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AgroforestryandREDD+inAfrica:Poten6als,challengesandthewayforward
Lalisa A. Duguma, PhD World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) &
ASB Partnership for Tropical Forest Margins Email: [email protected]
Outline � Deforestation and forest degradation in Africa � Major drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in
Africa � What is the contribution of Agroforestry in achieving
REDD+ objectives? ◦ Agroforestry for minimizing the extent of Deforestation ◦ Agroforestry for tackling issues of forest degradation
� What enabling factors need to be in place to benefit from the potentials of AF?
� Summary
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Forest cover dynamics in Africa
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Forest cover (2015) – 624 M ha
Primary Forest (2015) – 135 M ha
Planted forest (2015) – 16 M ha
Net annual forest loss (2010-2015) – 2.8 M ha
Net annual natural forest loss (2010-2015) – 3.1 M ha
Net annual planted forest growth (2015) – 0.2 M ha
Stock Change
Source: FRA 2015
Deforestation fronts in Africa
3 Source: WWF Living Forest Report 2015
Drivers of deforestation and forest Degradation
4 Source: WWF Living Forest Report 2015
The Potentials of AF Major drivers of deforestation
Potentials of AF Enabling factors to be in place
Small-scale agriculture (slash and burn agriculture)
Diversify income sources from fruit trees and commodity crops; AF based sustainable intensification pathways
Investment and technical support
Unsustainable logging Onfarm timber (e.g. Cameroon)
Tree and land tenure, Market access, Appropriate taxation systems
Livestock rearing Fodder and sustainable agropastoral systems
Technical support, Investment
Charcoal and fuelwood Smallscale woodlots and onfarm timber as supply sources
Right tree species for the right places, Farm management techniques
Mining Agroforestry based mining area reclamation (e.g. in China)
Policy support,
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� “Green fertilizers increased the average yield by up to 1.6 tonnes per hectare over these smallholder farmers’ practices.”
� “At the estimated rate of maize consumption of 1.5 kilograms per person per day, the incremental maize yield provided by green fertilizers contributes the equivalent of 6 months’ worth of additional maize for a farm family of six or 7 months’ worth for a farm family of five.”
� “The probability of increasing maize yield over continuously cropped, unfertilized fields by more than 1 tonne per hectare was 30–63% with green fertilizers.”
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Gudeta et al (2009)
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Tanzania: The Miombo woodlands could be severely threatened if AF and other traditional fodder management systems were not implemented at regional scale in Shinyanga. ~ 400,000 ha of restored landscape
© Mathew Mpanda
Degraded grazing land
Restored area using Ngitili and other complementary AF
practices
TheParklandRenaissanceonNigerFarmlands
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Niger: If FMNR was not adopted, most remnant forests in Niger would have been depleted severely!
© Dennis Garrity
Garrity (2015)
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Malawi: If onfarm trees are not there these wood ready for sale to help farmers cope with crop failure should have come from forests.
© ICRAF
Promising national moves in promoting AF
Article 69. (1) (b) “The State shall work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya” (Constitution of Kenya 2010)
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Kenya
Commitment to restore close to 15 million ha of degraded forest and land (Bonn challenge, etc.)
Ethiopia India
The only country with a national agroforestry policy!
Hence, agroforestry could be a useful practical mechanism to divert the pressure on African forests.
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But we have serious issues that need to be addressed!
1. Starting capital and recurrent costs
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a) Small-scale woodlot
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Figure 2a-c. The annual expenditure, revenue and net cash flow structures of the three agroforestry
practices in the study area over 15 years time period.
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Duguma (2013) Financial analysis of AF systems. Agroforestry systems
How do we cover the red zones so that farmers are not exposed?
The challenges: starting capital or initial investment
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c) Boundary tree and shrub growing
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Figure 2a-c. The annual expenditure, revenue and net cash flow structures of the three agroforestry
practices in the study area over 15 years time period.
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Duguma (2013) Financial analysis of AF systems. Agroforestry systems
2. Insecure Land and Tree Tenure
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If farmers do not have the secure right to land, investments in perennial crops is not sustainable. See Hansen et al (2005) for more.
3. Lack of proper value for tree products [The middlemen effect]
Often farmers who do not have good market access loose a lot to the middlemen who benefit from the farmers efforts. E.g. ◦ Coffee in East Africa (Pinard and Aithal 2008) ◦ Timber all across tropical and subtropical parts of
Africa ◦ Cocoa
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4. Constraining regulatory mechanisms � Taxation systems for tree products � Demands for complicated standards that
farmers may even not understand well.
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Issues of concern
� Population growth: � Urbanization: is the migration of the
youth going to create labor shortage in rural areas?
� Sustainable consumption – if what is produced is not consumed properly, we create
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ThankYou!
