Glass makingSarah Nightingale Session 2, 2012

Glass beads excavated from

Tomb 404 Necropolis 4

Glass Making

• Stage One - Raw Glass

• Stage Two – Glass working

Stage One - Raw Glass Components required

• Silica (sand)

• Soda (Natron)

• Stabiliser (eg lime)

• Fuel

Bet Shearim slab, Israel

Transporting raw glass

175 Glass Ingots located on Ulu Burun

Shipwreck dated c 1300 BC

Glass chunks on shipwreck from 2nd

century AD

Stage Two – Glass working

Chemicals to add or remove color

– Colorless glass (manganese oxide)– Opaque red (copper lead)– Royal blue (cobalt)– Dark green (lead)– White (antimony)

Garland bowl – Augustan era

Core formed vessels

Cast Glass

Glass blowing

Lamp from Slovenia depicting a glass blower

Glass blowing with a mold

Mosaic glass

Cold Cut Glass

Window glasscast or blown

Glass Jewelry

Recycling