IMAGE PROCESSOR

TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE CURRICULUM

OF

BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY

YEAR: 2012

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SWAMI DEVI DYAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BARWALA, PANCHKULA

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ABSTRACT

The objective of the project is to design an Image Processor application whichenables the user to edit and enhanced image.

The project has been designed in Java technology and consists of java media frame work (JMF) and Java Advance Imaging(JAI).

My motivation for the project came from my enthusiasm and strong urge to J2SE andJAI which is one of the fastest growing technologies in today’s world.

Image processing in its broadest sense is an umbrella term for representing and analyzing of data in visual form. More narrowly, image processing is the manipulation of numeric data contained in a digital image for the purpose of enhancing its visual appearance.

Image processing software can also translate numeric information into visual images that

can be edited, enhanced, filtered, or animated in order to reveal relationships previously

not apparent.

“Image processing includes the steps involved in getting an image uploaded to a

computer, modifying, printing, and saving it as a digital image. Image processing

functions include resizing, sharpening, brightness, and contrast.”

Image processing is a rapidly evolving field with growing applications in science and

engineering. Image processing holds the possibility of developing the ultimate machine

that could perform the visual functions of all living beings. Digital image processing has

a broad spectrum of applications such as remote sensing via satellites, medical

processing, radar, sonar, and automated inspection of industrial parts.

The report contains the details of all the tasks carried out during the entire software development of the Image Processor. This document depicts all the details of the project.

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Table of Contents

Abstract............................................................................................................................................ 9

PLATFORM………………………………................................................................................ 12Front End….………………………………................................................................................ 12History…….………………………………..............................................................................12-15Automatic memory management……………...........................................................................16-17

1. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION…................................................................................................................ 182. CHAPTER-2 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................... 192.1 Description of Existing System……….………………………………………………….…..192.2 Circumstances Leading to the Current New System………………………………..….…20-242.3 Objectives………………….................................................................................................. 24 Original Image…………………........................................................................................... 25 Negative…………………................................................................................................... .26 Change colour…………………............................................................................................27 Mean Filter………………….…………............................................................................... 28 Rotate……………………….…............................................................................................29 Image in Image………………….......................................................................................... 30 Median Filter…………………............................................................................................. 31 Black and White…………………........................................................................................ 32

3. Chapter 3 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS............................................................................ 333.1 Information Gathering…….................................................................................................. 333.2 System Feasibility................................................................................................................. 333.2.1 Economical Feasibility………………...............................................................................343.2.2 Technical Feasibility..........................................................................................................343.2.2 Behavioural Feasibility...................................................................................................... 353.3 Technology used…………................................................................................................. 35

4. Chapter 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS TOOL…………….......................................................................... 364.1 Class Diagram……………………...................................................................................... 36

5. CHAPTER 5 DESIGN……………......................................................................................................... 375.1 Interface Design……………………………………………………………………………37

6. Chapter 6 TESTING……………......................................................................................................... 38 6.1 Scope of Testing .................................................................................................................386.2 Test Plan..............................................................................................................................38 6.3 Test Case Design…….........................................................................................................39

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6.4 Test Result...........................................................................................................................40 7. FUTURE SCOPE..................................................................................................................41

8. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................42

9. REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................43

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PLATFORM

FRONT END:

Java SE:

Java is a programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun

Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as

a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its

syntax from C and C++ but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities than

either C or C++. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can

run on any Java Virtual Machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is a

general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented language that is specifically

designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let

application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs

on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another. Java is as of 2012 one

of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web

applications, with a reported 10 million users.

The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class

libraries were developed by Sun from 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the

specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java

technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed

alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for

Java and GNU Classpath.

History

James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project

in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too

advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially

called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office; it went by the name

Green later, and was later renamed Java, from Java coffee, said to be consumed in large

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quantities by the language's creators. Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a

language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation.

Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It

promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on

popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network-

and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java

applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2

(released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998–1999), new versions had multiple

configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted

enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME for mobile

applications (Mobile Java). J2SE designated the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing

purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively.

Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process.

There are 930 million Java Runtime Environment downloads each year and 3 billion

mobile phones run Java.

Principles

There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language:

1. It should be "simple, object-oriented and familiar"

2. It should be "robust and secure"

3. It should be "architecture-neutral and portable"

4. It should execute with "high performance"

5. It should be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic"

Versions

Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates:

JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)

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JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)

J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)

J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)

J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)

J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)

Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)

Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)

Java platform

One characteristic of Java is portability, which means that computer programs written in

the Java language must run similarly on any hardware/operating-system platform. This is

achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called

Java bytecode, instead of directly to platform-specific machine code. Java bytecode

instructions are analogous to machine code, but are intended to be interpreted by a virtual

machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End-users commonly use a Java

Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own machine for standalone Java

applications, or in a Web browser for Java applets.

Standardized libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as

graphics, threading, and networking.

A major benefit of using bytecode is porting. However, the overhead of interpretation

means that interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than programs compiled

to native executables would. Just-in-Time (JIT) compilers were introduced from an early

stage that compiles bytecodes to machine code during runtime.

Implementations

Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE

platform. This implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun.

The Oracle implementation is available for Mac OS X, Windows and Solaris. Because

Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI,

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or any other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto

standard.

The Oracle implementations are packaged into two different distributions. The Java

Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to

run Java programs. This package is intended for end-users. The Java Development Kit

(JDK), is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the

Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger.

OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GPL. The

implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL.

As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation.

The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Platform-

independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required

to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications.

Performance

Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory

than those written in C. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly

with the introduction of Just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1 the addition

of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the

StringBuffer class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java Virtual

Machine itself, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. Currently

(February 2012), microbenchmarks show Java 7 is approximately 1.5 times slower than

C.

Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can

run Java in hardware instead of a software Java Virtual Machine, and ARM based

processors can have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle

option.

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Automatic memory management

Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The

programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for

recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object

remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be freed automatically by the

garbage collector. Something similar to a memory leak may still occur if a programmer's

code holds a reference to an object that is no longer needed, typically when objects that

are no longer needed are stored in containers that are still in use. If methods for a

nonexistent object are called, a "null pointer exception" is thrown.

One of the ideas behind Java's automatic memory management model is that

programmers can be spared the burden of having to perform manual memory

management. In some languages, memory for the creation of objects is implicitly

allocated on the stack, or explicitly allocated and deallocated from the heap. In the latter

case the responsibility of managing memory resides with the programmer. If the program

does not deallocate an object, a memory leak occurs. If the program attempts to access or

deallocate memory that has already been deallocated, the result is undefined and difficult

to predict, and the program is likely to become unstable and/or crash. This can be

partially remedied by the use of smart pointers, but these add overhead and complexity.

Note that garbage collection does not prevent "logical" memory leaks, i.e. those where

the memory is still referenced but never used.

Garbage collection may happen at any time. Ideally, it will occur when a program is idle.

It is guaranteed to be triggered if there is insufficient free memory on the heap to allocate

a new object; this can cause a program to stall momentarily. Explicit memory

management is not possible in Java.

Java does not support C/C++ style pointer arithmetic, where object addresses and

unsigned integers (usually long integers) can be used interchangeably. This allows the

garbage collector to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security.

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As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data

types are not objects. Values of primitive types are either stored directly in fields (for

objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as commonly true for

objects (but see Escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for

performance reasons. Because of this, Java was not considered to be a pure object-

oriented programming language. However, as of Java 5.0, autoboxing enables

programmers to proceed as if primitive types were instances of their wrapper class.

Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the

Concurrent Mark Sweep collector, also known as the CMS Garbage Collector. However,

there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the Heap. For

90% of applications in Java, the CMS Garbage Collector is good enough.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Image processing in its broadest sense is an umbrella term for representing and analyzing

of data in visual form. More narrowly, image processing is the manipulation of numeric

data contained in a digital image for the purpose of enhancing its visual appearance.

