraft engines
are operating at low power
OZONE
• Ozone concentration increases when the NOx emissions from
aircraft are increased in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States.
• TIER 01 Methodology
• TIER 02 Methodology
• High Tier Methodology
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014,
from http://www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
• Total figure of fuel consumption for air travel multiplied with
average emission factors
Total Emissions = fuel consumption for aviation × average
emission factors
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014,
from http://www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
Emissions divided in two parts:
• LTO emissions
• Cruise emissions
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014,
from http://www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
Estimated Fuel Use = Fuel used in LTO Phase + Fuel used in
Cruise Phase
Fuel used in Cruise Phase = Total Fuel used – Fuel used in
LTO Phase
Total Emissions = Estimated fuel use × Aggregate emission
factors
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014,
from http://www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
• In this, emission estimates can be made just from flight
movement data
• Involves data on cruise flight distances and provides fuel use
factors for individual aircraft per mile cruised or in LTO phase
Rypdal, K. (n.d.). IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS. Retrieved November 15, 2014,
from http://www.ipcc nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf
Total sets of greenhouse gas emissions produced by an
organization, event, product or person
Aircraft emissions vary because of factors like:
o the size and type of aircraft
o the altitude,
o the fraction of passenger or freight capacity of a particular
flight,
o the distance of the journey, &
o the number of stops en route
Ross, D. (2009, June 6). Carbon Planet - Global, Full Spectrum Carbon Management. GHG Emissions
Resulting from Aircraft Travel. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from
http://www.carbonplanet.com/downloads/Flight_Calculator_Information_v9.2.pdf
“How to make our flight carbon neutral”
WAYS TO MINIMIZE AIR TRAFFIC
EMISSIONS
• Emissions and fuel use linked to time duration spent by aircraft
• System delays cause longer idle and taxi times leading to increased
fuel burn and ground level emissions
• Air Traffic Management inefficiencies can become the cause of
unnecessary fuel burn and air emissions
Ratliff, G., Sequeira, C., & Waitz, I. (2009). Aircraft Impacts
on Local and Regional Air Quality in the United States.
• Enroute operational procedures
• Use of alternative fuels
• Improvements in aircraft and engine design
• Policy options to stimulate these advances
Ways to minimize aircraft fuel consumption and emissions:
A. Lovegren , J., & Hansman, J. (2011, ). [email protected] OF POTENTIAL
AIRCRAFT FUEL BURN REDUCTION IN CRUISE VIA SPEED AND ALTITUDE
OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/62196/Lovegren_ICAT-2011.pdf?sequence=1
Air travel
disturbs climate
by CO2
emissions and
creation of high-
altitude
contrails
To minimize the
formation of
contrails Limiting the
cruise altitude
of aircraftCO2 emissions
increase by
flying at lower
altitude
RESTRICTING CRUISE ALTITUDE
Williams, V. (n.d.). Redirect. Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting
cruise altitudes. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from
http://www.geomatics.cv.imperial.ac.uk/html/ResearchActivities/..%5C..%5Cdocuments%5
Cpublications%5Cyear2002%5Cwp25_williams_etal.pdf
ROUTE OPTIMIZATION
• Changes in the altitude and speed profiles
• Annual domestic fuel burn decline of 300 million gallons and reduction of
3.2 million tons achieved by adjusted flight’s speed and altitude trajectory
• Speed improvements show highest potential for reducing fuel burn and
emissions
Williams, V. (n.d.). Redirect. Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting
cruise altitudes. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from
http://www.geomatics.cv.imperial.ac.uk/html/ResearchActivities/..%5C..%5Cdocuments%5
Cpublications%5Cyear2002%5Cwp25_williams_etal.pdf
ALTERNATIVE FUELS
• Ongoing tests of biofuels like jatropha
and algae
• Plant derived biofuels propose large
reduction in CO2 emissions
• Continental Airlines has flown with
one of the engines operating on a
mixture of 44% Jatropha oil,
6% Algae oil and 50% traditional jet
fuel
(2012,). Heathrow. Reducing the Environmental Impacts of Ground
Operations and Departing Aircraft. Retrieved November 14, 2014,
from
http://www.heathrowairport.com/static/Heathrow/Downloads/PDF/De
partures_code_of_practice-LHR.pdf
• Reduction of the amount of fuel burned and the
release of ground-level emissions when less number
of engines operating
• Need to incorporate the effects of APU operation
IMPROVED OPERATING PROCEDURES
Williams, V. (n.d.). Redirect. Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting
cruise altitudes. Retrieved November 15, 2014, from
http://www.geomatics.cv.imperial.ac.uk/html/ResearchActivities/..%5C..%5Cdocuments%5
Cpublications%5Cyear2002%5Cwp25_williams_etal.pdf
REDUCTION OF CONTRAILS
• Aircrafts soaring at high altitude
• Planes flying in troposphere minute
climatic impact
• Jet aircrafts cruising in the lower
stratosphere cause impact from
contrails
• Reduction of maximum aircraft cruising
altitude
• Cruising at lower altitudes would
increase flight time and raise fuel
consumption by 4%
Krollova, S. (July 2012). AVIATION EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY. Centre of Excellence for Air Transport, VII (2), 6.
