Upload
suhardy-awaldiansyah
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
1/15
Electronic paperFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Electronic paper,e-paperandelectronic inkare display technologies which are
designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper.[1]Unlike conventional
backlit flat panel displays which emit light, electronic paper displays reflect light likeordinary paper, theoretically making it more comfortable to read, and giving the
surface a wider viewing angle compared to conventional displays. The contrast ratio in
available displays as of 2008 might be described as similar to that of newspaper,
though newly developed displays are slightly better.[2]An ideal e-paper display can be
read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade.
Many electronic paper technologies can hold static text and images indefinitely
without using electricity. Flexible electronic paper uses plastic substrates and plasticelectronics for the display backplane. There is ongoing competition among
manufacturers to provide full-color ability.
Applications of electronic visual displays include electronic pricing labels in retail
shops, and digital signage,[3]time tables at bus stations,[4]electronic billboards,[5]
mobile phone displays, and e-readers able to display digital versions of books and
e-paper magazines.
Contents
1 Technologies1.1 Gyricon1.2 Electrophoretic
1.2.1 Electrophoretic display
1.3 Electrowetting1.3.1 Electrofluidic
1.4 Interferometric modulator1.5 Other bistable displays1.6 Other technologies
2 Disadvantages3 Applications
3.1 Wristwatches3.2 e-Books3.3 Newspapers3.4 Displays embedded in smart cards3.5 Status displays
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
2/15
Appearance of pixels
3.6 Mobile phones3.7 Electronic shelf labels3.8 Other
4 Display manufacturers5 See also6 References
7 Further reading8 External links
Technologies
Gyricon
Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's PaloAlto Research Center. The first electronic paper, called Gyricon, consisted of
polyethylene spheres between 75 and 106 micrometres across. Each sphere is a janus
particle composed of negatively charged black plastic on one side and positively
charged white plastic on the other (each bead is thus a dipole).[6]The spheres are
embedded in a transparent silicone sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil
so that they can rotate freely. The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of
electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the
pixel a white or black appearance.[7]At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company
Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.[8]
Electrophoretic
In
the
simplest implementation of an electrophoretic display, titanium dioxide (titania)
particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil.
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
3/15
A dark-colored dye is also added to the oil, along with surfactants and charging agents
that cause the particles to take on an electric charge. This mixture is placed between
two parallel, conductive plates separated by a gap of 10 to 100 micrometres. When a
voltage is applied across the two plates, the particles will migrate electrophoretically to
the plate bearing the opposite charge from that on the particles. When the particles are
located at the front (viewing) side of the display, it appears white, because light is
scattered back to the viewer by the high-index titania particles. When the particles arelocated at the rear side of the display, it appears dark, because the incident light is
absorbed by the colored dye. If the rear electrode is divided into a number of small
picture elements (pixels), then an image can be formed by applying the appropriate
voltage to each region of the display to create a pattern of reflecting and absorbing
regions.
Electrophoretic displays are considered prime examples of the electronic paper
category, because of their paper-like appearance and low power consumption.
Examples of commercial electrophoretic displays include the high-resolution active
matrix displays used in the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble Nook, Sony Librie, Sony
Reader, Kobo eReader and iRex iLiad e-readers. These displays are constructed from
an electrophoretic imaging film manufactured by E Ink Corporation.
The EPD technology has been developed also by Sipix and Bridgestone/Delta. SiPix
Imaging Inc. is now part of AU Optronics Corp, a LCD-panel manufacturers. SiPix
uses Microcup architecture with flexible PET material, instead of microcapsule. Otherthan E-Ink's 0.04mm-diameter microcapsule structure, Sipix's is 0.15mm-diameter
Microcup.[9][10]On the other side, Bridgestone Corp.'s Advanced Materials Division
has been cooperating with Delta Optoelectronics Inc. in developing the Quick
Response Liquid Powder Display (QR-LPD) technology.[11][12]The Motorola
MOTOFONE
Electrophoretic displays can be manufactured using the Electronics on Plastic by Laser
Release (EPLaR) process developed by Philips Research to enable existing AM-LCDmanufacturing plants to create flexible plastic displays.