Through image processing, faded pictures can be enhanced, medical images clarified, and

satellite photographs calibrated. Image processing software can also translate numeric

information into visual images that can be edited, enhanced, filtered, or animated in order

to reveal relationships previously not apparent.

A technique in which the data from an image are digitized and various mathematical

operations are applied to the data, generally with a digital computer, in order to create an

enhanced image that is more useful or pleasing to a human observer, or to perform some

of the interpretation and recognition tasks usually performed by humans. Also known as

image processing.

“ Transformation of an input image into an output image with desired properties.”

“ Image processing includes the steps involved in getting an image uploaded to a

computer, modifying, printing, and saving it as a digital image. Image processing

functions include resizing, sharpening, brightness, and contrast.”

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CHAPTER 2

Background

2.1 Description of Existing System:

Image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such

as photographs or frames of video; the output of image processing can be either an image

or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing

techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard

signal-processing techniques to it.Image processing usually refers to digital image

processing, but optical and analog image processing are also possible. This article is

about general techniques that apply to all of them.

Operation performed by exitsing system:

Digital compositing or optical compositing (combination of two or more images).

Used in film-making to make a "matte"

Interpolation, demosaicing, and recovery of a full image from a raw image format

using a Bayer filter (A Bayer filter mosaic is a color filter array (CFA) for

arranging RGB color filters on a square grid of photosensors)pattern

Image registration, the alignment of two or more images

Image differencing: The difference between two images is calculated by finding

the difference between each pixel in each image, and generating an image based

on the result.

Morphing : Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that

changes (or morphs) one image into another through a seamless transition

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2.2 Circumstances Leading to the Current New System:

In new system, take imge as input directly and performed various operation on it.This

operation includes:-

1. Gray Scale: Grayscale work on 8-bit representation.8-bit grayscale contain 256

shades of grey i.e. 28 =256(0-255) with 0 denoting Black color & 255 denoting

white color with other values representing intermediate shades of gray.

2. Negative Image: A negative image is a tonal inversion of positive image,in

which light areas appear dark and vice versa.

3. Brightness: Brightness as an attribute of a visual sensation according to which a

given visual stimulus appears to be more or less intense; or, according to which

the area in which the visual stimulus is presented appears to emit more or less

light.

4. Change Color: RGB values encoded in 24 bits per pixel are specified using three

8-bit unsigned integers (0 through 255) representing the intensities of red, green,

and blue. This representation is the current mainstream standard representation for

the so-called true color and common color interchange in image file formats such

as JPEG or TIFF. It allows more than 16 million different combinations (hence

the term millions of colors some systems use for this mode), many of them

indistinguishable to the human eye.

The following table shows the combination of RGB color:

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5. Change Scale: Image processing in resize images in process often called image

scaling,making them larger or smaller.

6. Rotation: Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any

direction and to any degree. A small rotation of several degree is often enough to

level the horizon, correct vertically or both.Roteted image usually required

croppind outward,in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges.

7. Mean Filter: The Average (mean) filter smooths image data, thus eliminating

noise. This filter performs spatial filtering on each individual pixel in an image

using the grey level values in a square or rectangular window surrounding each

pixel.

R G B Color

0 0 0 Black

255 255 255 White

255 0 0 Red

0 255 0 Green

0 0 255 Blue

255 255 0 Yellow

0 255 255 Cyan

255 0 255 Magenta

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For example:

a1 a2 a3 

a4 a5 a6 3x3 filter window

a7 a8 a9

The average filter computes the sum of all pixels in the filter window and then divides the

sum by the number of pixels in the filter window:

Filtered pixel = (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 ... + a9) / 9 

8. Median Filter: In image processing it is usually necessary to perform a high

degree of noise reduction in an image before performing higher-level processing

steps.The median filter is a non-linear digital filtering technique, often used to

remove noise from images or other signals.

