DESIGN IDEATION OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS BASED ON THE AFFORDANCES OF SMART MATERIALS

PhD CANDIDATE: AZROL BIN KASSIM

PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. IMRE HORVÁTHSUPERVISOR: DR. B. H. M. GERRITSEN

A PRESENTATION BY

Outline of the presentation

• Introduction – Definition, Background & Problems• Research approach – H0, Assumptions, RQs, Design• Initial Findings • Overview & planning of PhD research

Introduction - Research Keywords

Design Ideation phase

generating, developing and communicating ideas

AffordancesQuality of an object to allow idea generation

Consumer Products

Tangible personal property

Smart materials

Engineered materials performing functions in response to external stimuli

Product Designers

Professionals specifying structural properties of design object

SMART MATERIAL GLOBAL MARKET

Source: BCCResearch.com

2010 US$ 19.6 Billion

2016 > US$ 40 Billion

Introduction

However…Focus in dominant corporation - In high tech industries

Situation in dominant corporation

Smart material Engineering Department

Product Design/ EngineeringDepartmentCo

-dev

elop

men

t

What about consumer products?

What about NON dominant corporations –the ordinary companies?

We need product designersto design consumer products

with smart materials…..

But how can they start designing?

Smart Material Development• SM scientist/

engineer, supplier

Product Design• Designers & process

DisseminationTranslation Adoption

* Influence by Technical, economic & business strategic decision

Knowledge dissemination relationship between smart material domain & product design domain

Material Reasoning from product design practice

SatisfactionProduct must be

life enhancing

UsabilityProduct must be easily

understand & use

FunctionalityProduct must work, be safe &

economical

PRODUCT DESIGN

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

ENGINEERING DESIGN

(Source: Ashby & Johnson, 2003)

WHY DESIGN IDEATION?De

sign

brie

f

Iden

tify

esse

ntial

pr

oble

mEs

tabl

ish fu

nctio

n st

ruct

ure

Eval

uate

tech

nica

l &

eco

nom

ical

crite

ria

Conc

eptu

al

Desig

n (d

esig

n id

eatio

n)De

velo

p

prel

imin

ary

form

&

func

tion

desig

nsRe

fine

& e

valu

ate

T&E

crite

ria

Embo

dim

ent

Desig

nM

ater

ial

cons

ider

ation

Prep

are

part

list

&

prod

uctio

n do

cum

ents

Deta

il De

sign

Com

plet

e de

tail

draw

ing

Fina

lize

deta

ils

Design Process

Flexible keyboardBendable & reversible form behavior of SMP

Can we reason with smart materials better if it is considered earlier in design ideation phase?

WHY AFFORDANCES?

affordances provide an analogy - link design action and the material features of products.

OBJECT(SM)

ACTION(DESIGN)

EFFECT(PRODUCT)

SMART MATERIAL

PRODUCT DESIGNAFFORDANCES

• Information attributes• Vocabulary to express requirements

Visual perception of material affordances – Giesal & Zaidi (2011)

Close examples of using affordances for materials & design

Physical & affective user perception on plastics – Fisher (2004)

Potential Uses inClothing

Visual cues of textile textures

Plastic physical properties

Link to cultural, sensorial, and explorative usage in products

Product designers are not sufficiently informed about commercially available smart materials and are not aware of the ‘affordances of smart materials for consumer product design, when evaluating them during design ideation

H0

Research Assumptions

Smart material

PD via Design

Ideation

Consumer Products

(Affordances)

Research Question

How can the affordances of smart materials as a ‘model of in-design-context knowledge transfer’ support product designers in their ideation of consumer products?

Generic Research Questions & Approach

What knowledge problem?

What knowledge needed?

How to use knowledge

How to represent? What impacts?

RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5

RiDCPhenomena exploration

through literature and survey

RiDCExploring

causalities and the concept of

affordances in the research context

DIRConceptualizing the Knowledge

Model

DIRDevelopment of design tool and

usability test

ARKnowledge impact

evaluation

Research Cycle 1Phenomena exploration through literature and industry survey

Research steps Research activities Outputs

Exploration

Assumption Distilled phenomenological and contextual relationships; derived operative RQs and testable hypothesis

Theorizing Theory on ‘what’ smart material to support ‘what’ consumer product; theory on what knowledge is needed to trigger PD reasoning

Justification Qualitative data to justify the theories Feedbacks to improve developed theories