Electrophoretic display
Anelectrophoretic displayforms visible images by rearranging charged pigment
particles using an applied electric field.
In the 1990s another type of electronic paper was invented by Joseph Jacobson, wholater co-founded the E Ink Corporation which formed a partnership with Philips
Components two years later to develop and market the technology. In 2005, Philips
sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to Prime View
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
4/15
Scheme of an electrophoretic display.
Scheme of an electrophoretic display using color
filters.
Macro photograph of Kindle 3 screen;
microcapsules are evident at full size
International. This used tiny
microcapsules filled with electrically
charged white particles suspended in a
colored oil.[13]In early versions, the
underlying circuitry controlled whether
the white particles were at the top of
the capsule (so it looked white to the
viewer) or at the bottom of the capsule
(so the viewer saw the color of the oil).
This was essentially a reintroduction of
the well-known electrophoretic display
technology, but the use of
microcapsules allowed the display to
be used on flexible plastic sheets
instead of glass.
One early version of electronic paper
consists of a sheet of very small
transparent capsules, each about 40
micrometres across. Each capsule contains an
oily solution containing black dye (the
electronic ink), with numerous white titanium
dioxide particles suspended within. Theparticles are slightly negatively charged, and
each one is naturally white.[7]
The microcapsules are held in a layer of liquid
polymer, sandwiched between two arrays of
electrodes, the upper of which is made
transparent. The two arrays are aligned so that
the sheet is divided into pixels, which each
pixel corresponding to a pair of electrodes
situated either side of the sheet. The sheet is laminated with transparent plastic for
protection, resulting in an overall thickness of 80 micrometres, or twice that of
ordinary paper.
The network of electrodes is connected to display circuitry, which turns the electronic
ink 'on' and 'off' at specific pixels by applying a voltage to specific pairs of electrodes.
Applying a negative charge to the surface electrode repels the particles to the bottom
of local capsules, forcing the black dye to the surface and giving the pixel a blackappearance. Reversing the voltage has the opposite effect - the particles are forced to
the surface, giving the pixel a white appearance. A more recent incarnation of this
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
5/15
concept requires only one layer of electrodes beneath the microcapsules.[14][15]
Electrowetting
Main article: Electrowetting
Electro-wetting display (EWD) is based on controlling the shape of a confinedwater/oil interface by an applied voltage. With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil
forms a flat film between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating
coating of an electrode, resulting in a coloured pixel.
When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water, the interfacial tension
between the water and the coating changes. As a result the stacked state is no longer
stable, causing the water to move the oil aside.
This results in a partly transparent pixel, or, if a reflective white surface is used under
the switchable element, a white pixel. Because of the small size of the pixel, the user
only experiences the average reflection, which means that a high-brightness,
high-contrast switchable element is obtained, which forms the basis of the reflective
display.
Displays based on electro-wetting have several attractive features. The switching
between white and coloured reflection is fast enough to display video content.[16]
It is a low-power and low-voltage technology, and displays based on the effect can be
made flat and thin. The reflectivity and contrast are better than or equal to those of
other reflective display types and are approaching those of paper.
In addition, the technology offers a unique path toward high-brightness full-colour
displays, leading to displays that are four times brighter than reflective LCDs and twice
as bright as other emerging technologies.[17]
Instead of using red, green and blue (RGB) filters or alternating segments of the three
primary colours, which effectively result in only one third of the display reflecting light
in the desired colour, electro-wetting allows for a system in which one sub-pixel is able
to switch two different colours independently.
This results in the availability of two thirds of the display area to reflect light in any
desired colour. This is achieved by building up a pixel with a stack of two
independently controllable coloured oil films plus a colour filter.