Median filtering is a common step in image processing. It is particularly useful to

reduce speckle noise and salt and pepper noise. Its edge-preserving nature makes it useful

in cases where edge blurring is undesirable.

Algorithm steps:,

The idea is to calculate the median of neighbouring pixels values. This can be done by

repeating these steps for each pixel in the image.

1. Store the neighbouring pixels in an array. The neighbouring pixels can be chosen

by any kind of shape, for example a box or a cross. The array is called the

window, and it should be odd sized.

2. Sort the window in numerical order

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3. Pick the median from the window as the pixels value.

To demonstrate, the median filter will be applied to the following array with a window

size of 3, repeating edge values:

x = [2 80 6 3]

y[1] = Median [2 2 80] = 2

y[2] = Median [2 80 6] = Median[2 6 80] = 6

y[3] = Median [80 6 3] = Median[3 6 80] = 6

y[4] = Median [6 3 3] = Median[3 3 6] = 3

So, y = [2 6 6 3]

where y is the median filtered output of x.

9. Image in Image: This application are capable of merging one or more individual

images into a single file.

2.3 Objective:-

Image processing includes the steps involved in getting an image uploaded to a

computer, modifying, printing, and saving it as a digital image. Image processing

functions include resizing, sharpening, brightness, and contrast.

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ORIGINAL IMAGE

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NEGATIVE IMAGE

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CHANGE COLOUR

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MEAN FILTER

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ROTATE

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IMAGE IN IMAGE

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MEDIAN FILTER

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BLACK AND WHITE

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CHAPTER 3

System requirement analysis

3.1: Information gathering:

Information Gathering is an art and science .Whether the trust of the activities is the

initial investigation or a feasibility study.

3.2 System feasibility:-

Study of requirement analysis is done through different feasibility studies. Following are

different feasibility studies.

1) Technical Feasibility

2) Economical Feasibility

3) Behavioral Feasibility

3.2.1 Economic Feasibility:

Among the most important information contained in feasibility study is cost benefit

analysis -an assessment of the economic justification for computer based system project.

Cost benefit analysis delineates cost for project developement and weights them against

tangible and intangible benefits of a system.. Benefits of a new system were determined

relative to existing system. So our system is economically feasible

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3.2.2 Technical Feasibility:

During technical analysis, the analyst evaluates the technical merits of the system

concept,while at the collecting additional information about performance,

reliability,maintainability and reducibility ,technical analysis begins with an asessment of

the technical viability of the proposed system,it is analysed what kind of development

environment is required.Technical feasibility centers on the existing computer system

hardware,software etc and to what extend it can support the proposed addition.We are

working with technologies that are already available so this project is technically feasible

also.

C Vieweractive:intwinNum:intp:PanelDrwpath:StringsetOldImage():voidnewApply():voidmouseEntered(in e:MouseEvent):void

C Image Processingallimages : vectorwinNumber : intcurrentWin : intisToolsWinActive : intisInfoWinActive : intwhoOperationActive : intinfoX : intinfoY : intopenFrameCount : inttxtX : jTextFieldtxtY : jTextFieldlbtxtcurd : jLabellbtxtwin : jLabellbrotX : jLabellbrotY : jLabelfromX1 : jLabelfromX2 : jLabelfromY1 : jLabelfromY2 : jLabelRGBr : intRGBg : intRGBb : int

C RGBR:intG:intB:intp1 :JpanelredScroll :JScrollBar<<create>>RGB()

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3.2.3 Behavioral Feasibility:

Our project will provide user friendly environment to the users for editing and enhancing

the images.So, our project is behavioral Feasibile also.

