1. PIPING HANDBOOKMohinder L. Nayyar, P.E.ASME FellowThe sixth
edition of this Handbook was edited byMohindar L. Nayyar, P.E.The
fifth edition of this Handbook was edited byReno C. King, B.M.E,
M.M.E., D.Sc., P.E.Professor of Mechanical Engineering and
Assistant Dean,School of Engineering and Science, New York
UniversityRegistered Professional EngineerThe first four editions
of this Handbook were edited bySabin Crocker, M.E.Fellow, ASME:
Registered Professional EngineerSeventh EditionMCGRAW-HILLNew York
San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland BogotaCaracas Lisbon London
Madrid Mexico City MilanMontreal New Delhi San Juan SingaporeSydney
Tokyo Toronto
2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNayyar,
Mohinder L.Piping handbook / [edited by] Mohinder L. Nayyar.7th
ed.p. cm.ISBN 0-07-047106-11. PipeHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2.
Pipe-fittingHandbooks,manuals, etc. I. Nayyar, Mohinder
L.McGraw-HillCopyright 2000, 1992, 1967 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Allrights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. Except aspermitted under the United States Copyright Act
of 1976, no part of thispublication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by anymeans, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the priorwritten permission of the
publisher.Copyright 1930, 1931, 1939, 1945 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All
RightsReserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of
thispublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical,photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
writtenpermission of the publisher.Copyright renewed 1973, 67, and
59 by Sabin Crocker. All rightsreserved.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC
9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9ISBN 0-07-047106-1The sponsoring editor
for this book was Linda Ludewig, the editingsupervisor was Peggy
Lamb, and the production supervisor was SherriSouffrance. This book
was set in Times Roman by the PRD Group.Printed and bound by R. R.
Donnelley & Sons Company.Information contained in this work has
been obtained by TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) from
sourcesbelieved to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill norits
authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation
published herein and neither McGraw-Hill norits authors shall be
responsible for any errors, omissions, ordamages arising out of use
of this information. This work ispublished with the understanding
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Is such ser-vicesare required, the assistance of an appropriate
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paper
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SEALINGCzernikGASKET HANDBOOKEckhardtKINEMATIC DESIGN OF MACHINES
AND MECHANISMSElliott et al.STANDARD HANDBOOK OF POWERPLANT
ENGINEERINGFrankelFACILITY PIPING SYSTEMS HANDBOOKHainesWilsonHVAC
SYSTEMS DESIGN HANDBOOKHarrisCredeSHOCK AND VIBRATION
HANDBOOKHicksHANDBOOK OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONSHiggins
et al.MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING HANDBOOKHodsonMAYNARDS INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING HANDBOOKJuranGrynaJURANS QUALITY CONTROL
HANDBOOKKarassik et al.PUMP HANDBOOKLewisFACILITY MANAGERS
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HANDBOOKShigleyMischkeSTANDARD HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGNSkousenTHE
VALVE HANDBOOKSolomonSENSORS HANDBOOKStoeckerINDUSTRIAL
REFRIGERATION HANDBOOKSuchyHANDBOOK OF DIE DESIGNWalshMcGRAW-HILL
MACHINING AND METALWORKING HANDBOOKWalshELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN
HANDBOOKWangHANDBOOK OF AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATIONWoodson
et al.HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN HANDBOOKWrennallLeeHANDBOOK OF
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL FACILITIESMANAGEMENTZiuHANDBOOK OF DOUBLE
CONTAINMENT PIPING SYSTEMSFor more information about McGraw-Hill
materials,call 1-800-2-MCGRAW in the United States. In
othercountries, call your nearest McGraw-Hill office.
4. CONTENTSHonors List xiPreface xviiHow to Use This Handbook
xixPart A: Piping FundamentalsChapter A1. Introduction to Piping
Mohinder L. Nayyar A.1Chapter A2. Piping Components Ervin L. Geiger
A.53Chapter A3. Piping Materials James M. Tanzosh A.125Chapter A4.
Piping Codes and Standards Mohinder L. Nayyar A.179Chapter A5.
Manufacturing of Metallic Piping Daniel R. Avery andAlfred Lohmeier
A.243Chapter A6. Fabrication and Installation of Piping Edward F.
Gerwin A.261Chapter A7. Bolted Joints Gordon Britton A.331Chapter
A8. Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe and FittingsRichard E.
Deremiah A.397Chapter A9. Grooved and Pressfit Piping SystemsLouis
E. Hayden, Jr. A.417v
5. vi CONTENTSChapter A10. Selection and Application of Valves
Mohinder L. Nayyar,Dr. Hans D. Baumann A.459Part B: Generic Design
ConsiderationsChapter B1. Hierarchy of Design Documents Sabin
Crocker, Jr. B.1Chapter B2. Design Bases Joseph H. Casiglia
B.19Chapter B3. Piping Layout Lawrence D. Lynch,Charles A.
Bullinger, Alton B. Cleveland, Jr. B.75Chapter B4. Stress Analysis
of Piping Dr. Chakrapani Basavaraju,Dr. William Saifung Sun
B.107Chapter B5. Piping Supports Lorenzo Di Giacomo, Jr.,Jon R.
Stinson B.215Chapter B6. Heat Tracing of Piping Chet
Sandberg,Joseph T. Lonsdale, J. Erickson B.241Chapter B7. Thermal
Insulation of Piping Kenneth R. Collier,Kathleen Posteraro
B.287Chapter B8. Flow of Fluids Dr. Tadeusz J. Swierzawski
B.351Chapter B9. Cement-Mortar and Concrete Linings for
PipingRichard E. Deremiah B.469Chapter B10. Fusion Bonded Epoxy
Internal Linings and ExternalCoatings for Pipeline Corrosion
Protection Alan Kehr B.481Chapter B11. Rubber Lined Piping Systems
Richard K. Lewis,David Jentzsch B.507
6. CONTENTS viiChapter B12. Plastic Lined Piping for Corrosion
ResistanceMichael B. Ferg, John M. Kalnins B.533Chapter B13. Double
Containment Piping SystemsChristopher G. Ziu B.569Chapter B14.
Pressure and Leak Testing of Piping SystemsRobert B. Adams, Thomas
J. Bowling B.651Part C: Piping SystemsChapter C1. Water Systems
Piping Michael G. Gagliardi,Louis J. Liberatore C.1Chapter C2. Fire
Protection Piping Systems Russell P. Fleming,Daniel L. Arnold
C.53Chapter C3. Steam Systems Piping Daniel A. Van Duyne
C.83Chapter C4. Building Services Piping Mohammed N. Vohra,Paul A.
Bourquin C.135Chapter C5. Oil Systems Piping Charles L. Arnold,
Lucy A. Gebhart C.181Chapter C6. Gas Systems Piping Peter H. O.
Fischer C.249Chapter C7. Process Systems Piping Rod T. Mueller
C.305Chapter C8. Cryogenic Systems Piping Dr. N. P.
Theophilos,Norman H. White, Theodore F. Fisher, Robert
Zawierucha,M. J. Lockett, J. K. Howell, A. R. Belair, R. C.
Cipolla,Raymond Dale Woodward C.391Chapter C9. Refrigeration
Systems Piping William V. Richards C.457
7. viii CONTENTSChapter C10. Hazardous Piping Systems Ronald W.
Haupt C.533Chapter C11. Slurry and Sludge Systems Piping Ramesh L.
Gandhi C.567Chapter C12. Wastewater and Stormwater Systems
PipingDr. Ashok L. Lagvankar, John P. Velon C.619Chapter C13.
Plumbing Piping Systems Michael Frankel C.667Chapter C14. Ash
Handling Piping Systems Vincent C. Ionita,Joel H. Aschenbrand
C.727Chapter C15. Compressed Air Piping Systems Michael Frankel
C.755Chapter C16. Compressed Gases and Vacuum Piping SystemsMichael
Frankel C.801Chapter C17. Fuel Gas Distribution Piping Systems
Michael Frankel C.839Part D: Nonmetallic PipingChapter D1.
Thermoplastics Piping Dr. Timothy J. McGrath,Stanley A. Mruk
D.1Chapter D2. Fiberglass Piping Systems Carl E. Martin D.79Part E:
AppendicesAppendix E1. Conversion Tables Ervin L. Geiger
E.1Appendix E2. Pipe Properties (US Customary Units)Dr. Chakrapani
Basavaraju E.13
8. CONTENTS ixAppendix E2M. Pipe Properties (Metric) Dr.
Chakrapani Basavaraju E.23Appendix E3. Tube Properties (US
Customary Units) Ervin L. Geiger E.31Appendix E3M. Tube Properties
(Metric) Troy J. Skillen E.37Appendix E4. Friction Loss for Water
in Feet per 100 Feet of Pipe E.39Appendix E4M. Friction Loss for
Water in Meters per 100 Meters ofPipe Troy J. Skillen E.59Appendix
E5. Acceptable Pipe, Tube and Fitting Materials perthe ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code and the ASME PressurePiping Code Jill M.
Hershey E.61Appendix E6. International Piping Material
SpecificationsR. Peter Deubler E.69Appendix E7. Miscellaneous
Fluids and Their Properties Akhil Prakash E.83Appendix E8.
Miscellaneous Materials and Their PropertiesAkhil Prakash
E.101Appendix E9. Piping Related Computer Programs and
TheirCapabilities Anthony W. Paulins E.109Appendix E10.
International Standards and Specifications for Pipe, Tube,Fittings,
Flanges, Bolts, Nuts, Gaskets and Valves Soami D. Suri E.119Index
I.1
9. HONORS LISTCONTRIBUTORSRobert B. Adams, PresidentCEO,
Expansion Seal Technologies, 334 Godshall Drive,Harleysville, PA
19438-2008 (CHAP. B14)Charles L. Arnold, Principal Pipeline
Consultant, 716 Hillside Avenue, Albany, CA 94706(CHAP. C5)Joel E.
Aschenbrand, James S. Merritt Company, Lizell Building, Suite 202,
P. O. Box 707,Montgomeryville, PA 18936-0707 (CHAP. C14)Daniel R.
Avery, Technical Marketing Manager, Wyman-Gordon Forgings, Inc.,
CameronForged Product Division, P. O. Box 40456, Houston, TX
77240-0456 (CHAP. A5)Dr. Chakrapani Basavaraju, Engineering
Specialist, Bechtel Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD
21703 (CHAP. B4 AND APPS. E2 AND E2M)Dr. Hans D. Baumann, Fisher
Controls International, Inc., Portsmouth,NH03801 (CHAP.A10)A. R.
