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Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193)Chapter 1- Generalities
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering
November 6, 2014
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 1 / 23
Outline
1 Energy BasicsEnergy, Technology and SustanabilityEnergy Units, Terms and AbbreviationsElectricity Generation and Storage
2 Planetary Energy Balance
3 Energy Utilization Rate
4 Planetary Energy ResourcesABC
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 2 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Energy
It is the ability to bring about change or to do work and the study ofenergy is thermodynamics.
First law thermodynamics: the conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics: in all energy exchanges, if no energyenters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state willalways be less than that of the initial stateWhat can we say about the energy before and after life?State the types and some examples of energy.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 3 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Energy
It is the ability to bring about change or to do work and the study ofenergy is thermodynamics.
First law thermodynamics: the conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics: in all energy exchanges, if no energyenters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state willalways be less than that of the initial stateWhat can we say about the energy before and after life?State the types and some examples of energy.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 3 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Energy
It is the ability to bring about change or to do work and the study ofenergy is thermodynamics.
First law thermodynamics: the conservation of energy
Second law of thermodynamics: in all energy exchanges, if no energyenters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the state willalways be less than that of the initial stateWhat can we say about the energy before and after life?State the types and some examples of energy.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 3 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Energy consumed or utilized?
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 4 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concreteconnotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and itsinhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs.Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime andcauses no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewableenergy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and alsotechnologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy
Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts
Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels
Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy
Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts
Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels
Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy
Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as waterconsumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts
Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletionof fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal withthe environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels
Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Aspects of renewable energy
It exists perpetually and in abundance in the environment
Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible
It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 7 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Aspects of renewable energy
It exists perpetually and in abundance in the environment
Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible
It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 7 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Aspects of renewable energy
It exists perpetually and in abundance in the environment
Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible
It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 7 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.
One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 8 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, forexample) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem withoutcausing irreparable damage.
One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on ourecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of ourdemands on nature.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 8 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Humanities Ecological Footprint
Source: Chemistry of Sustainable Energywww.earth-policy.org
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 9 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Carbon Cycle
Source: Anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle for a sustainable future. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 133:1288112898. Copyright 2011, American Chemical
Society
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 10 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaicindustry
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 11 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etcProducts must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of wastephosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts ofphosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing toeutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf ofMexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climatechange
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
The Inconvenient Truth
Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change
Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 13 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
The Inconvenient Truth
Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary onGlobal Warming and Climate Change
Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message inthis film.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 13 / 23
Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
CO2 Emissions and GDP per capita
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)
CO
2 emission
s pe
r cap
ita (tCO
2)
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 14 / 23
Energy Basics Energy Units, Terms and Abbreviations
Units and Contants
When the energy content of a fuel is reported on a per mass or per volumebasis, it is often referred to as the materials energy value. Energy valuecomes in two forms: the lower heating value (LHV; also known as netcalorific value) and higher heating value (HHV or gross calorific value)
HHV:
LHV:
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 15 / 23
Energy Basics Energy Units, Terms and Abbreviations
Units and Contants
When the energy content of a fuel is reported on a per mass or per volumebasis, it is often referred to as the materials energy value. Energy valuecomes in two forms: the lower heating value (LHV; also known as netcalorific value) and higher heating value (HHV or gross calorific value)
HHV:
LHV:
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 15 / 23
Energy Basics Energy Units, Terms and Abbreviations
Most common energy units
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 16 / 23
Planetary Energy Balance
The reality of stable global temperature
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 17 / 23
Energy Utilization Rate
The increasing trend in energy utilization is unavoidable
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 18 / 23
Energy Utilization Rate
Energy Use Grows with Economic Development
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
GDP per capita (PPP, $1995)
Prim
ary En
ergy
per cap
ita (G
J)
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 19 / 23
Energy Utilization Rate
Uneven distribution of energy utilization
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 20 / 23
Energy Utilization Rate
Energy Use Grows with Economic Development
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 21 / 23
Planetary Energy Resources
Energy Resources of the Earth
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 22 / 23
Planetary Energy Resources ABC
Continues...
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 23 / 23