The colours used are cyan, magenta and yellow, which is a so-called subtractive
system, comparable to the principle used in inkjet printing for example. Compared to
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
6/15
LCD another factor two in brightness is gained because no polarisers are required.[18]
Examples of commercial electrowetting displays include Liquavista,[19] ITRI,[20] PVI
and ADT.[21][22]
Miortechs 2nd generation electrowetting display technology solves a number of issues
of 1st generation electrowetting display technology and large-area devices are easy to
manufacture since the pixel walls act as spacers. Miortech develops rearview mirrors
using its 2nd generation EWD technology.[23]
Electrofluidic
Electrofluidic displays are a variation of an electrowetting display. Electrofluidic
displays place an aqueous pigment dispersion inside a tiny reservoir. The reservoir
comprises 85% white
state reflectance for electronic paper.
The core technology was invented at the Novel Devices Laboratory at the University
of Cincinnati. The technology is currently being commercialized by Gamma Dynamics.
Interferometric modulator
Main article: Interferometric modulator display
Other bistable displays
See also: Bistable
Plastic Logic, manufacturer of flexible plastic electrophoretic displays[25]
Qualcomm, manufacturer of "Mirasol" interferometric modulator display
Kent Displays, manufacturer of cholesteric liquid crystal display (ChLCD)[26]
Nemoptic, nematic materials[27]
TRED[28]
Other technologies
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
7/15
An e-ink screen showing the "ghost" of
a prior image
Other research efforts into e-paper have involved using organic transistors embedded
into flexible substrates,[29][30]including attempts to build them into conventional
paper.[31]Simple color e-paper[32]consists of a thin colored optical filter added to the
monochrome technology described above. The array of pixels is divided into triads,
typically consisting of the standard cyan, magenta and yellow, in the same way as CRT
monitors (although using subtractive primary colors as opposed to additive primarycolors). The display is then controlled like any other electronic color display.
Examples of electrochromic displays include Acreo,[33] Ajjer,[34] Aveso[35]and
Ntera.[36]
Disadvantages
Electronic paper technologies have a very low refresh rate compared to otherlow-power display technologies, such as LCD. This prevents producers from
implementing sophisticated interactive applications (using fast moving menus, mouse
pointers or scrolling) like those which are possible on mobile devices. An example of
this limit is that a document cannot be smoothly zoomed without either extreme
blurring during the transition or a very slow zoom.
Another limit is that a shadow of an image may
be visible after refreshing parts of the screen.Such shadows are termed "ghost images", and
the effect is termed "ghosting". This effect is
reminiscent of screen burn-in but, unlike it, is
solved after the screen is refreshed several
times. Turning every pixel white, then black,
then white, helps normalize the contrast of the
pixels. This is why several devices with this
technology "flash" the entire screen white and
black when loading a new image.[citation needed]
Electronic paper is still a topic in the R&D community and remains under development
for manufacturability, marketability, and reliability considerations.[citation needed]
Applications
Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink. While thetechnologies used by each company provide many of the same features, each has its
own distinct technological advantages. All electronic paper technologies face the
following general challenges:
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
8/15
An e-paper display on a watch
refreshes to remove ghosts.
A method for encapsulationAn ink or active material to fill theencapsulationElectronics to activate the ink
Electronic ink can be applied to flexible or rigid
materials. For flexible displays, the baserequires a thin, flexible material tough enough
to withstand considerable wear, such as
extremely thin plastic. The method of how the
inks are encapsulated and then applied to the
substrate is what distinguishes each company
from others. These processes are complex and
are carefully guarded industry secrets.
Nevertheless, making electronic paper promisesto be less complex and costly than making
traditional LCDs.
There are many approaches to electronic paper,
with many companies developing technology in this area. Other technologies being
applied to electronic paper include modifications of liquid crystal displays,
electrochromic displays, and the electronic equivalent of an Etch A Sketch at Kyushu
University. Advantages of electronic paper includes low power usage (power is only
drawn when the display is updated), flexibility and better readability than mostdisplays. Electronic ink can be printed on any surface, including walls, billboards,
product labels and T-shirts. The ink's flexibility would also make it possible to develop
rollable displays for electronic devices.
