MICROGRID
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MICROGRID CONCEPTS AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMSABIN BABY,13112602,
S7 EEE.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
OutlineIntroduction to Microgrid.The Need of
Microgrids.Components of Microgrids.Microgrid Operating Modes.Need
for ESSs in Microgrids.Energy storage technologies.Advantages &
Disadvantages of Microgrid.On going Microgrid activities.Future
Directions on Microgrid Research.References.
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Introduction To MicrogridWhat is Microgrid? A group of
interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within
clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single
controllable entity with respect to the grid.Enables local power
generation for local loads.Comprises of various small power
generating sources that makes it highly flexible and efficient.
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Introduction To MicrogridWhat is Microgrid? It is connected to
both the local generating units and the utility grid thus
preventing power outages.Excess power can be sold to the utility
grid.Size of the Microgrid may range from housing estate to
municipal regions.
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KEY ATTRIBUTES OF MICROGRIDGrouping of interconnected loads and
distributed energy resources Can operate in island mode or
grid-connected if desired Acts as a single controllable entity to
the grid
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The Need Of MicrogridMicrogrid could be the answer to our energy
crisis.Transmission losses gets highly reduced.Microgrid results in
substantial savings and cuts emissions without major changes to
lifestyles.Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to
critical loads
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Components of microgridDistributed GenerationLoadsEnergy storage
systemsStatic disconnect switchControllerMode switching devicePoint
of Common Coupling
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Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
Renewable Energy Resources
Main Utility Grid
Compressed Air System Electric VehiclesPCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
PVEVFlywheelPower ElectronicsPVWTIBS
DC Coupled Subsystem
PV8COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
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The Need Of MicrogridMicrogrid could be the answer to our energy
crisis.Transmission losses gets highly reduced.Microgrid results in
substantial savings and cuts emissions without major changes to
lifestyles.Provide high quality and reliable energy supply to
critical loads
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Microgrid Operating ModesGrid Connected Mode:
Utility grid is active.
Static switch is closed
All the feeders are being supplied by utility grid.
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Renewable Energy Resources
Main Utility Grid
Compressed Air System Electric VehiclesPCC
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
PVEVFlywheelPower ElectronicsPVWTIBS
DC Coupled Subsystem
PV
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Microgrid Operating ModesIsland Mode:Utility grid is not
supplying powerStatic switch is open.Feeder A, B, C are being
supplied by Microsources.Feeder D (not sensitive ) is dead.
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Renewable Energy Resources
Compressed Air System Electric Vehicles
Batteries
Household appliances and electronics
PVEVFlywheelPower ElectronicsPVWTIBS
DC Coupled Subsystem
PV
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Needs of ess in microgrids Crucial element in the integration of
DG into Microgrid.
Critical role in stabilising the voltage and frequency.
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18ENERGY STORAGE IN MICROGRID
High Performance: Avoid costly downtime and battery
replacementsVery high cycle lifeExtremely abuse tolerantAbility to
stand at partial state of chargeHigh efficiencySelf-balancingWide
operating temperature rangeMinimal degradation
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Safe:Inherently safe chemistryNot flammable, explosive, or
corrosiveNo dangerous or toxic componentsSustainable:Simple,
abundant, nontoxic materialsEnvironmentally benign materialsNo
corrosive acids or noxious fumesSuitable for deployment
globallyExcellent Economics:Industry-leading total cost of
ownershipLow acquisition costs ($/kWh)Better value than lead acid
or lithium ionNo regular maintenanceNo thermal managementNo active
management required19COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
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Energy storage systemESS include electrochemical battery, super
capacitor, compressed air energy storage, super conducting energy
storage, flywheel energy storage etc. .Lithium ion is commonly used
because best energy to weight ratio and slow loss of charge when
not in use.ESS store energy at the time of surplus and redispatch
it when needed.
