24.4 Revolutions in the 24.4 Revolutions in the ArtsArts

Artistic and Intellectual movements both reflect and fuel changes in Europe during the 1800’s

Romantic Movement The Ideas of Romanticism

Romanticism – Interest in nature, preferring emotion, individuality

Romanticism linked to folk traditions and nationalism.

Romanticism rejects the Enlightenment ideas that elevate reason as the ultimate reality, and validated emotion as an authentic experience of reality. Emotions of trepidation, horror, terror, and awe gain a new emphasis.

Romantic MovementRomantic MovementRomanticism in LiteratureRomanticism in Literature

Poetry, music, and painting are Poetry, music, and painting are the arts best suited to the arts best suited to romanticismromanticism

Many British romantic poets Many British romantic poets believe nature is the source of believe nature is the source of beautybeauty

British Romantic Poets William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth

Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other PoemsOther Poems

Lord ByronLord ByronDon JuanDon Juan

Percy Bysshe ShelleyPrometheus Unbound (play)"Hymn to Intellectual "Hymn to Intellectual

Beauty" Beauty" John Keats

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" Samuel Taylor Coleridge

(not pictured)"Kubla Khan; or, A Vision in

a Dream: A Fragment"

German writersGerman writers Germany’s Johann

Wolfgang von Goethe is a great early romanticist.

28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832

He wrote the play Faust about a doctor who sells his soul to the devil to get whatever he wants.

German WritersGerman Writers Jakob and Wilhelm

Grimm, known as “The Brothers Grimm” popularized stories like: RumpelstiltskinRumpelstiltskin Snow WhiteSnow White RapunzelRapunzel CinderellaCinderella Hansel and GretelHansel and Gretel The Frog PrinceThe Frog Prince

French RomanticsFrench Romantics Victor HugoVictor Hugo

Les MiserablesLes Miserables The Hunchback of The Hunchback of

Notre DameNotre Dame

Gothic FictionGothic horror

novels taking place in medieval castles become popular

The Castle of Otranto (1764) by Horace Walpole is considered the first gothic novel. Walpole built his English

villa Strawberry Hill in the Gothic Revival style much like a medieval castle.

Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction The “penny dreadful”

serialized novels such as The String of Pearls: A Romance (1846-47) which debuts the character Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. “Penny dreadfuls” were the precursors to pulp fiction and the modern comic book.

Another popular penny Another popular penny dreadful was dreadful was Varney the Varney the Vampire or The Feast of Vampire or The Feast of BloodBlood anonymously written anonymously written for publication (1845-47).for publication (1845-47).

Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction Stories by Edgar

Allen Poe“The Fall of the

House of Usher”“The Pit and the

Pendulum”“The Tell Tale

Heart”

Examples of Gothic FictionExamples of Gothic Fiction The most well known The most well known

gothic novel is gothic novel is FrankensteinFrankenstein by Mary by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.Wollstonecraft Shelley.

Composers Emphasize Emotion

Composers abandon Enlightenment style of music

Ludwig van Beethoven leads the way from Enlightenment to romanticism

Some composers draw on literature or cultural themes

Ludwig van Beethoven baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26 baptized 17 Dec. 1770 – 26

March 1827March 1827 He was a crucial figure in the He was a crucial figure in the

transitional period between transitional period between the Classical and Romantic the Classical and Romantic eraseras in Western classical in Western classical music, and remains one of the music, and remains one of the most acclaimed and influential most acclaimed and influential composers of all time.composers of all time.

Around 1796, Beethoven Around 1796, Beethoven began to lose his hearing.began to lose his hearing.

Beethoven's hearing loss did Beethoven's hearing loss did not prevent his composing not prevent his composing music, but it made playing at music, but it made playing at concerts—lucrative sources of concerts—lucrative sources of income—increasingly difficult. income—increasingly difficult.

Franz Liszt October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886October 22, 1811 – July 31, 1886 Was a Hungarian composer, Was a Hungarian composer,

virtuoso pianist and teacher.virtuoso pianist and teacher. Liszt became renowned Liszt became renowned

throughout Europe during the throughout Europe during the 19th century for his great skill as 19th century for his great skill as a performer.a performer.

He was said by his He was said by his contemporaries to have been the contemporaries to have been the most technically advanced most technically advanced pianist of his age and perhaps pianist of his age and perhaps the greatest pianist of all time.the greatest pianist of all time.

Robert Schumann 8 June 1810 – 29 July 8 June 1810 – 29 July

18561856 German composer, German composer,

aesthete and aesthete and influential music influential music critic. He is one of critic. He is one of the most famous the most famous and important and important Romantic composers Romantic composers of the 19th century.of the 19th century.

Felix Mendelssohn February 3, 1809 – February 3, 1809 –

November 4, 1847November 4, 1847 German composer, German composer,

pianist, organist and pianist, organist and conductor of the early conductor of the early Romantic period.Romantic period.

He was born into a He was born into a notable Jewish family, notable Jewish family, although he himself although he himself was brought up initially was brought up initially without religion, and without religion, and later as a Lutheran later as a Lutheran Christian. He was Christian. He was recognized early as a recognized early as a musical prodigymusical prodigy

Frederic Chopin 1 March 1810 –1 March 1810 –

17 October 184917 October 1849 Was a Polish composer Was a Polish composer

and virtuoso pianist. He and virtuoso pianist. He is considered one of the is considered one of the great masters of great masters of Romantic music.Romantic music.

The great majority of The great majority of Chopin's compositions Chopin's compositions were written for the were written for the piano as solo piano as solo instrument. instrument.