Belair, PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box 44, Tonawanda,
NY 14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Paul A. Bourquin, Formerly Senior Vice
President, WolffMunier, Inc., 50 Broadway,Hawthorne, NY 10532
(CHAP. C4)Thomas J. Bowling, P.E., Manager, Pipe Repair Product
Line, Team Environmental Ser-vices,Inc., Alvin, TX 77512 (CHAP.
B14)Gordon Britton, President, Integra Technologies Limited, 1355
Confederation Street, Sarnia,Ontario, N7T7J4, Canada (CHAP.
A7)Charles A. Bullinger, Formerly Engineering Specialist, Bechtel
Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703 (CHAP.
B3)Joseph H. Casiglia, P.E. Consulting Engineer, Piping, Detroit
Edison, 2000 Second Ave.,Detroit, MI 48226 (CHAP. B2)R. C. Cipolla,
Cryogenic Equipment Engineer, PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive,
P.O.Box 44, Tonawanda, NY 14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Alton B. Cleveland,
Jr., President, Jacobus Technology, Inc., 7901 Beech Craft Ave.,
Gaith-ersburg,MD 20879 (CHAP. B3)Kenneth R. Collier, Systems
Engineer, Pittsburgh Corning, 800 Presque Isle Drive,
Pitts-burgh,PA 15239 (CHAP. B7)Sabin Crocker, Jr., P.E. 307
Claggett Drive, Rockville, MD 20851 (CHAP. B1)Richard E. Deremiah,
P.E., Project Manager, Price Brothers Company, 367 West
SecondAvenue, Dayton, OH 45402 (CHAPS. A8 AND B9)R. Peter Deubler,
P.E., Technical Director, Fronek Company, Inc., 15 Engle Street,
Engle-wood,NJ 07631 (APP. E6)Lorenzo DiGiacomo, Jr., Senior
Engineer,Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive,Frederick,
MD 21703 (CHAP. B5)C. J. Erickson, Engineering Consultant, Retired
from E. I. DuPont De NemoursCo.,P.O. Box 6090, Newark, DE
19714-6090 (CHAP. B6)xi
10. xii HONORS LISTMichael B. Ferg, Marketing Engineer, Crane
Resistoflex Company, One Quality Way, Mar-ion,NC 28752 (CHAP.
B12)Peter H. O. Fischer, Manager, Pipeline Operations, Bechtel
Corporation, P.O. Box 193965,50 Beale Street, San Francisco, CA
94119 (CHAP. C6)Theodore F. Fisher, Process Engineer, PRAXAIR,
Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box 44,Tonawanda, NY 14150-2053
(CHAP. C8)Russell P. Fleming, P.E., Vice President Engineering,
National Fire Sprinkler Association,Inc., Robin Hill Corporate
Park, Route 22, P. O. Box 1000, Patterson, NY 12563 (CHAP.
C2)Phillip D. Flenner, P.E., Staff Engineer Welding, Consumer
Energy, Palisades Nuclear Plant,27780 Blue Star Highway, Covert, MI
49043-9530 (CHAP. C10)Michael Frankel, CIPE, 56 Emerson Road,
Somerset, NJ 08873 (CHAPS. C13, C15, C16 AND C17)Michael G.
Gagliardi, Manager, Raytheon EngineersConstructors, 160 Chubb
Avenue,Lyndhurst, NJ 07071 (CHAPS. C1 AND APP. E4)Dr. William E.
Gale, P.E., Bundy, GaleShields, 44 School Terrace, Novato, CA
94945(CHAP. C10)Ramesh L. Gandhi, Chief Slurry Engineer, Bechtel
Corporation, P.O. Box 193965, 50 BealeStreet, San Francisco, CA
94119 (CHAP. C11)Lucy A. Gebhart, Pipeline Engineer, Bechtel
Corporation, P.O. Box 193965, 50 Beale Street,San Francisco, CA
94119 (CHAP. C5)Ervin L. Geiger, P.E., Engineering Supervisor,
Bechtel Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick, MD 21703 (CHAP.
A2, APPS. E1 AND E3)Edward F. Gerwin, Life Fellow ASME, 1515
Grampian Boulevard, Williamsport, PA 17701(CHAP. A6)Ronald W.
Haupt, P.E., Senior Consultant, Pressure Piping Engineering Assoc.,
291 PuffinCourt, Foster City, CA 94404-1318 (CHAP. C10)Louis E.
Hayden, Jr., Divisional Operations Manager, Victaulic Company of
America, 4901Kesslersville Road, Easton, PA 18040 (CHAP. A9)Jill M.
Hershey, Mechanical Engineer, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
Westview Drive,Frederick, MD 21703 (APP. E5)J. K. Howell, Cold Box
Engineer, PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box
44,Tonawanda, NY 14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Vincent C. Ionita, Senior
Engineering Specialist, 5275 Westview Drive, Frederick, MD
21703(CHAP. C14)David Jentzsch, General Manager, Blair Rubber
Company, 1252 Mina Avenue, Akron, OH44321 (CHAP. B11)John M.
Kalnins, Crane Resistoflex Company, 4675 E. Wilder Road, Bay City,
MI 48706(CHAP. B12)J. Alan Kehr, Technical Marketing Manager, 3M
Company, 3M Austin Center, BuildingA147-4N-02, 6801 River Place
Boulevard, Austin, TX 78726-9000 (CHAP. B10)Dr. Ashok L. Lagvankar,
Vice President, Earth Tech., 3121 Butterfield Road, Oak Brook,IL
60523 (CHAP. C12)Richard K. Lewis, Executive Vice President, Blair
Rubber Company, 1252 Mina Avenue,Akron, OH 44321 (CHAP. B11)Louis
J. Liberatore, Staff Engineer, Raytheon EngineersConstructors, 160
ChubbAvenue,Lyndhurst, NJ 07071 (CHAP. C1 AND APP. E4)
11. HONORS LIST xiiiAlfred Lohmeier, Materials Engineer,
Formerly Vice President, Stanitomo Corporation ofAmerica, 345 Park
Ave., New York, NY 10154 (CHAP. A5)Michael J. Lockett, PRAXAIR,
Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box 44, Tonawanda, NY14150-2053
(CHAP. C8)Joseph T. Lonsdale, Director of Engineering, Dryden
Engineering Company, Fremont, CA94063 (CHAP. B6)Lawrence D. Lynch,
Engineering Supervisor, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703 (CHAP. B3)Carl E. Martin,
Director Marketing, Fibercast Company, P.O. Box 968, Sand Springs,
Okla-homa74063-0968 (CHAP. D2)Timothy J. McGrath, Principal,
Simpson, GumpertzHeger, Inc., 297 Broadway, Arling-ton,MA
02174-5310 (CHAP. D1)Stanley A. Mruk, 115 Grant Avenue, New
Providence, NJ 07974 (CHAP. D1)Rod T. Mueller, Engineering
Standards Coordinator, Exxon ResearchEngineering Co.,180 Park
Avenue, Florham Park, NJ 07932 (CHAP. C7)Mohinder L. Nayyar, P.E.,
ASME Fellow, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
WestviewDrive,Frederick, MD 21703 (CHAPS. A1, A4, AND A10)Alan D.
Nance, A. D. Nance Associates, Inc., 4545 Glenda Lane, Evans, GA
30809-3215(CHAP. C10)Kathleen Posteraro, Systems Engineer,
Pittsburgh Corning, 800 Presque Isle Drive, Pitts-burgh,PA 15239
(CHAP. B7)Anthony Paulin, President, Anthony Research Group, 25211
Gregans Mill Road, Suite 315,Spring, TX 77380-2924 (APP. E9)Akhil
Prakash, P.E., Supervisor Engineer, 12741 King Street,Overland
Park, KS 66213 (APPS.E7 AND E8)William V. Richards, P.E., 4 Court
of Fox River Valley, Lincolnshire, IL 60069 (CHAP. C9)Chet
Sandberg, Chief Engineer, Raychem Corporation, 300
ConstitutionDrive, Menlo Park,CA 94025-1164 (CHAP. B6)Robert E.
Serb, P.E., Pressure Piping Engineering Assoc., 291 Puffin Court,
Foster City,CA 94404-1318 (CHAP. C10)Troy J. Skillen, Mechanical
Engineer, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick,
MD 21703 (APPS. E3M AND E4M)Soami D. Suri, P.E., Senior Mechanical
Engineer,Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick,
MD 21703 (APP. E10)Jon R. Stinson, Supervisor, Engineering, Lisega,
Inc., 375 West Main Street, Newport, TN37821 (CHAP. B5)Dr.William
Saifung Sun, Engineering Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation,
5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703 (CHAP. B4)Dr. Tadeusz J.
Swierzawski, 50 Chandler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 (CHAP. B8)James
M. Tanzosh, Supervisor, Materials Engineering, BabcockWilcox Co.,
20 S. VanBuren Ave., Barberton, OH 44203 (CHAP. A3)N. P.
Theophilos, Standards Manager, PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive,
P.O. Box 44,Tonawanda, NY 14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Daniel A. Van Duyne,
206 Nautilus Drive, Apt. No. 107, New London, CT 06320 (CHAP.
C3)
12. xiv HONORS LISTJohn P. Velon, Vice President, Harza
Engineering Company, Sears Towers, 233 SouthWacker Drive, Chicago,
IL 60606-6392 (CHAP. C11)Mohammed N. Vohra, Consulting Engineer,
9314 Northgate Road, Laurel, MD 20723(CHAP. C4)Norman H. White,
Applications Engineer, PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O.
Box44, Tonawanda, NY 14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Raymond Dale Woodward,
PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box 44, Tona-wanda,NY
14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Robert Zawierucba, Materials Engineer,
PRAXAIR, Inc., 175 East Park Drive, P.O. Box44, Tonawanda, NY
14150-2053 (CHAP. C8)Christopher G. Ziu, 7 Douglas Street,
Merrimack, NH 03054 (CHAP. B13)REVIEWERSHarry A. Ainsworth, S.P.E.,
Consultant, 4 Maple Avenue, Sudbury, MA 01776-344Karen L. Baker,
Senior Mechanical Engineer, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703Dr. C. Basavaraju, Senior
Engineering Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703Robert Burdick, Bassett
Mechanical, P. O. Box 755, Appleton, WI 54912-0755Richard E.
Chambers, Principal, Simpson, GumpertzHager, Inc., 297 Broadway,
Arling-ton,MA 02174Sabin Crocker, Jr., P.E., 307 Claggett Drive,
Rockville, MD 20878. Formerly Project Engi-neer,Bechtel Power
Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive, Frederick, MD 21703Donald R.