Wristwatches
In December 2005 Seiko released the first electronic ink based watch called the
Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a flexible electrophoretic display[37]and inMarch 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous e-ink watch with an
active matrix display.[38]In 2013, the pebble wristwatch will also use e-paper
technology.
e-Books
Main article: List of e-book readers
In 2004 Sony released Libri EBR-1000EP in Japan, the first e-book reader with an
electronic paper display. In September 2006 Sony released the PRS-500 Sony Reader
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
9/15
The Motorola F3 uses an
e-paper display instead of
an LCD.
e-book reader in the USA. On October 2, 2007, Sony
announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the
Reader. In November 2008, Sony released the
PRS-700BC which incorporated a backlight and a
touchscreen.
In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing theAmazon Kindle, an e-book reader with an e-paper display.
In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle 2 and in
May 2009 the larger Kindle DX was announced. In July
2010 the third generation Kindle was announced, with
notable design changes.[39]The fourth generation of
Kindles were announced in September 2011. This
generation was unique as it marked the Kindle's first
departure from keyboards in favor of touchscreens. InSeptember 2012, Amazon announced the fifth generation
of the Kindle which incorporates a LED frontlight and a
higher contrast display.[40]
In November 2009 Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes
& Noble Nook, running an Android operating system. It
differs from other big name readers in having a
replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen colorLCD below the main electronic paper reading screen.
Newspapers
In February 2006, the Flemish dailyDe Tijddistributed an electronic version of thepaper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of
the iRex iLiad. This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper
publishing.
The French dailyLes chosannounced the official launch of an electronic version ofthe paper on a subscription basis, in September 2007. Two offers were available,
combining a one year subscription and a reading device. The offer included either a
light (176g) reading device (adapted for Les Echos by Ganaxa) or the iRex iLiad. Two
different processing platforms were used to deliver readable information of the daily,
one based on the newly developed GPP electronic ink platform from Ganaxa, and theother one developed internally by Les Echos.
Displays embedded in smart cards
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ri 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
10/15
USB flash drive with E
Ink-implemented capacity meter ofavailable flash memory
Flexible display cards enable financial payment cardholders to generate a one-time
password to reduce online banking and transaction fraud. Electronic paper offers a flat
and thin alternative to existing key fob tokens for data security. The worlds first ISO
compliant smart card with an embedded display was developed by Innovative Card
Technologies and nCryptone in 2005. The cards were manufactured by Nagra ID.
Status displays
Some devices, like USB flash drives, have used
electronic paper to display status information,
such as available storage space.[41]Once the
image on the electronic paper has been set, it
requires no power to maintain, so the readout
can be seen even when the flash drive is not
plugged in.
Mobile phones
Motorola's low-cost mobile phone, the
Motorola F3, uses an alphanumeric black-
and-white electrophoretic display.
The Samsung Alias 2 mobile phoneincorporates electronic ink from E Ink into the
keypad, which allows the keypad to change
character sets and orientation while in different
display modes.
Electronic shelf labels
E-Paper based electronic shelf labels (ESL) are used to digitally display the prices atretail stores. Electronic paper based labels are updated via two-way infrared or radio
technology.
Other
Other proposed applications include clothes, digital photo frames, information boards
and keyboards. Keyboards with dynamically changeable keys are useful for less
represented languages, or for special non-alphabetical applications such as videoediting or games.
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ari 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
11/15
Display manufacturers
Delta ElectronicsLG
NEC
Plastic LogicE Ink Holdings, flexible EPLaRSamsungSeiko Epson
See also
E-book
E InkElectrofluidicFlexible electronicsList of e-book readersDisplay examples
References
^ Heikenfeld (2011). "A critical review of the present and future prospects for
electronic paper" (http://www.ece.uc.edu/devices/Downloads/Documents/Publications
/A%20critical%20review%20of%20the%20present%20and%20future%20prospects%20
for.pdf).J. Soc. Inf. Display19: 129.
1.
^ "IRex Takes On The Kindle" (http://www.forbes.com/2008/09/23/amazon-irex-ebook-
tech-intel-cx_ag_0923ebook_print.html).Forbes. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2008-11-06.2.
