2. INTRODUCTION E-Paper is also called Electronic PaperThe first
E-Paper was developed in 1974s byNicholas K Sheridon at Xeroxs Palo
Alto ResearchCentre.It is a display unit.Can be described as an
easily transportableelectronic display device that looks like real
paper,but can rewritten electronically millions of times2 3. Its a
display technology that will allow readers toread as if it was real
paper with ink on it, whilebeing extremely light and flexibleHere
is a picture that can help anyone visualizewhat e-paper looks
like.3Electronic ink is a proprietary material that isprocessed
into a film for integration intoelectronic displays 4. 4 5.
Technologies proposed so
far:GyriconElectrophoreticElectrowettingElectrofluidic5 6.
GyriconFirst e-paper called GYRICONIt based on a thin sheet of
flexible plasticcontaining a layer of tiny plastic beads
eachencapsulated in oil and it rotate freely.Each hemisphere of a
bead has different colourand different electric charge.Electric
field is applied the beads are rotate, creattwo-coloured pattern.6
7. This method have some limitations. Low brightness and
resolution. Lack of color. Other form of E-ink with improve
propertyscompared to Gyricon is Electrophoretic7 8.
ElectrophoreticElectrophorestic frontplane consist of millions of
microcapsules.Each approximately 100 microns in dia.Each micro
capsule is filled with a clear fluid containing charged white
particle and ve black particle.8 9. Composition:Titania particles
inside capsules.Hydrocarbon oil containing dyePlates having gap
(10-100)mMigration of particles: electrophoresis9 10. A negative
electric field is applied the white particlesmove to the
top,causing the area to appear as a whitedot.When a positive
electric field is applied the blackparticle migrate to the top and
white particle move tobottom.Limitations: Lack of colour Low
refresh rate Flicker (Due to slow motion of particles fromend to
end)10 11. Charged particle distribution11 12. ElectrowettingBased
on the phenomenon of Electrowetting effectbased on controlling the
shape of a confinedwater/oil interface by an applied voltage.With
no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil forms aflat film between the
water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent)insulating coating of an
electrode, resultingin a coloured pixel.12 13. When a voltage is
applied between the electrode and thewater, the interfacial tension
between the water and thecoating changes. As a result the stacked
state is no longerstable, causing the water to move the oil
aside.ElectrofluidicTiny reservoirs employedElectrofluidic displays
are a variation of an electrowetting display.13 14. WORKINGIt has
two different parts. Front plane.Back plane.The front plane consist
of E-ink. electronics required to generate thepattern of text and
images on the e-inkpage, the "backplane".14 15. Front planeE-ink
2-pigment systemThe front plane consist of E-ink .E-ink is made up
of millions of tinymicrocapsules.Each microcapsule contains
positivelycharged white particles and negativelycharged black
particles suspended in aclear fluid15 16. When a positive or
negative electric field is applied,corresponding particles move to
the top of the microcapsulewhere they become visible to the viewer.
This makes thesurface appear white or black at that spotWhen
particles are located at the front side ofdisplay, it appears
white, particles are located at rearside of the display, it appears
dark.E-ink 2-pigment systemThe display forms visible images
byrearranging charged particles usingan applied electric16 17. Back
plane is made up of organic thin film transistorarrays which
provide voltage needed by the E-Paper.To form an E-ink ,electronic
display the ink is printedonto a plastic film that is laminated to
a layer of circuitry17 18. Back plane layout18 19. Rubber Stamped
Plastic CircuitryFor Electronic Paper19 20. Thousands of
electrodesunder the screen emitpositive and negativeelectrical
charges.When a negative charge isemitted, the negatively
chargedblack particles are repelled andare pushed to the top of
thecapsule and white particles moveto the bottom generating
blacktextTop layerCapsulesBottom layerElectrodesTop
layerCapsulesBottom layerElectrodes20 21. When positive charge is
emitted, thepositive charged white particles arepushed to the top
of the capsules21 22. FEATURESUltra-thin and flexible energy
cell.Eliminates the cost of the battery, weight andvolume of the
battery holder.Can be made into almost any shape.Can be integrated
on almost any surface.Environmentally friendly, non-caustic,
nopossibility of explosion, burns, or overheating.22 23. Comparison
of E-paper & LCDElectronic Ink DisplayWide viewing angleBlack
on paper whiteReadable in sunlightHolds image without power
drainPlastic or glassLight WeightThin (~1 mm)Liquid Crystal
DisplayBest image only from one positionGray on grayCan be
difficult to seeRequired power to hold imagesGlass onlyPower supply
and glass make LCDsrelatively heavyThick (~7 mm) 23 24.
ADVANTAGEPaper-like Readability.Ultra-Low Power
Consumption.Clarity.Reduced Eyestrain.Mobile Display
Solution.Hypertext.Multimedia Information.Include
Graphics.InexpensiveHighly flexible24 25. CONSUMER BENEFITS25 26.
DISADVANTAGESVery low switching speedElectrochemical
complexityElectronic paper technologies have a verylow refresh rate
compared to other low-powerdisplay technologies, such as
LCDFlickering, No video, Lack of color26 27. ApplicationsElectronic
Book.Electronic Newspaper.Mobile display.Computer monitor.27 28.
Displays embedded in smart cardsFlexible display cards enable
financial payment cardholdersto generate a one-time password to
reduce online banking andtransaction fraud. Electronic paper could
offer a flat and thinalternative to existing key fob tokens for
data securityStatus displaysSome devices, likes flash drives, have
used electronic paperto display status information, such as
available storage space.Mobile phonesMotorola's low-cost mobile
phone, the Motorola F3,also usesan alphanumeric black/white
electrophoretic display28 29. FUTURE OF E-PAPERAn e-devices that
will consume little power while also providinghigh function and
color(video playing and web browsing)whilealso featuring good
visibility in sunlight More advanced wireless capabilities E-Paper
reader may soon replace thepresent newspaper and books29 30.
Conclusion Researches found that in just few yearthis technology
can replace paper inmany situations, leading us to think of atruly
paperless world.30 31. REFRENCESComiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.;
Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. "An electrophoreticink for all-printed
reflective electronic displays" Nature 1998, 394, (6690),
253-255.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper.Blankenbach
K, Schmoll A, Bitman A, Bartels F and Jerosch D 2008 Novelhighly
reflective and bistable electrowetting displays SID J. 16 237- 44
Andersson, P.; Nilsson, D, Svensson, P. O.; Chen, M.; Malmstrm,
A.;Remonen, T.;Kugler, T.; Berggren, M. "Active Matrix Displays
Based onAll-Organic Electrochemical Smart Pixels Printed on Paper"
Adv Mater 2002, 14,(20), 1460-1464.Huitema, H. E. A.; Gelinck, G.
H.; van der Putten, J. B. P. H.; Kuijk, K. E.; Hart,C.
M.;Cantatore, E.; Herwig, P. T.; van Breemen, A. J. J. M.; de
Leeuw, D. M."Plastic transistors inactive-matrix displays" Nature
2001, 414, (6864), 599.
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/e-paperAdvertisementindia.com31
32. LET US SAVE THE THE EARTHAND USE E -PAPER32 33. 33