Frikken, P.E., Engineering Fellow, Solutia, Inc. 10300 Olive
Boulevard, St. Louis,MO 63141-7893E. L. Geiger, P.E. Engineering
Supervisor, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275
WestviewDrive,Frederick, MD 21703James Gilmore, Senior Engineering
Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive,
Frederick, MD 21703Evans C. Goodling, Jr., P.E., Consulting
Engineer, Parsons EnergyChemical Group,2675 Morgantown Road,
Reading, PA 19607-9676John Gruber, Senior Engineering Specialist,
Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD
21703Charles Henley, Engineering Supervisor, BlackVeach, 8400 Ward
Parkway, P. O. Box8405, Kansas City, MO 64114Jill M. Hershey,
Mechanical Engineer, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 Westview
Drive,Frederick, MD 21703Michele L. Jocelyn, P.E., Mechanical
Engineer, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick,
MD 21703H. Steven Kanofsky, P.E., Principal Civil Engineer,
Washington Suburban Sanitary Com-mission,14501 Sweitzer Lane,
Laurel, MD 20707 (CHAP. C1)James Kunze, Vice President, P.E., Earth
Tech., 1020 North Broadway, Milwaukee, WI53202
13. HONORS LIST xvDonald J. Leininger, 7810 College View Court,
Roanoke, VA 24019-4442Jimmy E. Meyer, Middough Association, Inc.,
1910E 13th Street, Suite 300, Cleveland, OH44114-3524RonaldG.
McCutcheon, Senior Design Engineer, Mechanical SystemsEquipment
Depart-ment,Ontario Hydro Nuclear, 700 University Avenue, Toronto,
ON, Canada, M5G1X6Mohinder L. Nayyar, ASME Fellow, Bechtel Power
Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick, MD 21703Ann F. Paine,
P.E., Senior Engineering Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation,
5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703Soami D. Suri, P.E., Senior
Mechanical Engineer,Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive,
Frederick, MD 21703 (APP. E10)Henry R. Sonderegger, P.E.,
Engineering Manager, Research and Development Center,1467 Elmwood
Avenue, Cranston, RI 02910George W. Spohn, III, Executive Vice
President, Coleman Spohn Corporation, 1775 E. 45thStreet,
Cleveland, OH 44103-2318Kristi Vilminot, Engineering Supervisor,
BlackVeach, 2200 Commonwealth Boulevard,Ann Arbor, MI 48105Mahmood
Naghash, Senior Engineering Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation,
5275 West-viewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703Ralph W. Rapp, Jr., Senior
Staff Engineer, Shell Oil Product Company, P. O. Box 2099,Houston,
TX 77252-2099.Gursharan Singh, Engineering Supervisor, Bechtel
Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick, MD 21703Walter M.
Stephan, Engineering Manager, Flexitallic, Inc., 1300 Route 73,
Suite 311, Mt.Laurel, NJ 08054Dr. Jagdish K. Virmani, Senior
Engineering Specialist, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275Westview
Drive, Frederick, MD 21703Charles Webb, Application Engineer,
Ameron, P. O. Box 878, Burkburnett, TX 76354Horace E. Wetzell, Jr.,
Vice President, The SmithOby Company, 6107 Carnegie
Avenue,Cleveland, OH 44103TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE
SUPPORTMichelle A. Clay, Project Administrator, Bechtel Power
Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick, MD 21703Rohit Goel,
Piping Engineer, Bechtel India Limited, 249A Udyog Vihar, Phase IV,
Gurgaon-122015, Haryana, IndiaJill M. Hershey, Mechanical Engineer,
Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick, MD
21703Dheeraj Modawel, Piping Engineer, Bechtel India Limited, 249A
Udyog Vihar, Phase IV,Gurgaon-122015, Haryana, IndiaDarya Nabavian,
Mechanical Engineer, Bechtel Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,
Freder-ick,MD 21703
14. xvi HONORS LISTSandeep Singh, Piping Engineer, Bechtel
India Limited, 249A Udyog Vihar, Phase IV,Gurgaon-122015, Haryana,
IndiaTroy J. Skillen, Mechanical Engineer, Bechtel Power
Corporation, 5275 Westview Drive,Frederick, MD 21703M. C. Stapp,
Project Administrator, Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 Westview
Drive, Fred-erick,MD 21703Soami D. Suri, P.E., Senior Mechanical
Engineer,Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 WestviewDrive, Frederick,
MD 21703 (APP. E10)James Kenyon White, Administrative Supervisor,
Bechtel Power Corporation, 5275 West-viewDrive, Frederick, MD
21703Dolly Pollen, 656 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, MD
20878
15. PREFACEIt is with great sense of gratitude and humility I
take this blessed moment to offerthis Seventh Edition of Piping
Handbook. The challenge presented by the successof the Sixth
Edition, coupled with our objective to enhance its reference value
andwiden its scope, motivated us to reach out and draw upon the
recognized expertiseon piping related topics not covered in the
Sixth Edition. In addition, we directedour synergetic efforts to
upgrade the existing contents to include the latest advancesand
developments in the field of piping and related
technologies.Fifteen (15) new chapters and nine (9) new appendixes
have been added. Theseadditions accord a unique status to this
resource book as it covers piping relatedtopics not covered in any
one book. Inclusion of metric and/or SI units along withUS
customary units is intended to accommodate the growing needs of the
shrinkingworld and the realities of the international market.We
have maintained the familiarand easy to use format of the Sixth
Edition.I consider myself fortunate to have the opportunity to
associate and work withrenowned and recognized specialists and
leaders whose contributions are not limitedto this Piping Handbook,
but go far beyond. For me it has been a rewarding andenlightening
experience. I find myself humbled by depth of their knowledge,
practi-calexperience, and professional achievements. These
distinguished contributorshave offered the sum total of their know
how in the form of guidance, cautions,prohibitions,
recommendations, practical illustrations, and examples, which
shouldbe used prudently with due consideration for application
requirements. Thestrength, authenticity, and utility of this
reference book lie in the wide spreaddiversity of their expertise
and unity of their professionalism.Based upon the feedback received
over the past seven years from the users ofthe Sixth Edition of
this handbook, I feel honored to express my and users gratitudeto
all the contributors for their commitment to their profession and
their highergoal of helping others. They have made the difference.
Their spirit of giving backhas not only continued, but has brought
in new contributors to expand the scopeand enhance the utility of
this handbook. I feel confident that all the contributorsshall
enjoy the professional satisfaction and the gratitude of users of
this handbook.The selfless efforts of all the reviewers listed in
the Honors List are of greatsignificance in making improvements in
presentation of the subject matter. Theextent of their experience,
knowledge, and an insight of topics has been instrumentalin
extracting the best out of contributors and upgrading the contents
of thishandbook.The contributors and reviewers have earned a
distinguished status. I salute theircommitment; admire their
efforts; respect their professionalism; and applaud
theirachievements. I want to recognize their perseverance,
dedication, hard work andsincerity of their commitment in spite of
increasing demands on their time.I am indebted to the members of
the editorial team who spent countless hoursand made personal
sacrifices to make this team project a reality. Jill Hershey,
TroySkillen, and Soami Suri did not spare any effort to not only
fulfill their commitment,but went beyond to accomplish the
objectives. They offered constructive comments,xvii
16. xviii PREFACEnew ideas and energy to support them. In
addition to contributing, they assistedme in reviewing, editing,
checking and correcting the manuscript. Furthermore,they provided
an objective assessment of needs of progressive professionals
involvedin piping related fields. Their efforts reinforced my faith
in bright future of ourprofession. The support and assistance
provided by Ervin L. Geiger and SabinCrocker, Jr., as Associate
Editors, is key to the successful completion of this effort.Each
and every individual providing administrative, technical and
automationservices, listed in Honors List, kept the entire process
moving smoothly by theirsincere efforts. Linda Ludewig, Peggy Lamb,
and the others at McGraw-Hill couldnot be better or more
cooperative in accommodating our reasonable and
unreason-ablerequests in producing this handbook to the best of
their abilities.Whenever you, the readers and users of this
handbook, find it to be of help inyour mission, please thank the
contributors, reviewers, technical, administrativeand automation
personnel listed in the Honors List, and the editorial and
productionstaff ofMcGraw-Hill. If, at any time, this handbook falls
short of your expectations,please do not hesitate to pass it on to
me. It will help us improve the contents andtheir utility. I shall
owe you my gratitude.I take pride in recognizing the active support
of my daughters, Mukta andMahak; and my son, Manav; who helped me
in researching and collecting data;preparing manuscript; reviewing
proof pages; and performing other tasks, as needed.This time they
not only allowed me to devote their share of my life to this
handbook,but also dedicated a part of their life to it. My wife,
Prabha, provided the proverbialsupport a spouse can hope for, in
doing and accomplishing what I aimed for. Nowords can convey my
feelings and thoughts for her contributions.Mohinder L. Nayyar
17. HOW TO USE THISHANDBOOKAs with any handbook, the user of
this handbook can seek the topic covered eitherwith the help of the
table of contents or the index. However, an understanding ofthe
organization and the format of this handbook will enhance its
utility.The handbook is organized in five parts:Part A, Piping
Fundamentals: There are ten chapters in Part A, numberedAl through
A10, dealing with commonly used terminology associated with
pipingunitsU.S. Customary units and metric/SI units, piping
components, materials,piping codes and standards, manufacturing of
piping, fabrication and installationof piping, bolted joints,
prestressed concrete piping, and grooved and Pressfit
pipingsystems, Each chapter is a self-contained unit. The chapter
numbers, figures andtables sequentially preceded. For example, in
the case of Chapter Al, the figuresare numbered as Fig. A1.1, Fig.