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ESS plays an important role in microgrid.Sizing of ESS to be
considered first when considering ESS in Microgrid.ESS increase the
reliability of power system. The cost of ESS includes one time ESS
cost and the annual maintenance cost.The battery storage system
made up of small battery blocks.Energy storage system21COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING MUNNAR
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ESS in islanded microgridSizing of a suitable battery bank in
terms of power and energy help in shaving the peak demand.Stores
excess renewable energy and supply load when renewable energy is
low.When ESS discharges its energy to power grid, its generating
positive real power22COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
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ESS in grid connected microgridThe upstream grid can be treated
as bidirectional generator which generate positive power when power
is transferred from the MG and generate negative power when the
power transferred from the Microgrid to upstream grid. The output
of bidirectional generator is limited by the capacity of
transmission line between the Microgrid and upstream grid.
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Energy storage technologiesUltracapacitors.Superconducting
magnetic ESS.Compressed air.Pumped hydro.Fuel cells.Fly
wheels.Batteries.
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Types of batteriesNickel Cadmium.Lead Acid.Li-ion.
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On going Microgrid activitiesCERTS *Demonstrated in Santa Rita
jail, in California *Main objective- Reduce Microgrid system cost
Increase reliability
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Fort Sill
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SPIDERS programIllinois Institute of Technologies perfect power
system
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Conventional Grid vs. MicrogridEfficiency of conventional grid
is very low as compared to Microgrid.Large amount of energy in the
form of heat is wasted in conventional grid.Power sources in case
of Microgrid (often referred to as Microsources) are small and are
located in close proximity to load.
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Advantages & DisadvantagesMicrogrid AdvantagesA major
advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability, during a utility grid
disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the utility
seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within the
Microgrid.In peak load periods it prevents utility grid failure by
reducing the load on the grid.Significant environmental benefits
made possible by the use of low or zero emission generators.
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Advantages & DisadvantagesMicrogrid AdvantagesThe use of
both electricity and heat permitted by the close proximity of the
generator to the user, thereby increasing the overall energy
efficiency.Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to
its users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.
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Advantages & DisadvantagesMicrogrid DisadvantagesVoltage,
frequency and power quality are three main parameters that must be
considered and controlled to acceptable standards whilst the power
and energy balance is maintained.Electrical energy needs to be
stored in battery banks thus requiring more space and
maintenance.Resynchronization with the utility grid is
difficult.
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Advantages & DisadvantagesMicrogrid DisadvantagesMicrogrid
protection is one of the most important challenges facing the
implementation of Microgrids.Issues such as standby charges and net
metering may pose obstacles for Microgrid.Interconnection standards
needs to be developed to ensure consistency. IEEE P1547, a standard
proposed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers may
end up filling the void.
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Future Directions on Microgrid Research
To investigate full-scale development, field demonstration,
experimental performance evaluation of frequency and voltage
control methods under various operation modes.Transition between
grid connected and islanded modes on interaction phenomena between
distribution generation and high penetration of distributed
generation.Transformation of Microgrid system today into the
intelligent, robust energy delivery system in the future by
providing significant reliability and security benefits.
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Future scopeIn the near future when cost of Microgrid system
will be affordable then Microgrids will become more popular and
conventional grid will be replaced by Micro grid.Research are going
such as to increase stability and reliability of the Microgrid for
effecttive working.
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conclusion
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Micro-Grid gives impetus to the use of Renewable sources of
energy.
Reliability is achieved due to decentralization of supply.
In an event of Power Grid failure Micro-Grid is one of the best
alternatives.36COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
references[1] H. Rongxian , L. Zhiwen , C. Yaoming , W. Fu and
R. Guoguang "DC micro-grid simulation test platform", Proc.
9thTaiwan Power Electron. Conf., pp.1361 -1366 2010 [2] S. Morozumi
"Micro-grid demonstration projects in Japan", Proc. IEEE Power
Convers. Conf., pp.635 -642 Apr. 2007[3] YUAN Vue, LI Zhenjie, FENG
Yu. "Development Purposes, Orientations and prospects of microgrid
in China". Automation of Electric Power Systems (in Chinese), voU,
pp.59-64., Apr. 2010.[4] LU Zongxiang, WANG Caixia, MIN Y ong.
"Overview on microgrid research". Automation of Electric Power
Systemsvo1.l9, pp.lOO-l06, Apr. 2007.
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