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Taye Zewdu
LecturerSchool of Chemical & Bio Engineering
Addis Ababa Institute of TechnologyAddis Ababa University
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
Energy- Units and Conversions
ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy TechnologyCHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS
01
Power and Energy
• Energy = Power x Time
• Energy (E) is the ability to do work.
• Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed.
• Analogies: Energy is a measurable quantity like distance. Poweris a rate like speed.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
03
Units Conversions
1 lb = 0.454 kg
1 US gallon = 3.79 litre
1 barrel of oil (1 bbl) = 42 US gallon = 159 litre
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
04
Multiples
Prefix Abbreviation Scientific
Notation
*Number
Kilo k 103 Thousand
Mega M 106 Million
Giga G 109 Billion
Tera T 1012 TrillionTera T 1012 Trillion
Peta P 1015 Quadrillion
Exa E 1018 Quintillion
* The system used in the U.S. is not the same as that used in other countries (like Great Britain, France, and Germany). In these other countries, a billion (bi meaning two) has twice as many zeros as a million, and a trillion (tri meaning three) has three times as many zeros as a million, etc. But the scientific community seems to use the American system.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
05
Energy Units
• Calorie, Joule, BTU, Fuel equivalent, watt-hour
• 1 cal = 4.184 J
• 1 BTU = 1055 J
• 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh
• The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: theamount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil,equals 42.6 GJ
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
06
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
07
Power Units
• W, kW, MW, GW, hp, ton of refrigeration
• 1 hp = 740 W
• 1 ton of refrigeration = 50 kcal/min = 1200 BTU/h
• Watt = volt x ampere
= volt x ampere x power factor
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
08
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08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
09
Magnitudes of Power
Kitchen appliances : 50 – 500 W
Passenger cars : 50 – 100 kW
Wind turbine : 0.2 – 1 MW
Large steam and
water driven turbo turbines : 500 – 800 MW
Modern fossil-fuel based
thermal power plant : 1000 MW
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
10
Power and Energy
• Many people violate the definitions of power and energy. Somepeople do it publicly, thereby misleading unfortunate readers.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
11
Units Conversion - example problem
• If you turn on 4 light bulbs, each rated at 40 W, how long canthey be on before you reach 1 kWh?
4 bulbs x 40W/bulb = 160 W
E=P x t => t=E/P = 1 kWh/160W = 1kWh/0.16 W = 6.25 h
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
12
Units Conversion - exercise problems
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
2. In 2014, Ethiopia had 3 GW of installed electric capacity and generated 7 billion kWh. What is the percent capacity utilization of electric power stations?
1. In 2014, for the World-wide generation of about 24,000terawatt hours of electricity, 12 billion tons of oil equivalentwas used. Calculate the efficiency of thermal energy conversion to electricity. (1 toe = 42 GJ)
13
ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy TechnologyCHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS
Global Energy Reserves and Sustainability
Taye ZewduLecturer
School of Chemical & Bio Engineering
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
Addis Ababa University
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
14
Contents
• Classification of energy sources
• World’s primary energy consumption
• Fossil fuel – reserves, energy content, reserves distribution
• Renewable energy potential
• Sustainability
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
15
Classification of Energy Sources
• Primary and secondary energy
– Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in
nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, wind,solar, etc.)
– Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are
obtained from conversion of primary energy sources in industrial
utilities.
• Commercial and non-commercial energy
– Commercial energy: the sources that are available in the market for
a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil, etc.)
– Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes,etc.
• Renewable and non-renewable energy
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
16
Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Petroleum
Mi11ing
Gas Well
Oil Well
Energy ---- Steam Preparation 1-----• Coal
Treatment
Cracking •ucJRelining
Stu ti on
Natural gas
LPG
-:::::----- Petrol � Diesel/fuel oils
Petrochemical
Thermal
Electricity
Thermal
Steam
Figure 1.1 Major Prin1ary and Secondary Sources
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
17
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2318
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2319
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2320
Electricity generation by fuel (world)
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
21
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2322
Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Oil - 0.2 trillion m3 (in 2003)
– Saudi Arabia – the largestshare of 23%
• Gas - 176 trillion m3 (2003)~ 0.16 trillion ton
– Russia has the largestshare of 27%
Coal reserves
Rank Country % share
1 USA 25.4
2 Russia 15.9
3 China 11.6
4 India 8.6
• Coal - 1 trillion ton (as of
2003)
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 24
Fossil Fuel Reserves
Coal 122 years
Oil 42 years
Gas 60 years
Proven reserves, expected to last for:
As on 2003
GlobalReserves
(trillion
toe)
India’sReserves
(% of
global)
Coal 0.5 10%
Oil 0.18 0.41%
Gas 0.15 0.61%
TotalFossil
fuels
0.83 7.4%
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
25
Energy Content of Fuels
• Coal: energy content ~ 24 GJ/Ton
• Oil: 42 GJ/Ton
• Natural Gas: 54 GJ/Ton
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27
Coal
• Readily combustible material, black or brownish-black material
• Coal was formed from layer upon layer of annual plant remainsaccumulating slowly that were protected from biodegradation byusually acidic covering waters that gave a natural antisepticeffect combating microorganisms and then later mud depositsprotecting against oxidization
• Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for thegeneration of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largestworldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• Approximately 40% of the world electricity production uses coal
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28
Stages in Formation of Coal
• Heavy growth of vegetation
• Burial of debris, and compression
• There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminousand anthracite. The stage depends upon the conditions to whichthe plant remains are subjected after they were buried - thegreater the pressure and heat, the higher the rank of coal.Higher-ranking coal is denser and contains less moisture andgases and has a higher heat value than lower-ranking coal.
08-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
30
Types of Coal
• Peat – a precursor of coal
• Lignite – brown coal, the lowest rank of coal, exclusively used forelectricity generation
• Sub-bituminous coal – used as fuel for electricity generation,
synthesis of light aromatic hydrocarbons
• Bituminous – fuel for electricity, coke
• Anthracite – residential and commercial space heating
• Graphite – difficult to ignite, used for producing lubricants
8-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
32
World Oil Reserves by Region
Asia & Oceana
3%
Middle East
56°/o
Data source: US Energy Information Adminstration from Oil and Gas Journal {2007)
Oil includes crud� oil and condensate
Europe
1%
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
34
OPEC
OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
OPEC is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
38
Renewable Energy Potential
Theoretical potential (global)
2007
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
39
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.
One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 8 / 2340
Human demands (1960-2007)
1.6
1.5
-0 1.4
(IJ
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Year
08-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
41
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2342
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy
Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts
Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels
Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2343
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaicindustry
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 11 / 2344
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 2345
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2346
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
The Inconvenient Truth
Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change
Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 13 / 2347