A1.2, and so on, and tables are numbered as TableA1.1, Table A1.2,
and so on. Pages are numbered sequentially throughout eachpart,
starting with A.1.Part B, GenericDesign Considerations: The Part B
consists of fourteen chapters.The topics covered deal with generic
design considerations, whichmay be applicableto any piping system
irrespective of the fluid or the mixture carried by the piping.The
generic topics are design documents, design bases, piping layout,
stress analysis,piping supports, heat tracing, thermal insulation,
and flow of fluids. In addition, thelined piping systems: cement,
rubber, epoxy and plastic lined piping systems areincluded to
provide guidance when corrosion is a concern. A chapter on
doublecontainment piping systems provides needed guidance to handle
hazardous fluids.The last chapter in Part B deals with pressure
testing of piping systems. The chapter,page, figure, and table
numbering scheme is similar to that described for Part A.Part C,
Piping Systems: There are 17 chapters in Part C, each dealing with
aspecific type of piping system or systems involving application of
specific considera-tions.The piping systems covered include water,
fire protection, steam, buildingservices, oil, gas, chemical and
refinery (process piping), cryogenic, refrigeration,toxic and
hazardous wastes, slurry and sludge, stormwater and wastewater,
plumb-ing,ash handling, compressed air and vacuum, fuel gas and
laboratory pipingsystems. The numbering approach for Part C is
similar to Part A.Part D, Nonmetallic Piping: Part D has two
chapters, Dl and D2. Chapter Dladdresses thermoplastics piping, and
Chapter D2 covers fiberglass piping systems.The numbering scheme
for pages, figures, and tables is similar to the one followedfor
Part A.Part E, Appendixes: Part E of the handbook contains
reference technical dataand information that could be very handy
and useful to the users. It consists of 10appendixes, El through
E10. They include conversion tables, pipe and tube
proper-ties,pressure drop tables, ASTM and international piping
materials, fluid properties,piping related computer programs, and
an exhaustive list of international standards.Depending upon the
need, level of piping knowledge, and requirements, thexix
18. xx HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOKuser of this handbook may find
it very convenient to locate the desired informationby focusing on
a specific part of the handbook.Last but not least, the Seventh
Edition of Piping Handbook includes metric/SIunits in parentheses.
The values stated in each system are not exact
equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of
the other. At times, unitequivalents are rounded off while at
places they are approximated to provide ameasure of equivalency.
Different approaches have been followed depending uponthe practices
prevalent in a segment of the piping industry. We regret the
variationsand expect the users to understand the state of the art
in regard to use of units.The users are cautioned to check and
verify units prior to making calculations withthe help of equations
included in the handbook or elsewhere.
19. P A R T APIPINGFUNDAMENTALS
20. CHAPTER A1INTRODUCTION TO PIPINGMohinder L Nayyar, P.
E.ASME FellowBechtel Power CorporationINTRODUCTIONPiping systems
are like arteries and veins. They carry the lifeblood of
moderncivilization. In a modern city they transport water from the
sources of water supplyto the points of distribution; convey waste
from residential and commercial buildingsand other civic facilities
to the treatment facility or the point of discharge.
Similarly,pipelines carry crude oil from oil wells to tank farms
for storage or to refineriesfor processing. The natural gas
transportation and distribution lines convey naturalgas from the
source and storage tank forms to points of utilization, such as
powerplants, industrial facilities, and commercial and residential
communities. In chemicalplants, paper mills, food processing
plants, and other similar industrial establish-ments,the piping
systems are utilized to carry liquids, chemicals, mixtures,
gases,vapors, and solids from one location to another.The fire
protection piping networks in residential, commercial, industrial,
andother buildings carry fire suppression fluids, such as water,
gases, and chemicals toprovide protection of life and property. The
piping systems in thermal power plantsconvey high-pressure and
high-temperature steam to generate electricity. Otherpiping systems
in a power plant transport high- and low-pressure water,
chemicals,low-pressure steam, and condensate. Sophisticated piping
systems are used to pro-cessand carry hazardous and toxic
substances. The storm and wastewater pipingsystems transport large
quantities of water away from towns, cities, and industrialand
similar establishments to safeguard life, property, and essential
facilities.In health facilities, piping systems are used to
transport gases and fluids formedical purposes. The piping systems
in laboratories carry gases, chemicals, vapors,and other fluids
that are critical for conducting research and development. In
short,the piping systems are an essential and integral part of our
modern civilization justas arteries and veins are essential to the
human body.The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of
various piping systemsinvolve understanding of piping fundamentals,
materials, generic and specific designconsiderations, fabrication
and installation, examinations, and testing and
inspectionrequirements, in addition to the local, state and federal
regulations.A.3
21. A.4 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSPIPINGPiping includes pipe, flanges,
fittings, bolting, gaskets, valves, and the
pressure-containingportions of other piping components. It also
includes pipe hangers andsupports and other items necessary to
prevent overpressurization and overstressingof the
pressure-containing components. It is evident that pipe is one
element or apart of piping. Therefore, pipe sections when joined
with fittings, valves, and othermechanical equipment and properly
supported by hangers and supports, arecalled piping.PipePipe is a
tube with round cross section conforming to the dimensional
require-mentsof ASME B36.10M Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
ASME B36.19M Stainless Steel PipePipe SizeInitially a system known
as iron pipe size (IPS) was established to designate thepipe size.
The size represented the approximate inside diameter of the pipe
ininches. An IPS 6 pipe is one whose inside diameter is
approximately 6 inches (in).Users started to call the pipe as 2-in,
4-in, 6-in pipe and so on. To begin, each pipesize was produced to
have one thickness, which later was termed as standard (STD)or
standard weight (STD.WT.). The outside diameter of the pipe was
standardized.As the industrial requirements demanded the handling
of higher-pressure fluids,pipes were produced having thicker walls,
which came to be known as extra strong(XS) or extra heavy (XH). The
higher pressure requirements increased further,requiring thicker
wall pipes. Accordingly, pipes were manufactured with doubleextra
strong (XXS) or double extra heavy (XXH) walls while the
standardizedoutside diameters are unchanged.With the development of
stronger and corrosion-resistant piping materials, theneed for
thinner wall pipe resulted in a new method of specifying pipe size
andwall thickness. The designation known as nominal pipe size (NPS)
replaced IPS,and the term schedule (SCH) was invented to specify
the nominal wall thicknessof pipe.Nominal pipe size (NPS) is a
dimensionless designator of pipe size. It indicatesstandard pipe
size when followed by the specific size designation number
withoutan inch symbol. For example, NPS 2 indicates a pipe whose
outside diameter is2.375 in. The NPS 12 and smaller pipe has
outside diameter greater than the sizedesignator (say, 2, 4, 6, . .
.). However, the outside diameter of NPS 14 and largerpipe is the
same as the size designator in inches. For example, NPS 14 pipe has
anoutside diameter equal to 14 in. The inside diameter will depend
upon the pipewall thickness specified by the schedule number. Refer
to ASME B36.10M orASME B36.19M. Refer to App. E2 or E2M.Diameter
nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in
themetric unit system, developed by the International Standards
Organization (ISO).It indicates standard pipe size when followed by
the specific size designation number
22. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.5TABLE A1.1 Pipe Size Designators:
NPS and DNNPS DN NPS DN NPS DN NPS DN 6 3 90 22 550 44 1100 8 4 100
24 600 48 1200 10 5 125 26 650 52 1300 15 6 150 28 700 56 1400 20 8
200 30 750 60 15001 25 10 250 32 800 64 16001 32 12 300 34 850 68
17001 40 14 350 36 900 72 18002 50 16 400 38 950 76 19002 65 18 450
40 1000 80 20003 80 20 500 42 1050 Notes:1. For sizes larger than
NPS 80, determine the DN equivalent by multiplying NPS size
designation numberby 25.without a millimeter symbol. For example,
DN 50 is the equivalent designation ofNPS 2. Refer to Table A1.1
for NPS and DN pipe size equivalents.Pipe Wall ThicknessSchedule is
expressed in numbers (5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 20S, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80,
80S,100, 120, 140, 160). A schedule number indicates the
approximate value of theexpression 1000 P/S, where P is the service
pressure and S is the allowable stress,both expressed in pounds per
square inch (psi). The higher the schedule number,the thicker the
pipe is. The outside diameter of each pipe size is
standardized.Therefore, a particular nominal pipe size will have a
different inside diameterdepending upon the schedule number
specified.Note that the original pipe wall thickness designations
of STD, XS, and XXShave been retained; however, they correspond to
a certain schedule number de-pendingupon the nominal pipe size. The
nominal wall thickness of NPS 10 andsmaller schedule 40 pipe is
same as that of STD.WT. pipe. Also, NPS 8 and smallerschedule 80
pipe has the same wall thickness as XS pipe.The schedule numbers
followed by the letter S are per ASME B36.19M, andthey are
primarily intended for use with stainless steel pipe. The pipe wall
thicknessspecified by a schedule number followed by the letter S
may or may not be thesame as that specified by a schedule number
without the letter S. Refer to ASMEB36.19M and ASME
B36.10M.10,11ASMEB36.19M does not cover all pipe sizes. Therefore,
the dimensional require-mentsof ASME B36.10M apply to stainless
steel pipe of the sizes and schedulesnot covered by ASME
B36.19M.PIPING CLASSIFICATIONIt is usual industry practice to
classify the pipe in accordance with the pressure-temperaturerating
system used for classifying flanges. However, it is not
essential
23. A.6 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSTABLE A1.2 Piping Class Ratings
Based on ASME B16.5 and Corresponding PNDesignatorsClass 150 300
400 600 900 1500 2500PN 20 50 68 110 150 260 420Notes:1.
Pressure-temperature ratings of different classes vary with the
temperature and the material of con-struction.2 For
pressure-temperature ratings, refer to tables in ASME B16.5, or
ASME B16.34.that piping be classified as Class 150, 300, 400, 600,
900, 1500, and 2500. The pipingrating must be governed by the
pressure-temperature rating of the weakest pressure-containingitem
in the piping. The weakest item in a piping system may be a
fittingmade of weaker material or rated lower due to design and
other considerations.Table A1.2 lists the standard pipe class
ratings based on ASME B16.5 along withcorresponding pression
nominal (PN) rating designators. Pression nominal is theFrench
equivalent of pressure nominal.In addition, the piping may be
classified by class ratings covered by other ASMEstandards, such as
ASME B16.1, B16.3, B16.24, and B16.42. A piping system maybe rated
for a unique set of pressures and temperatures not covered by any
standard.Pression nominal (PN) is the rating designator followed by
a designation number,which indicates the approximate pressure
rating in bars. The bar is the unit ofpressure, and 1 bar is equal
to 14.5 psi or 100 kilopascals (kPa). Table A1.2 providesa
cross-reference of the ASME class ratings to PN rating designators.
It is evidentthat the PN ratings do not provide a proportional
relationship between differentPN numbers, whereas the class numbers
do. Therefore, it is recommended thatclass numbers be used to
designate the ratings. Refer to Chap. B2 for a moredetailed
discussion of class rating of piping systems.OTHER PIPE
RATINGSManufacturers RatingBased upon a unique or proprietary
design of a pipe, fitting, or joint, the manufac-turermay assign a
pressure-temperature rating that may form the design basis forthe
piping system. Examples include Victaulic couplings and the
Pressfit systemdiscussed in Chap. A9.In no case shall the
manufacturers rating be exceeded. In addition, the manufac-turermay
impose limitations which must be adhered to.NFPA RatingsThe piping
systems within the jurisdiction of the National Fire Protection
Associa-tion(NFPA) requirements are required to be designed and
tested to certain requiredpressures. These systems are usually
rated for 175 psi (1207.5 kPa), 200 psi (1380kPa), or as
specified.
24. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.7AWWA RatingsThe American Water
Works Association (AWWA) publishes standards and
speci-fications,which are used to design and install water
pipelines and distribution systempiping. The ratings used may be in
accordance with the flange ratings of AWWAC207, Steel Pipe Flanges;
or the rating could be based upon the rating of the jointsused in
the piping.Specific or Unique RatingWhen the design pressure and
temperature conditions of a piping system do notfall within the
pressure-temperature ratings of above-described rating systems,
thedesigner may assign a specific rating to the piping system.
Examples of such applica-tionsinclude main steam or hot reheat
piping of a power plant, whose designpressure and design
temperature may exceed the pressure-temperature rating ofASME B16.5
Class 2500 flanges. It is normal to assign a specific rating to the
piping.This rating must be equal to or higher than the design
conditions. The rating of allpressure-containing components in the
piping system must meet or exceed thespecific rating assigned by
the designer.Dual RatingsSometimes a piping system may be subjected
to full-vacuum conditions or sub-mergedin water and thus experience
external pressure, in addition to withstandingthe internal pressure
of the flow medium. Such piping systems must be rated forboth
internal and external pressures at the given temperatures. In
addition, a pipingsystem may handle more than one flow medium
during its different modes ofoperation. Therefore, such a piping
system may be assigned a dual rating for twodifferent flow media.
For example, a piping system may have condensate flowingthrough it
at some lower temperature during one mode of operation while
steammay flow through it at some higher temperature during another
mode of operation.It may be assigned two pressure ratings at two
different temperatures.GENERAL DEFINITIONSAbsolute Viscosity.
Absolute viscosity or the coefficient of absolute viscosity isa
measure of the internal resistance. In the centimeter, gram, second
(cgs) or metricsystem, the unit of absolute viscosity is the poise
(abbreviated P), which is equalto 100 centipoise (cP). The English
units used to measure or express viscosity areslugs per foot-second
or pound force seconds per square foot. Sometimes, theEnglish units
are also expressed as pound mass per foot-second or poundal
secondsper square foot. Refer to Chap. B8 of this handbook.Adhesive
Joint. A joint made in plastic piping by the use of an adhesive
substancewhich forms a continuous bond between the mating surfaces
without dissolvingeither one of them. Refer to Part D of this
handbook.Air-Hardened Steel. A steel that hardens during cooling in
air from a temperatureabove its transformation range.1
25. A.8 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSAlloy Steel. A steel which owes its
distinctive properties to elements other thancarbon. Steel is
considered to be alloy steel when the maximum of the range givenfor
the content of alloying elements exceeds one or more of the
following limits2:Manganese 1.65 percentSilicon 0.60 percentCopper
0.60 percentor a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of
any of the following elementsis specified or required within the
limits of the recognized field of constructionalalloy
steels:Aluminum NickelBoron TitaniumChromium (up to 3.99 percent)
TungstenCobalt VanadiumColumbium ZirconiumMolybdenumor any other
alloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effect.Small
quantities of certain elements are unavoidably present in alloy
steels. Inmany applications, these are not considered to be
important and are not specifiedor required. When not specified or
required, they should not exceed the follow-ingamounts:Copper 0.35
percentChromium 0.20 percentNickel 0.25 percentMolybdenum 0.06
percentAmbient Temperature. The temperature of the surrounding
medium, usually usedto refer to the temperature of the air in which
a structure is situated or a device op-erates.Anchor. A rigid
restraint providing substantially full fixation, permitting
neithertranslatory nor rotational displacement of the
pipe.Annealing. Heating a metal to a temperature above a critical
temperature andholding above that range for a proper period of
time, followed by cooling at asuitable rate to below that range for
such purposes as reducing hardness, improvingmachinability,
facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure,
orobtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties.3 (A
softening treatmentis often carried out just below the critical
range which is referred to as a subcriti-calannealing.)Arc Cutting.
A group of cutting processes in which the severing or removing
ofmetals is effected by melting with the heat of an arc between an
electrode and thebase metal (includes carbon, metal, gas metal, gas
tungsten, plasma, and air carbonarc cutting). See also Oxygen
Cutting.Arc Welding. A group of welding processes in which
coalescence is produced byheating with an electric arc or arcs,
with or without the application of pressure andwith or without the
use of filler metal.3,4
26. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.9Assembly. The joining together of
two or more piping components by bolting,welding, caulking,
brazing, soldering, cementing, or threading into their
installedlocation as specified by the engineering design.Automatic
Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the entire
weldingoperation without constant observation and adjustment of the
controls by an opera-tor.The equipment may ormay not perform the
loading and unloading of the work.3,5Backing Ring. Backing in the
form of a ring that can be used in the welding ofpiping to prevent
weld spatter from entering a pipe and to ensure full penetrationof
the weld to the inside of the pipe wall.Ball Joint. A component
which permits universal rotational movement in a
pip-ingsystem.5Base Metal. The metal to be welded, brazed,
soldered, or cut. It is also referredto as parent metal.Bell-Welded
Pipe. Furnace-welded pipe produced in individual lengths from
cut-lengthskelp, having its longitudinal butt joint forge-welded by
the mechanicalpressure developed in drawing the furnace-heating
skelp through a cone-shapeddie (commonly known as a welding bell),
which serves as a combined forming andwelding die.Bevel. A type of
edge or end preparation.Bevel Angle. The angle formed between the
prepared edge of a member and aplane perpendicular to the surface
of the member. See Fig. A1.1.Blank Flange. A flange that is not
drilled but is otherwise complete.Blind Flange. A flange used to
close the end of a pipe. It produces a blind endwhich is also known
as a dead end.Bond. The junction of the weld metal and the base
metal, or the junction of thebase metal parts when weld metal is
not present. See Fig. A1.2.Branch Connection. The attachment of a
branch pipe to the run of a main pipewith or without the use of
fittings.Braze Welding. A method of welding whereby a groove,
fillet, plug, or slot weldis made using a nonferrous filler metal
having a melting point below that of theFIGURE A1.2 Bond between
base metal andFIGURE A1.1 Bevel angle. weld metal.
27. A.10 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSbase metals, but above 800F. The
filler metal is not distributed in the joint bycapillary action.5
(Bronze welding, the term formerly used, is a misnomer.)Brazing. A
metal joining process in which coalescence is produced by use of
anonferrous filler metal having a melting point above 800F but
lower than that ofthe base metals joined. The filler metal is
distributed between the closely fittedsurfaces of the joint by
capillary action.5Butt Joint. A joint between two members lying
approximately in the same plane.5Butt Weld. Weld along a seam that
isbutted edge to edge. See Fig. A1.3.Bypass. A small passage around
alarge valve for warming up a line. Anemergency connection around a
reduc-ingvalve, trap, etc., to use in case it is FIGURE A1.3 A
circumferential butt- welded joint. out of commission.Carbon Steel.
A steel which owes its distinctive properties chiefly to the
carbon(as distinguished from the other elements) which it contains.
Steel is considered tobe carbon steel when no minimum content is
specified or required for aluminum,boron, chromium, cobalt,
columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, va-nadium,or
zirconium or for any other element added to obtain a desired
alloyingeffect; when the specified minimum for copper does not
exceed 0.40 percent; orwhen the maximum content specified for any
of the following elements does notexceed the percentages noted:
manganese, 1.65 percent; silicon, 0.60 percent; copper,0.60
percent.2Cast Iron. A generic term for the family of high
carbon-silicon-iron casting alloysincluding gray, white, malleable,
and ductile iron.Centrifugally Cast Pipe. Pipe formed from the
solidification of molten metal ina rotating mold. Both metal and
sand molds are used. After casting, if requiredthe pipe is
machined, to sound metal, on the internal and external diameters
tothe surface roughness and dimensional requirements of the
applicable material spec-ification.Certificate of Compliance. A
written statement that the materials, equipment, orservices are in
accordance with the specified requirements. It may have to
besupported by documented evidence.6Certified Material Test Report
(CMTR). A document attesting that the materialis in accordance with
specified requirements, including the actual results of allrequired
chemical analyses, tests, and examinations.6Chamfering. The
preparation of a contour, other than for a square groove weld,on
the edge of a member for welding.Cold Bending. The bending of pipe
to a predetermined radius at any temperaturebelow some specified
phase change or transformation temperature but especiallyat or near
room temperature. Frequently, pipe is bent to a radius of 5 times
thenominal pipe diameter.
28. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.11Cold Working. Deformation of a
metal plastically. Although ordinarily done atroom temperature,
cold working may be done at the temperature and rate atwhich strain
hardening occurs. Bending of steel piping at 1300F (704C) would
beconsidered a cold-working operation.Companion Flange. A pipe
flange suited to connect with another flange or witha flanged valve
or fitting. A loose flange which is attached to a pipe by
threading,van stoning, welding, or similar method as distinguished
from a flange which is castintegrally with a fitting or
pipe.Consumable Insert. Preplaced fillermetal which is completely
fused into theroot of the joint and becomes part of theweld.1 See
Fig. A1.4.Continuous-Welded Pipe. Furnace-weldedpipe produced in
continuouslengths from coiled skelp and subse-quentlycut into
individual lengths, hav-ingits longitudinal butt joint
forge-weldedby the mechanical pressure de-velopedin rolling the
hot-formed skelpthrough a set of round pass
weldingrolls.3Contractor. The entity responsible for FIGURE A1.4
Consumable insert ring in-furnishingmaterials and services for fab-
serted in pipe joint eccentrically for welding inrication and
installation of piping and horizontal position.associated
equipment.Control Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used to
interconnect air, gas, orhydraulically operated control apparatus
or instrument transmitters and receivers.2Controlled Cooling. A
process of cooling from an elevated temperature in apredetermined
manner to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage or
toproduce a desired metallurgical microstructure. This cooling
usually follows thefinal hot-forming or postheating
operation.Corner Joint. A joint between twomembers located
approximately at rightangles to each other in the form of anL. See
Fig. A1.5.Coupling. A threaded sleeve used toconnect two pipes.