^ "SiPix pricing labels" (http://www.sipix.com/applications/pricinglabels.html).
Retrieved 2008-01-13.
3.
^ Graham-Rowe, Duncan (2007). "Electronic paper rewrites the rulebook for displays".Nature Photonics1(5): 248. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.53 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnphoton.2007.53). Photo (http://www.diginfo.tv/archives/fujitsu_03-
thumb.jpg)
4.
^ "magink e-paper billboards" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070821191921/http:
//www.magink.com/product.php). Archived from the original (http://www.magink.com
/product.php) on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
5.
^ Crowley, Joseph M.; Sheridon, Nicholas K.; Romano, Linda. "Dipole moments of
gyricon balls" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438860100208X).
Journal of Electrostatics55(3-4): 247259. doi:10.1016/S0304-3886(01)00208-X(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-3886%2801%2900208-X). Retrieved 20
November 2011.
6.
^ a b Daviss, Bennett (15 May 1999), "Paper goes electric"7.
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ari 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
12/15
(http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221864.700-paper-goes-electric.html),NewScientist(Reed Business Information), retrieved 20 November 2011^ Techon.Soken electronic wall-paper (http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN
/20081104/160670/)
8.
^ [1] (http://www.e-ink-info.com/introduction)9.
^ [2] (http://www.epapercentral.com/epaper-technologies-guide)10.
^ Electronic Paper | Bridgestone Corporation (http://www2.bridgestone-dp.jp/global/adv-materials/QR-LPD/)11.
^ BridgeStone Flexible ePaper Quick Response Liquid Powder Technology | The
Cool Gadgets - Quest for The Coolest Gadgets (http://thecoolgadgets.com/bridgestone-flexible-epaper-quick-response-liquid-powder-technology/)
12.
^ Comiskey, B.; Albert, J. D.; Yoshizawa, H.; Jacobson, J. "An electrophoretic ink for
all-printed reflective electronic displays (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28349)" Nature1998, 394, (6690), 253-255.
13.
^ Sample, Ian (24 April 2001). "Roll The Presses" (http://www.newscientist.com/article
/dn659-roll-the-presses.html).New Scientist. Retrieved 20 November 2011.14.
^ Rogers, John A; Bao, Zhenan; Baldwin, Kirk; Dodabalapur, Ananth; Crone, Brian;
Raju, V R; Kuck, Valerie; Katz, Howard; Amundson, Karl; Ewing, Jay; Drzaic, Paul (24
April 2001). "Paper-like electronic displays: Large-area rubber-stamped plastic sheets
of electronics and microencapsulated electrophoretic inks" (http://www.pnas.org/content/98/9/4835.full).PNAS98(9): 48354840. doi:10.1073/pnas.091588098(http://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.091588098). Retrieved 20 November 2011.
15.
^ Zyga, Lisa (26 July 2010), "Oil-based color pixels could let you watch videos one-paper" (http://www.physorg.com/news199330889.html),PhysOrg, retrieved 20November 2011
16.
^ LiquaVista electrowetting display technologies http://www.liquavista.com17.^ The Hindu : Technology for reflective full-colour display (http://www.hinduonnet.com
/seta/2003/10/02/stories/2003100200060200.htm)
18.
^ http://www.liquavista.com19.
^ [3] (http://www.itri.org.tw/eng/news-and-events/feature-story-
detail.asp?RootNodeId=050&NodeId=0502&FocusNewsNBR=52)
20.
^ Blankenbach K, Schmoll A, Bitman A, Bartels F and Jerosch D 2008 Novel highly
reflective and bistable electrowetting displays SID J. 16 23744
21.
^ http://www.iop.org/Select/article/0960-1317/19/6/065029
/jmm9_6_065029.pdf?request-id=37ba45f3-e740-4c0d-8c35-dcf2d9af1f10
22.
^ http://www.miortech.com23.
^ "Gamma Dynamic Technology" (http://gammadynamics.net/technology/). Gamma
Dynamics. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
24.