Validation expert degree of agreement to findings

Consolidation determine the boundaries of the findings and generalization

Literature Review

Query-basedWeb search

Statisticalanalysis

Critical analysis

Qualitative reasoning

Semantic network analysis

Expert Interview

Content validation

PaperPublication

Critical analysis

establish the methodological focus, identify the research gap

Color & Optical

Changing

Adhesion changing

Light emitting Electricity generating

Energy Exchanging

Metter Exchanging

Shape Changing

PHOTO-CHROMIC

PHOTO-ADHESIVE

PHOTO

LUMINESCENCE

PHOTO

ELECTRIC

LIGHT-STORING GAS/WATER-STORING

PHOTOSTRICTIVE

THERMO-CHROMIC,

THERMO-ADHESIVE

ELECTRO

LUMINESCENCE

THERMO

ELECTRIC

HEAT-STORING PARTICLE-STORING

THERMOSTRICTIVE

MECHANO-CHROMIC

ELECTRO-ADHESIVE

BIO

LUMINESCENCE

PIEZO

ELECTRIC

ELECTRICITY-STORING

PIEZOELECTRIC

ELECTRO-CHROMIC

HYDRO

ADHESIVE

CHEMO

LUMINESCENCE

CHEMO

ELECTRIC

HYDROGEN-STORING

ELECTROACTIVE

CHEMO-CHROMIC

BIO

ADHESIVE

CRYSTAL

LOLUMINESCENCE

MAGNETOSTRICTIVE

RADIO

LUMINESCENCE

CHEMOSTRICTIVE

7 Cl

asse

s of

sm

art m

ater

ials

Shape changing

Electricity generating

Color & optical changing

Light emitting

Energy exchanging

Adhesion changing

Matter exchanging

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

417 Papers from Academic Database

Transportation Wearable Apparel Consumer Electronics Home Appliances Medical & Health

Devices

Packaging Furniture Hardware & outdoor tools Sport Equipment Toys

10 inspected consumer product design category inspired by Horvath, 2008; Vroom & Olieman 2012; Van de Vagte, 2008)

Consumer Electronics Medical & Health devices

TransportationHardware & outdoor tools

Wearable Apparel Home appliances Sport Equipment

ToysPackagingFurniture

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

102 on SCSM filtered papers from Academic Database

Next Step & expected outcomes in near future....

Extraction of concepts & discovering the link between knowledge representation (KR) in literatures

Step 1: detecting shape changing smart material application concepts

Step 2: detecting of associative concepts

Step 3: calculation and visualization of connections

Qualitative Reasoning

Pajek – associative concept network

Consumer Electronics

Home Appliances

Transportation

Medical & Health

Active disasse

mbly

Smart Interface

Bendable surgical

Health sensors

Actuating

windows

Recyclability

Energy consump

tion

User interface

HowWhy

Expe

ctati

on fr

om C

once

pt N

etw

ork

Research Cycle 2Exploring causalities and the concept of affordances in the research context

Research steps Research activities Outcomes

Exploration Aggregation of data sourceframework for questionnaires

Assumption Data explaining causalities on the knowledge gap,testable hypothesis and operational RQs

Theorizing Theory on the SCSM information that needs to be conveyed to PD

Justification logical consistency of the developed theory

Validation validity from similar interpretation by external investigator

Consolidation determine the boundaries of the findings and generalization

Literature Review

Query-basedWeb search

Industry Survey

FocusGroup

Expert Consultation

TheoryTriangulation

Critical analysis

Research Cycle 3Conceptualizing the Knowledge Model

Research steps Research activities Outputs

Exploration general variables, constraints, and objectives for pre-experimental design

Assumption attributes of the knowledge on the affordances of SCSM for the design ideation phase

Theorizing Theory and architecture of the knowledge model on the affordances of SCSM

Design Flow Design of Analogue OP to test the knowledge model

Justification qualitative and quantitative data on the effects of the knowledge model; Convergence of findings through EJ justifies RC3

Validation test similarity of effects as predicted from theory

Consolidation determine the boundaries of the findings

Literature Review

Query-basedWeb search

Pre-experimental Research

Qualitative & quantitativeData analysis

Semantic data modelling

Development of Operationalize prototype

Quasi-experiment

Expert judgment

Randomized controlled trial

Critical analysis

Paperpresentation

Research Cycle 4Development of design tool and usability test

Research steps Research activities Outputs

Exploration Confirm abstractions, knowledge on suitable source code to use

Assumption Formal system specification and a structured programming code

Theorizing Executable design tool fit for computational system; documentation of the program development

Design Flow A digital prototype tool with optimized system internal structure ready for usability testing

Justification A tested computational design tool, empirical evidence of the tool’s usability, verification of the theory and knowledge