Commercial cou-plingshave internal threads to fit exter- FIGURE
A1.5 Corner joint.nal threads on pipe.Covered Electrode. A filler
metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of ametal core
wire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection for
themolten metal from the atmosphere, improves the properties of the
weld metal, and
29. A.12 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSstabilizes the arc. Covered
electrodes are extensively used in shop fabrication andfield
erection of piping of carbon, alloy, and stainless steels.Crack. A
fracture-type imperfection characterized by a sharp tip and high
ratioof length and depth to opening displacement.Creep or Plastic
Flow of Metals. At sufficiently high temperatures, all metalsflow
under stress. The higher the temperature and stress, the greater
the tendencyto plastic flow for any given metal.Cutting Torch. A
device used in oxygen, air, or powder cutting for controllingand
directing the gases used for preheating and the oxygen or powder
used forcutting the metal.Defect. A flaw or an imperfection of such
size, shape, orientation, location, orproperties as to be
rejectable per the applicable minimum acceptance
standards.7Density. The density of a substance is the mass of the
substance per unit volume.It may be expressed in a variety of
units.Deposited Metal. Filler metal that has been added during a
welding operation.8Depth of Fusion. The distance that
fu-sionextends into the base metal fromthe surface melted during
welding. SeeFig. A1.6.Designer. Responsible for ensuring FIGURE
A1.6 Depth of fusion.that the engineering design of pipingcomplies
with the requirements of the applicable code and standard and any
addi-tionalrequirements established by the owner.Dew Point. The
temperature at which the vapor condenses when it is cooled
atconstant pressure.Dilatant Liquid. If the viscosity of a liquid
increases as agitation is increased atconstant temperature, the
liquid is termed dilatant. Examples are clay slurries andcandy
compounds.Discontinuity. A lack of continuity or cohesion; an
interruption in the normalphysical structure of material or a
product.7Double Submerged Arc-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a
longitudinal butt joint pro-ducedby at least two passes, one of
which is on the inside of the pipe. Coalescenceis produced by
heating with an electric arc or arcs between the bare metal
electrodeor electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a
blanket of granular, fusiblematerial on the work. Pressure is not
used, and filler metal for the inside and outsidewelds is obtained
from the electrode or electrodes.Ductile Iron. A cast ferrous
material in which the free graphite is in a spheroidalform rather
than a fluke form. The desirable properties of ductile iron are
achievedby means of chemistry and a ferritizing heat treatment of
the castings.
30. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.13Eddy Current Testing. This is a
nondestructive testing method in which eddycurrent flow is induced
in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variationsin the
object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent
analysis bysuitable instrumentation and techniques.Edge Joint. A
joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly
paral-lelmembers.Edge Preparation. The contour pre-paredon the edge
of amember for weld-ing.See Fig. A1.7.Electric Flash-Welded Pipe.
Pipe hav-inga longitudinal butt joint in which co-alescenceis
produced simultaneously FIGURE A1.7 Edge preparation.over the
entire area of abutting surfacesby the heat obtained from
resistance tothe flow of electric current between the two surfaces
and by the application ofpressure after heating is substantially
completed. Flashing and upsetting are accom-paniedby expulsion of
metal from the joint.4Electric Fusion-Welded Pipe. Pipe having a
longitudinal or spiral butt joint inwhich coalescence is produced
in the preformed tube by manual or automaticelectric arc welding.
The weld may be single or double and may be made with orwithout the
use of filler metal.4Electric Resistance-Welded Pipe. Pipe produced
in individual lengths or in contin-uouslengths from coiled skelp
and subsequently cut into individual lengths havinga longitudinal
butt joint in which coalescence is produced by the heat
obtainedfrom resistance of the pipe to the flow of electric current
in a circuit of which thepipe is a part and by the application of
pressure.3Electrode. See Covered Electrode.End Preparation. The
contour prepared on the end of a pipe, fitting, or nozzlefor
welding. The particular preparation is prescribed by the governing
code. Referto Chap. A6 of this handbook.Engineering Design. The
detailed design developed from process requirementsand conforming
to established design criteria, including all necessary drawings
andspecifications, governing a piping installation.5Equipment
Connection. An integral part of such equipment as pressure
vessels,heat exchangers, pumps, etc., designed for attachment of
pipe or piping components.8Erection. The complete installation of a
piping system, including any field assem-bly,fabrication, testing,
and inspection of the system.5Erosion. Destruction of materials by
the abrasive action of moving fluids, usuallyaccelerated by the
presence of solid particles.9Examination. The procedures for all
visual observation and nondestructivetesting.5
31. A.14 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSExpansion Joint. A flexible piping
component which absorbs thermal and/orterminal movement.5Extruded
Nozzles. The forming of nozzle (tee) outlets in pipe by pulling
hemi-sphericallyor conically shaped dies through a circular hole
from the inside of thepipe. Although some cold extruding is done,
it is generally performed on steel afterthe area to be shaped has
been heated to temperatures between 2000 and 1600F(1093 and
871C).Extruded Pipe. Pipe produced from hollow or solid round
forgings, usually in ahydraulic extrusion press. In this process
the forging is contained in a cylindricaldie. Initially a punch at
the end of the extrusion plunger pierces the forging. Theextrusion
plunger then forces the contained billet between the cylindrical
die andthe punch to form the pipe, the latter acting as a
mandrel.One variation of this process utilizes autofrettage
(hydraulic expansion) andheat treatment, above the
recrystallization temperature of the material, to producea wrought
structure.Fabrication. Primarily, the joining of piping components
into integral pieces readyfor assembly. It includes bending,
forming, threading, welding, or other operationsupon these
components, if not part of assembly. It may be done in a shop or
inthe field.5Face of Weld. The exposed surface of a weld on the
side from which the weldingwas done.5,8Filler Metal. Metal to be
added in welding, soldering, brazing, or braze welding.8Fillet
Weld. A weld of an approximately triangular cross section joining
twosurfaces approximately at right angles to each other in a lap
joint, tee joint, cornerjoint, or socket weld.5 See Fig. A1.8.Fire
Hazard. Situation in which a material of more than average
combustibilityor explodibility exists in the presence of a
potential ignition source.5Flat-Land Bevel. A square extended root
face preparation extensively used ininert-gas, root-pass welding of
piping. See Fig. A1.9.FIGURE A1.8 Fillet weld. FIGURE A1.9
Flat-land bevel.
32. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.15FIGURE A1.10 Welding in the flat
position.Flat Position. The position of welding which is performed
from the upper sideof the joint, while the face of the weld is
approximately horizontal. See Fig. A1.10.Flaw. An imperfection of
unintentional discontinuity which is detectable by anondestructive
examination.7Flux. Material used to dissolve, prevent accumulation
of, or facilitate removal ofoxides and other undesirable substances
during welding, brazing, or soldering.Flux-Cored ArcWelding (FCAW).
An arc welding process that employs a contin-uoustubular filler
metal (consumable) electrode having a core of flux for
shielding.Adding shielding may or may not be obtained from an
externally supplied gas orgas mixture.Forge Weld. A method of
manufacture similar to hammer welding. The termforge welded is
applied more particularly to headers and large drums, while
hammerwelded usually refers to pipe.Forged and Bored Pipe. Pipe
produced by boring or trepanning of a forged billet.Full-Fillet
Weld. A fillet weld whose size is equal to the thickness of the
thinnermember joined.8Fusion. The melting together of filler and
base metal, or of base metal only, whichresults in
coalescence.8Fusion Zone. The area of base metalmelted as
determined on the cross sec-tionof a weld. See Fig.
A1.11.Galvanizing. A process by which the FIGURE A1.11 Fusion zone
is the section ofsurface of iron or steel is covered with the
parent metal which melts during the weld-alayer of zinc. ing
process.GasMetal ArcWelding (GMAW). An arc welding process that
employs a contin-uoussolid filler metal (consumable) electrode.
Shielding is obtained entirely froman externally supplied gas or
gas mixture.4,8 (Some methods of this process havebeen called MIG
or CO2 welding.)Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). An arc welding
process that employs atungsten (nonconsumable) electrode. Shielding
is obtained from a gas or gas mix-
33. A.16 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSture. Pressure may or may not be
used, and filler metal may or may not be used.(This process has
sometimes been called TIG welding.) When shielding is obtainedby
the use of an inert gas such as helium or argon, this process is
called inert-gastungsten arc welding.8Gas Welding. Welding process
in which coalescence is produced by heating witha gas flame or
flames, with or without the application of pressure and with
orwithout the use of filler metal.4Groove. The opening provided for
a groove weld.Groove Angle. The total included angle of the groove
between parts to be joinedby a groove weld. See Fig. A1.12.FIGURE
A1.12 The groove angle is twice thebevel angle. FIGURE A1.13 A
groove face.Groove Face. That surface of a member included in the
groove. See Fig. A1.13.Groove Radius. The radius of a J or U
groove. See Fig. A1.14.Groove Weld. A weld made in the groove
between two members to be joined.The standard type of groove welds
are square, single-V, single-bevel, single-U,single-J, double-V,
double-U, double-bevel, double-J, and flat-land single, and
dou-ble-V groove welds. See Fig. A1.15 for a typical groove
weld.FIGURE A1.14 A groove radius. FIGURE A1.15 Groove weld.Hammer
Weld. Method of manufacturing large pipe (usually NPS 20 or DN
500and larger) by bending a plate into circular form, heating the
overlapped edges toa welding temperature, and welding the
longitudinal seam with a power hammerapplied to the outside of the
weld while the inner side is supported on an over-hunganvil.Hangers
and Supports. Hangers and supports include elements which transfer
theload from the pipe or structural attachment to the supporting
structure or equipment.They include hanging-type fixtures such as
hanger rods, spring hangers, sway braces,counterweights,
turnbuckles, struts, chains, guides, and anchors and
bearing-typefixtures such as saddles, bases, rollers, brackets, and
sliding supports.5 Refer toChap. B5 of this handbook.
34. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.17Header. A pipe or fitting to
which a number of branch pipes are connected.Heat-Affected Zone.
That portion of the base metal which has not been meltedbut whose
mechanical properties or microstructure has been altered by the
heatof welding or cutting.8 See Fig. A1.16.FIGURE A1.17 Horizontal
position filletFIGURE A1.16 Welding zones. weld.Heat Fusion Joint.
A joint made in thermoplastic piping by heating the
partssufficiently to permit fusion of the materials when the parts
are pressed together.Horizontal Fixed Position. In pipe welding,
the position of a pipe joint in whichthe axis of the pipe is
approximately horizontal and the pipe is not rotated duringthe
operation.Horizontal-Position Fillet Weld. Welding is performed on
the upper side of anapproximately horizontal surface and against an
approximately vertical surface. SeeFig. A1.17.Horizontal-Position
Groove Weld. The position of welding in which the weldaxis lies in
an approximately horizontal plane and the face of the weld lies in
anapproximately vertical plane. See Fig. A1.18.FIGURE A1.18
Horizontal position grooveweld. FIGURE A1.19 Horizontal rolled
position.Horizontal Rolled Position. The position of a pipe joint
in which welding isperformed in the flat position by rotating the
pipe. See Fig. A1.19.Hot Bending. Bending of piping to a
predetermined radius after heating to asuitably high temperature
for hot working. On many pipe sizes, the pipe is firmlypacked with
sand to avoid wrinkling and excessive out-of-roundness.Hot Taps.