Hector Berlioz December 11, 1803 – March 8, December 11, 1803 – March 8,

18691869 French Romantic composer, best French Romantic composer, best

known for his compositions known for his compositions Symphonie fantastiqueSymphonie fantastique and and Grande messe des morts Grande messe des morts (Requiem).(Requiem).

Berlioz made significant Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians.more than 1,000 musicians.

Guiseppe Verdi October 9 or 10, 1813 – October 9 or 10, 1813 –

January 27, 1901January 27, 1901 an Italian Romantic an Italian Romantic

composer, mainly of composer, mainly of opera. He was one of opera. He was one of the most influential the most influential composers of the 19th composers of the 19th century.century.

One of his most well One of his most well known tunes is known tunes is "La "La donna è mobile" donna è mobile" ("Woman is fickle") from ("Woman is fickle") from the opera Rigolettothe opera Rigoletto

Richard Wagner 22 May 1813 – 13 February 22 May 1813 – 13 February

18831883 German composer, conductor, German composer, conductor,

theatre director and essayist, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas.primarily known for his operas.

Unlike most other opera Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every the music and libretto for every one of his works.one of his works.

Wagner’s music is controversial Wagner’s music is controversial because Wagner himself was because Wagner himself was antisemitic in his essays. The antisemitic in his essays. The Nazis appropriated much of Nazis appropriated much of Wagner’s writings and music for Wagner’s writings and music for their own ends.their own ends.

The Shift to Realism in the The Shift to Realism in the ArtsArts

Realism – art style attempting to depict life accurately

Paintings and novels in this style show the working class

Photographers Capture Reality

Daguerreotypes, early photographs, are surprisingly real

They are named after their French inventor, Louis Daguerre

Daguerreotype photos

The solar eclipse of July 28, 1851 was the first correctly exposed photograph of a solar eclipse, using the daguerreotype process.

The first authenticated image of Abraham Lincoln was this daguerreotype of him as U.S. Congressman-elect in 1846, attributed to Nicholas H. Shepard of Springfield, Ill.

The best-known image of Edgar Allan Poe was a daguerreotype taken in 1848 by W.S. Hartshorn, shortly before Poe's death.

Photographers Capture Reality

William Talbot invents negative, allows copies of photograph

Writers Study SocietyCharles Dickens and Honore de Charles Dickens and Honore de

Balzac write about society and class.Balzac write about society and class.Some realist literature sparks Some realist literature sparks

reforms in working conditions.reforms in working conditions.

Honoré de Balzac French author who wrote a French author who wrote a

100 novel series titled 100 novel series titled La La Comédie humaine,Comédie humaine, “The “The Human Comedy,” about life Human Comedy,” about life in France after the fall of in France after the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.Napoleon Bonaparte.

Émile Zola French author who wrote French author who wrote

a series of realistic a series of realistic novels describing the novels describing the conditions of French life conditions of French life in his time.in his time.

One series of his novels One series of his novels was a 21 novel series was a 21 novel series titled titled Les Rougon-Les Rougon-MacquartMacquart about a family about a family between 1852 and 1870.between 1852 and 1870.

One of his most famous One of his most famous books, books, GerminalGerminal, was in , was in this series and is this series and is considered a classic in considered a classic in French literature.French literature.

Charles Dickens Dickens was in favor of liberal Dickens was in favor of liberal

reforms in British society, and reforms in British society, and used his realistic descriptions of used his realistic descriptions of the plight of the poor to promote the plight of the poor to promote such reform.such reform.

His serialized works were His serialized works were popular in the United States as popular in the United States as well.well.

Works include:Works include: A Christmas CarolA Christmas Carol Oliver TwistOliver Twist Nicholas NicklebyNicholas Nickleby Little DorritLittle Dorrit Hard TimesHard Times A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield Bleak HouseBleak House

Impressionists React Against Realism

A New MovementImpressionism – art style that tries to capture precise moments in time

Life in the MomentImpressionists like Claude

Monet portray life of rising middle class

Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also leading impressionists

Claude MonetClaude Monet 14 November 1840 – 5 14 November 1840 – 5

December 1926December 1926 Founder of French Founder of French

impressionist painting, and impressionist painting, and the most consistent and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of movement's philosophy of expressing one's expressing one's perceptions before nature, perceptions before nature, especially as applied to especially as applied to plein-air landscape plein-air landscape painting. The term painting. The term Impressionism is derived Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting from the title of his painting Impression, SunriseImpression, Sunrise

Impression, SunriseImpression, Sunrise

The Lunch on the GrassThe Lunch on the Grass

The Woman in the Green The Woman in the Green DressDress

Garden at Sainte-AdresseGarden at Sainte-Adresse

Edgar DegasEdgar Degas 19 July 1834 – 27 19 July 1834 – 27

September 1917September 1917 French artist famous for French artist famous for

his work in painting, his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking sculpture, printmaking and drawing. and drawing.

He is regarded as one He is regarded as one of the founders of of the founders of Impressionism although Impressionism although he rejected the term, he rejected the term, and preferred to be and preferred to be called a realist.called a realist.

The Dance ClassThe Dance Class

The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of The Absinthe Drinker or Glass of AbsintheAbsinthe

At the RacesAt the Races

Pierre-Auguste RenoirPierre-Auguste Renoir February 25, February 25,

1841 – December 1841 – December 3, 19193, 1919

Leading painter in Leading painter in the development of the development of the Impressionist the Impressionist style.style.

The Theater BoxThe Theater Box

The SwingThe Swing

On the TerraceOn the Terrace and and Dance in the Dance in the CityCity

The BohemianThe Bohemian

Impressionist composers use music to create mental pictures

Maurice Ravel Claude Debussy