Validation Validity of the theory and knowledge

Consolidation determine the boundaries of the findings in RC4

Literature Review

Query-basedWeb search

Computational programming

Unit Testing

White-boxTesting

ExpertConsultation

Usability Testing

ExpertReview

Methodological Triangulation

Critical analysis

Research Cycle 5Knowledge impact evaluation

Research steps Research activities Outputs

Exploration Creation of scenario, design assignments, selection of participants, preparing pre- and post test questionnaires

Assumption operationalized RQs, variables, & experiment hypothesis. pre-test questionnaire feedback

Reflection Empirical evidence that proves the research hypotheses

Justification Verification of the research findings from the reflection step

Confirmation Validity of the theory and knowledge that were tested

Generalization Determine the boundaries of the PhD research founded theory and knowledge

Observation Briefing

Experimentation

Qualitative & Quantitative

analysis

Expertopinion

Sampling bias analysis

Statistical hypotheses testing

PaperPublication

Design of experiment

Time frame & implementation of PhD activities2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

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RC1Orientation

RC2RC3

RC4RC5

Thesis write-up

Paper 1

Paper 2

Paper 3

Paper 4

Paper 5

Paper 6

Paper 7

Paper 8Paper 9

GS courses

English Courses

GS courses

English Courses

GS courses

Publications & conferencesAnticipated paper title Conference/

JournalExpected

completion time

A survey on smart materials application in consumer product applications: a product design perspective

Open access Journal

June 2012

How to disclose smart material knowledge to product designers by means of affordances in design context? An explorative study of concepts

TMCE 2014 August 2013

Applying shape changing smart materials in home appliances: a comprehensive inventory of phenomena, causes and obstacles

TMCE 2014 August/September 2013

In development of a knowledge model to represent the affordances of shape changing smart material for the design ideation phase

Conference March 2014

An evaluation using the affordances of shape changing smart material to support the design ideation of home appliances

Journal August 2014

Feasibility study of a design tool based on the affordances of shape changing smart materials to support design ideation process

Conf/ Journal April 2015

Development of a computational design tool to support product designer’s reasoning with the affordances of shape changing smart material

Conference July 2015

Impact assessment of the affordances of smart material’s for product designer utilization

Journal December 2015

Overview & Planning

Overview & Planning EducationCategories Courses Cd Time Status

Research-skills C4.M1 How-to make a questionnaire and conduct an interviewC4.M2 Discovering Statistics Using SPSSC1.M1 Problem-solving and decision-making in researchC2.M2 Project management of your PhD projectC5.M2 Writing a dissertationC4 Research DesignManaging Research Information

2

222232

May 2013

November 2013January 2013

September 2013February 2015

September 2012April 2013

Completed

RegisteredCompletedRegistered

-CompletedCompleted

Discipline-related skills

Writing research proposalPaper reviewWriting & presentation for conference

Transferable skills C8.M2 Autonomy in the research processC8.M5 How-to become Effective in a network conversationC9.M1 PhD Start-UpC10.M3 Career Development - Personal branding, presenting yourself effectivelyC11.M3 English for academic purpose (EAP-2)C11.M4 English for academic purpose (EAP-3)C12.M2 How to interact effectively with your research team

2232

442

January 2013March 2013

December 2012January 2013

December 2013December 2014February 2013

CompletedCompletedCompletedCompleted

Completed-

Completed

References1. Addington, M., Schodek, D. (2005). Smart materials and technologies for the architecture and design professions.

Burlington: Architectural Press.

2. Horvath, I. (2004). A treatise on order in engineering design research. Research in Engineering Design, 15: 155-181.

3. Horvath, I. (2007). Comparison of three methodological approaches of design research. In proceedings at International Conference of Engineering (ICED’07), Paris, France.

4. Maier, J. R. A. (2008). Extending the affordance structure matrix e mapping design structure and requirements to behaviour. in 10th International Design Structure Matrix Conference, DSM ’08, Stockholm, Sweden

5. Maier, J. R. A., Fadel, G. M. (2007). Identifying affordances. in International Conference on Engineering Design, Paris, France, Paper No. ICED’07/591.

6. Maier, J. R. A., Fadel, G. M. (2003). Affordance-based methods for design, in ASME Conference on Design Theory and Methodology, Chicago, IL, Paper No. DETC2003/DTM-48673.

7. Maier, J. R. A., Fadel, G. M., Battisto, D. G. (2009). An affordance-based approach to architectural theory, design, and practice. Design Studies, 30: 393-414.

8. Vroom, R.W. and Olieman, A.M. (2010). Design Relevance in an Industrial Design Engineering Wiki. Proceedings of the Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering 2010 Symposium (TMCE 2010), Ancona, Italy.

THANK YOU!