3.3 Technology used:-

Front end:- Java(Swings) Java Media Framework(JMF) Java Advance Imaging(JAI) Editor :- Netbeans7.1 Beta

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CHAPTER 4

System analysis tool

4.1 class diagram:

C PanelDrwpantimg:BufferedImage<<create>>PanelDrw(in g2:BufferedImage)paint(in g:Graphics):voidrepaintPanelImage(in g3: BufferedImage):void

C HelplbInfo :Jlabelprev :JButtonnext :JButton<<create>>Help()

<create>Image Processing(int str : String)getAlpha(int p : int) : intgetRed(int p : int) : intgetGreen(int p : int) : intgetBlue(int p : int) : intseeColor ( in c : String):StringgetNumber(in c : int,int ch:String,in number:String) :intmeanValue(in a:int[]):intmedianValue(in a:int[]):intnot(in image1:BufferedImage): BufferedImage

C PhotoshopJMBar:JMenuBarJMfile:JMenuJMedit:JMenuJMscale:JMenuItemJMrotate: JMenuItemToolsPanel:JToolBardesktop:JDesktopPaneJBbrighten:JButtonJBrotate:JButtonJSgrayScale:JScrollBarlbr:JLabelTools:JInternalFrameComponentint():voidresetOldImage():voidClosedImage():voidHelp():voidFileChoose():String

C About<<create>>About()

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CHAPTER 5 Design

5.1 Interface design:

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CHAPTER 6

Testing

6.1 Scope of Testing:

The scope of testing is the extensiveness of the test process. A narrow scope may

be limited to determining whether or not the software specifications were correctly

implemented.

6.2 Test Plan:

A test plan is general document for the entire project that defines the scope, approach to

be taken and the schedule of testing as well as identifies the test item for the entire testing

process.

The input for test process:-

1. Project Plan

2. Requirements Document

3. System Design Document

A test plan should contain the following:-

Test unit specification

Feature to be tested

Approach for testing

Test deliverable

Schedule

Personal allocation

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6.3 Test case design:-

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represent the

ultimate review of specification, design and coding. Testing is a process of executing a

program with the intent of finding an error. The various form of testing include:-

White box testing:-

White box testing is test case design method that uses the control structure of procedural

design to derive test cases. Using white box testing methods, the software engineer can

derive cases that:

1. Guarantee that all independent paths within a module level have been exercised atleast

once.

2. Exercise all logical decisions on their true or false sides.

3. Exercise all loops at their boundaries & within their operational bounds.

4. Exercise internal data structure to assure their validity.

Black box testing:-

It focuses on the functional requirements of the software. Black box testing attempt to

find error in the following categories:-

1. Incorrect or missing functions

2. Interface errors

3. Errors in data structures or external database access.

4. Performance error.

5. Initialization and termination error.

Alpha & Beta testing:-

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It is virtually impossible for software developer to foresee how the customer will really

use a program. When customer software is built for one customer of a series of

acceptance test is conducted to enables the customer to validate all requirements.

A customer conducts the alpha test at developer side. Alpha test were performed at our

development side. Error and usage problems were noted and code was updated to remove

all of them.

The beta test is conducted at one or more customer sides by the end user of the software.

The beta testing of our system is not performed fully, as the product is not yet fully

deploy completely at the user’s site.

6.4 Test Results:-

After applying alpha and beta test, we have observed that the system is working fine and

all functional requirements are satisfied but interface need to be improved.

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Future Scope

In future we implements all above written points in limitation of our application and

through this we enhance the capability of processing the images more precisely.

Image processing is a rapidly evolving field with growing applications in science and

engineering. Image processing holds the possibility of developing the ultimate machine

that could perform the visual functions of all living beings. Digital image processing has

a broad spectrum of applications such as remote sensing via satellites, medical

processing, radar, sonar, and automated inspection of industrial parts.

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Conclusion

This report has detailed the development and implementation of an algorithm to detect

visual code markers in images taken from cell phone cameras. System where the process

of applying to image data for a given purpose is used for e.g. of operations include

scene analysis, image restoration, image enhancement, image processing, quantizing,

spatial filtering, and construction of two & three dimensional models of objects,

synonymous with picture processing

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REFERENCE

We refer from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java

http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/java/standard-edition/overview/

index.html

Javadocs J2se6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing

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