Branch piping connections made to operating pipelines, mains, or
otherfacilities while they are in operation.
35. A.18 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSHot Working. The plastic
deformation of metal at such a temperature and ratethat strain
hardening does not occur. Extruding or swaging of chrome-moly
pipingat temperatures between 2000 and 1600F (1093 and 871C) would
be consideredhot-forming or hot-working operations.Hydraulic
Radius. The ratio of area of flowing fluid to the wetted
perimeter.Impact Test. A test to determine the behavior of
materials when subjected tohigh rates of loading, usually in
bending, tension, or torsion. The quantity measuredis the energy
absorbed in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in Charpy
orIzod tests.Imperfection. A condition of being imperfect; a
departure of a quality characteris-ticfrom its intended
condition.5Incomplete Fusion. Fusion which is less than complete
and which does not resultin melting completely through the
thickness of the joint.Indication. The response or evidence from
the application of a nondestructive ex-amination.5Induction
Heating. Heat treatment of completed welds in piping by means
ofplacing induction coils around the piping. This type of heating
is usually performedduring field erection in those cases where
stress relief of carbon- and alloy-steelfield welds is required by
the applicable code.Inspection. Activities performed by an
authorized inspector to verify whether anitem or activity conforms
to specified requirements.Instrument Piping. All piping, valves,
and fittings used to connect instruments tomain piping, to other
instruments and apparatus, or to measuring equipment.2Interpass
Temperature. In a multiple-pass weld, the minimum or maximum
tem-peratureof the deposited weld metal before the next pass is
started.Interrupted Welding. Interruption of welding and preheat by
allowing the weldarea to cool to room temperature as generally
permitted on carbon-steel and onchrome-moly alloy-steel piping
after sufficient weld passes equal to at least one-thirdof the pipe
wall thickness or two weld layers, whichever is greater, havebeen
deposited.Joint. A connection between two lengths of pipe or
between a length of pipe anda fitting.Joint Penetration. The
minimumdepth a groove weld extends from itsface into a joint,
exclusive of reinforce-ment.5 See Fig. A1.20.Kinematic Viscosity.
The ratio of theabsolute viscosity to the mass density. FIGURE
A1.20 Weld joint penetration.In the metric system, kinematic
viscosityis measured in strokes or square centimeters per second.
Refer to Chap. B8 ofthis handbook.
36. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.19Laminar Flow. Fluid flow in a
pipe is usually considered laminar if the Reynoldsnumber is less
than 2000. Depending upon many possible varying conditions, theflow
may be laminar at a Reynolds number as low as 1200 or as high as
40,000;however, such conditions are not experienced in normal
practice.Lap Weld. Weld along a longitudinal seam in which one part
is overlapped bythe other. A term used to designate pipe made by
this process.Lapped Joint. A type of pipe joint made by using loose
flanges on lengths of pipewhose ends are lapped over to give a
bearing surface for a gasket or metal-to-metaljoint.Liquid
Penetrant Examination or Inspection. This is a nondestructive
examina-tionmethod for finding discontinuities that are open to the
surface of solid andessentially nonporous materials. This method is
based on capillary action or capillaryattraction by which the
surface of a liquid in contact with a solid is elevated
ordepressed. A liquid penetrant, usually a red dye, is applied to
the clean surface ofthe specimen. Time is allowed for the penetrant
to seep into the opening. Theexcess penetrant is removed from the
surface. A developer, normally white, isapplied to aid in drawing
the penetrant up or out to the surface. The red penetrantis drawn
out of the discontinuity, which is located by the contrast and
distinctappearance of the red penetrant against the white
background of the developer.Local Preheating. Preheating of a
specific portion of a structure.Local Stress-Relief Heat Treatment.
Stress-relief heat treatment of a specificportion of a weldment.
This is done extensively with induction coils, resistancecoils, or
propane torches in the field erection of steel piping.Machine
Welding. Welding with equipment which performs the welding
operationunder the observation and control of an operator. The
equipment may or may notperform the loading and unloading of the
work.Magnetic Particle Examination or Inspection. This is a
nondestructive examina-tionmethod to locate surface and subsurface
discontinuities in ferromagnetic materi-als.The presence of
discontinuities is detected by the use of finely divided
ferromag-neticparticles applied over the surface. Some of these
magnetic particles aregathered and held by the magnetic leakage
field created by the discontinuity. Theparticles gathered at the
surface form an outline of the discontinuity and generallyindicate
its location, size, shape, and extent.Malleable Iron. Cast iron
which has been heat-treated in an oven to relieve itsbrittleness.
The process somewhat improves the tensile strength and enables
thematerial to stretch to a limited extent without breaking.Manual
Welding. Welding wherein the entire welding operation is
performedand controlled by hand.5Mean Velocity of Flow. Under
steady state of flow, the mean velocity of flow ata given cross
section of pipe is equal to the rate of flow Q divided by the area
ofcross section A. It is expressed in feet per second or meters per
second.
37. A.20 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSwhere vmean velocity of flow, in
feet per second, ft/s (meters per second, m/s)Qrate of flow, in
cubic feet per second, ft3/s (cubic meters per second,m3/s)Aarea of
cross section, in square feet, ft2 (square meters, m2)Mechanical
Joint. Ajoint for the purpose of mechanical strength or leak
resistanceor both, where the mechanical strength is developed by
threaded, grooved, rolled,flared, or flanged pipe ends or by bolts,
pins, and compounds, gaskets, rolled ends,caulking, or machined and
mated surfaces. These joints have particular applicationwhere ease
of disassembly is desired.5Mill Length. Also known as random
length. The usual run-of-mill pipe is 16 to20 ft (5 to 6 m) in
length. Line pipe and pipe for power plant use are sometimesmade in
double lengths of 30 to 35 ft (10 to 12 m).Miter. Two or more
straight sections of pipe matched and joined on a line bisectingthe
angle of junction so as to produce a change in direction.4Newtonian
Liquid. A liquid is called newtonian if its viscosity is unaffected
bythe kind and magnitude of motion or agitation to which it may be
subjected, aslong as the temperature remains constant. Water and
mineral oil are examples ofnewtonian liquids.Nipple. A piece of
pipe less than 12 in (0.3 m) long that may be threaded onboth ends
or on one end and provided with ends suitable for welding or
amechanicaljoint. Pipe over 12 in (0.3 m) long is regarded as cut
pipe. Common types of nipplesare close nipple, about twice the
length of a standard pipe thread and without anyshoulder; shoulder
nipple, of any length and having a shoulder between the
pipethreads; short nipple, a shoulder nipple slightly longer than a
close nipple and ofa definite length for each pipe size which
conforms to manufacturer standard; longnipple, a shoulder nipple
longer than a short nipple which is cut to a specific
length.Nominal Diameter (DN). A dimensionless designator of pipe in
metric system.It indicates standard pipe size when followed by the
specific size designation numberwithout the millimeter symbol (for
example, DN 40, DN 300).Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). A dimensionless
designator of pipe. It indicates stan-dardpipe size when followed
by the specific size designation number without aninch symbol (for
example, NPS 1, NPS 12).2Nominal Thickness. The thickness given in
the product material specification orstandard to which
manufacturing tolerances are applied.5Nondestructive Examination or
Inspection. Inspection by methods that do notdestroy the item,
part, or component to determine its suitability for
use.Normalizing. A process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a
suitable tempera-tureabove the transformation range and is
subsequently cooled in still air atroom temperature.5
38. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.21Nozzle. As applied to piping,
this term usually refers to a flanged connection ona boiler, tank,
or manifold consisting of a pipe flange, a short neck, and a
weldedattachment to the boiler or other vessel. A short length of
pipe, one end of whichis welded to the vessel with the other end
chamfered for butt welding, is alsoreferred to as a welding
nozzle.Overhead Position. The position of welding performed from
the underside ofthe joint.Oxidizing Flame. An oxyfuel gas flame
having an oxidizing effect caused byexcess oxygen.Oxyacetylene
Cutting. An oxygen-cutting process in which metals are severed
bythe chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated
temperatures. Thenecessary temperature is maintained by means of
gas flames obtained from thecombustion of acetylene with
oxygen.Oxyacetylene Welding. A gas welding process in which
coalescence is producedby heating with a gas flame or flames
obtained from the combustion of acetylenewith oxygen, with or
without the addition of filler metal.Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFGW). A
group of welding processes in which coales-cenceis produced by
heating with a flame or flames obtained from the combustionof fuel
gas with oxygen, with or without the application of pressure and
with orwithout the use of filler metal.Oxygen Cutting (OC). A group
of cutting processes used to sever or removemetals by means of the
reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated tempera-tures.In
the case of oxidation-resistant metals, the reaction is facilitated
by use ofa chemical flux or metal powder.8Oxygen Gouging. An
application of oxygen cutting in which a chamfer or grooveis
formed.Pass. A single progression of a welding or surfacing
operation along a joint, welddeposit, or substrate. The result of a
pass is a weld bead, layer, or spray deposit.8Peel Test. A
destructive method of examination that mechanically separates a
lapjoint by peeling.8Peening. The mechanical working of metals by
means of hammer blows.Pickle. The chemical or electrochemical
removal of surface oxides. Followingwelding operations, piping is
frequently pickled in order to remove mill scale, oxidesformed
during storage, and the weld discolorations.Pipe. A tube with a
round cross section conforming to the dimensional require-mentsfor
nominal pipe size as tabulated in ASME B36.10M and ASME B36.19M.For
special pipe having diameter not listed in the above-mentioned
standards, thenominal diameter corresponds to the outside
diameter.5Pipe Alignment Guide. A restraint in the form of a sleeve
or frame that permitsthe pipeline to move freely only along the
axis of the pipe.8
39. A.22 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSPipe Supporting Fixtures. Elements
that transfer the load from the pipe or struc-turalattachment to
the support structure or equipment.8Pipeline or Transmission Line.
