i

PREFACE

The purpose of this seminar is to explore the Microelectronic Pill. The topics are designed to

clarify and enhance the understanding of the subject.

A novel microelectronic “pill” has been developed for in situ studies of the

gastro-intestinal tract, combining microsensors and integrated circuits with system-level

integration technology. The measurement parameters include real-time remote recording of

temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. The unit comprises an outer

biocompatible capsule encasing four microsensors, a control chip, a discrete component radio

transmitter, and two silver oxide cells (the latter providing an operating time of 40 h at the

rated power consumption of 12.1 mW). The sensors were fabricated on two separate silicon

chips located at the front end of the capsule. The robust nature of the pill makes it adaptable

for use in a variety of environments related to biomedical and industrial applications.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With deep gratitude I acknowledge the valuable guidance & constant encouragement

provided by Mr. Ashutosh Mishra, (H.O.D., Dept. of Electronics & Communication). I

would heartily like to thank Mr. Rajesh Kanwadia (Assistant Professor), and Ms. Shweta

Agarwal (Assistant Professor), Department of Electronics & Communication “Shankara

Institute of Technology” for their careful and precious guidance which made it possible for

me to complete this seminar report on “MICRO ELECTRONIC PILL”.

I express my sincere & humble gratitude to all the members of ECE department for

their cooperation & help to various stages of this seminar.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my friends for their unfailing co-

operation and encouragement throughout the seminar preparation.

SHRUTI NARAYAN

(12ESIEC051)

iii

CONTENTS

Preface…………………………………………………………………………...i

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………….ii

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………...v

CHAPTER-1 BASICS OF MICROELECTRONIC PILL

1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………....1

CHAPTER-2 MICROELECTRONIC PILL DESIGN AND FABRICATION

2.1 SENSORS………………………………………………………………....5

2.1.1 Sensor chip 1…..…………………………………………………….5

2.1.2 Sensor chip 2…………………………………………………………8

2.2 CONTROL CHIP ………………………………………………………...9

2.3 RADIO TRANSMITTER………………………………………………..12

2.4 CAPSULE ……………………………………………………………….12

CHAPTER-3 8051 MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ……………………………….16

3.2 SENSOR CHARACTERIZATION…………………………………….16

3.3 TRANSMISSION………………………………………………………18

3.4 DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS………………………………………18

3.5 SENSOR AND SIGNAL DRIFT……………………………………..18

CHAPTER-4 PERFORMANCE

4.1 TEMPERATURE CHANNEL PERFORMANCE …………………….19

4.2 pH CHANNEL PERFORMANCE……………………………………..21

4.3 OXYGEN SENSOR PERFORMANCE ……………………………….23

4.4 CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR PERFORMANCE ……………………….23

4.5 CONTROL CHIP ……………………………………………………....24

4.6 TRANSMISSION FREQUENCY ……………………………………..24

iv

4.7 DUAL CHANNEL WIRELESS SIGNAL TRANSMISSION ………….24

CHAPTER-5 ADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF MEP……………………………………………….25

CHAPTER-6 DISADVANTAGES

6.1 DISADVANTAGES OF MEP………………………………………….26

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………...27

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………...28

v

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

Fig no. 1.1 A Microelectronic Pill………………………………………02

Fig no. 1.2 Parts of an MEP…………………………………………….03

Fig no. 2.1 The microelectronic sensors ……………………………….06

Fig no. 2.2 Photograph of the specific integrated Circuit control chip ….10

Fig no. 2.3 Schematic diagram (top) of the electronic pill. …………….14

Fig no. 4.1 Temperature sensor ………………………………………….20

Fig no. 4.2 pH SENSOR…………………………………………………22