ENGINE EXHAUST CONTRAILS
IMPACTS OF AIR TRAFFIC ON TROPOSPHERE
• Increase of ozone by 3–6% due to aircraft
emissions
• Maximum emissions from air traffic occur
over the southern hemisphere
• Strongest effect on the ozone mixing ratio
Gauss, M., Isaksen, I., & Lee, D. (2006). Impact of aircraft NOx emissions on the
atmosphere – tradeoffs to reduce the impact. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, , 20.
• In northern UTLS region, effect of aircraft emissions
dominates the ozone disturbances
• NOx emissions are three times more efficient in
generating ozone
Hoor, P., & Kleefeld, J.B. (2009). The impact of traffic emissions on atmospheric ozone and OH:
results from QUANTIFY. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, , 24.
IMPACTS OF AIR TRAFFIC ON
STRATOSPHERE
•Launch of NASA's Space Shuttle and similar rockets
•Inserts chlorine compounds directly in the stratosphere
• Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer
P., J Garcia, M., R Jackman, A., & Dak, N. (1990). The space shuttle's impact on the
stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research.
• Solid rocket motors on the Space Shuttle utilize a solid fuel
• Exhaust from this fuel consists of gaseous HCl, CO, water
vapor, molecular nitrogen and aluminum oxide
• Total amount of chlorine emitted into the stratosphere by the
solid rocket motorsis calculated to be 725,000 kg
IMPACTS OF AIR TRAFFIC ON STRATOSPHERE
P., J Garcia, M., R Jackman, A., & Dak, N. (1990). The space shuttle's impact on the
stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research.
• Each launch of the Space Shuttle introduces 0.068 kt of chlorine
• Lead to the destruction of ozone molecules
• Exhaust from the solid rocket motors
HC1 (21%),
CO (24% by weight),
N2 (9%),
H20 (10%),
CO2 (4%) and H2(2%)
IMPACTS OF AIR TRAFFIC ON STRATOSPHERE
P., J Garcia, M., R Jackman, A., & Dak, N. (1990). The space shuttle's impact on the
stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research.
HEALTH IMPACT OF AIR
TRAFFIC ON AIR QUALITY
HEALTH IMPACTS
• The main cause of almost all aircraft related
health impacts is the ambient particulate
matter
• This PM exposure has led to approximately
160 yearly incidences of premature mortality
(1999). Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Subsonic
Commercial Jet Aircraft. EPA- Air and Radiation, 77
Impacts Related to Nitrogen Oxides
EFFECTS ON AIRWAYS:
• Healthy individuals suffer from respiratory problems
when exposed to high levels of NO2 even for short
duration
ACID RAIN
• Acid rain results in surface water acidification and
also causes damage to trees, buildings and statues.
(1999). Evaluation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Subsonic
Commercial Jet Aircraft. EPA- Air and Radiation, 77
OZONE
• An irritant gas, mainly effects the airways
• O3 exposure leads to repeated lung inflammation
• Damage of respiratory tissues which ultimately reduced
quality of life
Krollova, S. (July 2012). AVIATION EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY. Centre of Excellence for Air Transport, VII (2), 6.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
• Instant symptoms include eye and respiratory tract irritation,
visual disorders, dizziness, headaches, and memory
impairment
• May damage the genetic material in the cells
• May contribute to cancer
• Also cause a variety of environmental effects
Ross, D. (2009, June 6). Carbon Planet - Global, Full Spectrum Carbon
Management. GHG Emissions Resulting from Aircraft Travel. Retrieved November 15,
2014, from
http://www.carbonplanet.com/downloads/Flight_Calculator_Information_v9.2.pdf
Fine Airborne Particulates
• Can worsen already existing heart and lung diseases
• Can cause aggravation of asthma and increased respiratory
illness
• Chronic respiratory effects due to long tem exposure to high
concentration of fine and coarse airborne particulates
Ross, D. (2009, June 6). Carbon Planet - Global, Full Spectrum Carbon
Management. GHG Emissions Resulting from Aircraft Travel. Retrieved November 15,
2014, from
http://www.carbonplanet.com/downloads/Flight_Calculator_Information_v9.2.pdf