A pipe installed for the purpose of transmittinggases, liquids,
slurries, etc., from a source or sources of supply to one or
moredistribution centers or to one or more large-volume customers;
a pipe installed tointerconnect source or sources of supply to one
or more distribution centers or toone or more large-volume
customers; or a pipe installed to interconnect sourcesof
supply.2Piping System. Interconnected piping subject to the same
set or sets of design con-ditions.1Plasma Cutting. A group of
cutting processes in which the severing or removalof metals is
effected by melting with a stream of hot ionized gas.1Plastic. A
material which contains as an essential ingredient an organic
substanceof high to ultrahigh molecular weight, is solid in its
finished state, and at some stageof its manufacture or processing
can be shaped by flow. The two general types ofplastic are
thermoplastic and thermosetting.Polarity. The direction of flow of
current with respect to the welding electrodeand
workpiece.Porosity. Presence of gas pockets or voids in
metal.Positioning Weld. A weld made in a joint which has been so
placed as to facilitatethe making of the weld.Postheating. The
application of heat to a fabricated or welded section subsequentto
a fabrication, welding, or cutting operation. Postheating may be
done locally, asby induction heating; or the entire assembly may be
postheated in a furnace.Postweld Heat Treatment. Any heat treatment
subsequent to welding.5Preheating. The application of heat to a
base metal immediately prior to a weldingor cutting
operation.5Pressure. The force per unit that is acting on a real or
imaginary surface within afluid is the pressure or intensity of
pressure. It is expressed in pounds per square inch:where pabsolute
pressure at a point, psi (kg/cm2)wspecific weight, lb/ft3
(kg/m3)hheight of fluid column above the point, ft (m)paatmospheric
pressure, psi (kg/cm2)
40. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.23The gauge pressure at a point is
obtained by designating atmospheric pressureas zero:where pgauge
pressure. To obtain absolute pressure from gauge pressure, addthe
atmospheric pressure to the gauge pressure.Pressure Head. From the
definition of pressure, the expression p/w is the pressurehead. It
can be defined as the height of the fluid above a point, and it is
normallymeasured in feet.Purging. The displacement during welding,
by an inert or neutral gas, of theair inside the piping underneath
the weld area in order to avoid oxidation orcontamination of the
underside of the weld. Gases most commonly used are argon,helium,
and nitrogen (the last is principally limited to austenitic
stainless steel).Purging can be done within a complete pipe section
or by means of purging fixturesof a small area underneath the pipe
weld.Quenching. Rapid cooling of a heated metal.Radiographic
Examination or Inspection. Radiography is a nondestructive
testmethod which makes use of short-wavelength radiations, such as
X-rays or gammarays, to penetrate objects for detecting the
presence and nature of macroscopicdefects or other structural
discontinuities. The shadow image of defects or disconti-nuitiesis
recorded either on a fluorescent screen or on photographic
film.Reinforcement. In branch connections, reinforcement is
material around a branchopening that serves to strengthen it. The
material is either integral in the branchcomponents or added in the
form of weld metal, a pad, a saddle, or a sleeve. Inwelding,
reinforcement is weld metal in excess of the specified weld
size.Reinforcement Weld. Weld metal on the face of a groove weld in
excess of themetal necessary for the specified weld size.5Repair.
The process of physically restoring a nonconformance to a condition
suchthat an item complies with the applicable requirements,
including the code require-ments.6Resistance Weld. Method of
manufacturing pipe by bending a plate into circularform and passing
electric current through the material to obtain a welding
temper-ature.Restraint. A structural attachment, device, or
mechanism that limits movementof the pipe in one or more
directions.8Reverse Polarity. The arrangement of direct-current arc
welding leads with thework as the negative pole and the electrode
as the positive pole of the welding arc;a synonym for
direct-current electrode positive.8
41. A.24 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSReynolds Number. A dimensionless
number. It is defined as the ratio of thedynamic forces of mass
flow to the shear stress due to viscosity. It is expressed aswhere
RReynolds numbervmean velocity of flow, ft/s (m/s)weight density of
fluid, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)Dinternal diameter of pipe, ft (m)absolute
viscosity, in pound mass per foot second [lbm/(ft s)] or
poundalseconds per square foot (centipoise)Rolled Pipe. Pipe
produced from a forged billet which is pierced by a conicalmandrel
between two diametrically opposed rolls. The pierced shell is
subsequentlyrolled and expanded over mandrels of increasingly large
diameter. Where closerdimensional tolerances are desired, the
rolled pipe is cold- or hot-drawn throughdies and then machined.
One variation of this process produces the hollow shellby extrusion
of the forged billet over amandrel in a vertical, hydraulic
piercing press.Root Edge. A root face of zero width.Root Face. That
portion of the groove face adjacent to the root of the joint.
Thisportion is also referred to as the root land. See Fig.
A1.21.FIGURE A1.21 Nomenclature at joint of groove weld.Root of
Joint. That portion of a joint to be welded where the members to
bejoined come closest to each other. In cross section, the root of
a joint may be apoint, a line, or an area. See Fig. A1.21.Root
Opening. The separation, between the members to be joined, at the
rootof the joint.5 See Fig. A1.21.Root Penetration. The depth which
a groove weld extends into the root of a jointas measured on the
centerline of the root cross section. Sometimes welds areconsidered
unacceptable if they show incomplete penetration. See Fig.
A1.21.
42. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.25Root Reinforcement. Weld
reinforcement at the side other than that from whichthe welding was
done.Root Surface. The exposed surface of a weld on the side other
than that fromwhich the welding was done.Run. The portion of a
fitting having its end in line, or nearly so, as distinguishedfrom
branch connections, side outlets, etc.Saddle Flange. Also known as
tank flange or boiler flange. A curved flange shapedto fit a
boiler, tank, or other vessel and to receive a threaded pipe. A
saddle flangeis usually riveted or welded to the vessel.Sample
Piping. All piping, valves, and fittings used for the collection of
samplesof gas, steam, water, oil, etc.2Sargol. A special type of
joint in which a lip is provided for welding to make thejoint fluid
tight, while mechanical strength is provided by bolted flanges. The
Sargoljoint is used with both Van Stone pipe and fittings.Sarlun.
An improved type of Sargol joint.Schedule Numbers. Approximate
values of the expression 1000P/S, where P isthe service pressure
and S is the allowable stress, both expressed in pounds persquare
inch.Seal Weld. A fillet weld used on a pipe joint primarily to
obtain fluid tightnessas opposed to mechanical strength; usually
used in conjunction with a threaded joint.8Seamless Pipe. A wrought
tubular product made without a welded seam. It ismanufactured by
hot-working steel or, if necessary, by subsequently
cold-finishingthe hot-worked tubular product to produce the desired
shape, dimensions, and prop-erties.Semiautomatic Arc Welding. Arc
welding with equipment which controls onlythe filler metal feed.
The advance of the welding is manually controlled.3Semisteel. A
high grade of cast iron made by the addition of steel scrap to
pipiron in a cupola or electric furnace. More correctly described
as high-strengthgray iron.Service Fitting. A street ell or street
tee having a male thread at one end.Shielded Metal Arc Welding
(SMAW). An arc welding process in which coales-cenceis produced by
heating with an electric arc between a covered metal electrodeand
the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of the electrode
covering.Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from
the electrode.8Shot Blasting. Mechanical removal of surface oxides
and scale on the pipe innerand outer surfaces by the abrasive
impingement of small steel pellets.
43. A.26 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSSingle-Bevel-, Single-J, Single-U,
Single-V-Groove Welds. All are specific typesof groove welds and
are illustrated in Fig. A1.22.FIGURE A1.22 Groove welds. (a)
Single-bevel; (b) single-J; (c) double-U;(d) double-V.Single-Welded
Butt Joint. A butt joint welded from one side only.8Size of Weld.
For a groove weld, the joint penetration, which is the depth
ofchamfering plus the root penetration. See Fig. A1.21. For fillet
welds, the leg lengthof the largest isosceles right triangle which
can be inscribed within the fillet-weldcross section. See Fig.
A1.23.FIGURE A1.23 Size of weld (a) in fillet weld of equal legs
and (b) infillet weld of unequal legs.Skelp. A piece of plate
prepared by forming and bending, ready for welding intopipe. Flat
plates when used for butt-welded pipe are called skelp.Slag
Inclusion. Nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or
betweenweld metal.8Slurry. A two-phase mixture of solid particles
in an aqueous phase.9Socket Weld. Fillet-type seal weld used to
join pipe to valves and fittings or toother sections of pipe.
Generally used for piping whose nominal diameter is NPS2 (DN 50) or
smaller.
44. INTRODUCTION TO PIPING A.27Soldering. A metal-joining
process in which coalescence is produced by heatingto a suitable
temperature and by using a nonferrous alloy fusible at
temperaturesbelow that of the base metals being joined. The filler
metal is distributed betweenclosely fitted surfaces of the joint by
capillary action.5Solution Heat Treatment. Heating an alloy to a
suitable temperature, holding atthat temperature long enough to
allow one or more constituents to enter into solidsolution, and
then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in
solution.Solvent Cement Joint. A joint made in thermoplastic piping
by the use of a solventor solvent cement which forms a continuous
bond between the mating surfaces.Source Nipple. A short length of
heavy-walled pipe between high-pressure mainsand the first valve of
bypass, drain, or instrument connections.Spatter. In arc and gas
welding, the metal particles expelled during welding thatdo not
form part of the weld.8Spatter Loss. Difference in weight between
the amount of electrode consumedand the amount of electrode
deposited.Specific Gravity. The ratio of its weight to the weight
of an equal volume of waterat standard conditions.Specific Volume.
The volume of a unit mass of a fluid is its specific volume, andit
is measured in cubic feet per pound mass (ft3/lbm).Specific Weight.
The weight of a unit volume of a fluid is its specific weight.
InEnglish units, it is expressed in pounds per cubic foot
(lb/ft3).Spiral-Riveted. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling
a plate into a helixand riveting together the overlapped
edges.Spiral-Welded. A method of manufacturing pipe by coiling a
plate into a helixand fusion-welding the overlapped or abutted
edges.Spiral-Welded Pipe. Pipe made by the electric-fusion-welded
process with a buttjoint, a lap joint, or a lock-seam
joint.Square-Groove Weld. A groove weld in which the pipe ends are
not chamfered.Square-groove welds are generally used on piping and
tubing of wall thickness nogreater than in (3 mm).Stainless Steel.
An alloy steel having unusual corrosion-resisting properties,
usu-allyimparted by nickel and chromium.Standard Dimension Ratio
(SDR). The ratio of outside pipe diameter to wallthickness of
thermoplastic pipe. It is calculated by dividing the specified
outsidediameter of the pipe by the specified wall thickness in
inches.Statically Cast Pipe. Pipe formed by the solidification of
molten metal in asand mold.
45. A.28 PIPING FUNDAMENTALSStraight Polarity. The arrangement
of direct-current arc welding leads in whichthe work is the
positive pole and the electrode is the negative pole of the
weldingarc; a synonym for direct-current electrode negative.Stress
Relieving. Uniform heating of a structure or portion thereof to a
sufficienttemperature to relieve the ma