^ http://www.plasticlogic.com25.
^ Kent Displays, Inc. (http://www.kentdisplays.com/)26.
^ http://www.nemoptic.com27.
^ Tred Displays (http://www.treddisplays.com/)28.
^ Huitema, H. E. A.; Gelinck, G. H.; van der Putten, J. B. P. H.; Kuijk, K. E.; Hart, C.
M.; Cantatore, E.; Herwig, P. T.; van Breemen, A. J. J. M.; de Leeuw, D. M. "Plastictransistors in active-matrix displays (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414599a)" Nature 2001,
414, (6864), 599.
29.
^ Gelinck, G. H. et al. "Flexible active-matrix displays and shift registers based on30.
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ari 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
13/15
solution-processed organic transistors (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1061)" Nature
Materials 2004, 3, (2), 106-110.
^ Andersson, P.; Nilsson, D.; Svensson, P. O.; Chen, M.; Malmstrm, A.; Remonen, T.;
Kugler, T.; Berggren, M. "Active Matrix Displays Based on All-OrganicElectrochemical Smart Pixels Printed on Paper (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com
/cgi-bin/abstract/99018467/ABSTRACT)" Adv Mater 2002, 14, (20), 1460-1464.
31.
^ Duncan Graham-Rowe (June 6, 2001). "Read all about it" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070930041117/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn837.html).New Scientist.Archived from the original (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn837.html) on
2007-09-30.
32.
^ [4] (http://www.acreo.se/templates/Page____793.aspx?mode=print)33.
^ AJJER LLC: Consulting, laboratory services and technology licensing
(http://www.ajjer.com/available_technology.html)
34.
^ http://www.avesodisplays.com/35.
^NTERA - NanoChromics Technology (http://www.ntera.com/)36.
^ "The first watch that uses flexible e-paper hits the stores"
(http://www.akihabaranews.com//en/news-10749-The+first+watch+that+uses+flexible+e-
paper+hits+the+stores.html) 2005-12-01
37.
^ "Baselworld 2010 - Seiko Press Conference - Future Now, EPD Watch
(http://www.seikowatches.com/baselworld/2010/precon/0402-epd.html) 2010-04-01
38.
^ Amazon Media Room: Press Releases (http://phx.corporate-ir.net
/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1453463&highlight=)
39.
^ "Kindle Paperwhite e-reader announced, $119 Wi-Fi and $179 3G models shipOctober 1st" (http://www.theverge.com/2012/9/6/3296627/amazon-new-kindle-
paperwhite-announcement). Retrieved 7 September 2012.
40.
^ "LEXAR ADDS INNOVATIVE STORAGE CAPACITY METER WITHELECTRONIC PAPER DISPLAY FROM E INK" (http://www.eink.com/press_releases
/lexar_usb_drive_using_e_ink_010306.html). Eink - Press Release. Retrieved 1 April
2012.
41.
Further reading
Electric paper (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221864.700-paper-goes-electric.html), New Scientist, 2003E-paper may offer video images (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4202),
New Scientist, 2003Paper comes alive (http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17924141.200) NewScientist, 2003Most flexible electronic paper yet revealed (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4602), New Scientist, 2004Roll-up digital displays move closer to market (http://www.newscientist.com
/channel/mech-tech/mg18524907.100) New Scientist, 2005Seiko Epson develops ultra-dense e-paper display (http://www.electronista.com/articles/07/11/16/seiko.ultra.dense.e.paper/) Electronista, 11-2007Unidym and Samsung Electronics demonstrate the world's first colour carbon-
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ari 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
14/15
nanotube-based electrophoretic display (http://www.unidym.com/press/pr_081016.html) Unidym Press Room, 10-2008
External links
Epaper Central (http://www.epapercentral.com/), electronic paper news,information, analysisE-paper display market reaches $1.17 billion in 2014(http://www.printedelectronicsworld.com/articles/e_paper_display_market_reaches_1_17_billion_in_2014_00001704.asp)Electronic Paper: Merging between Traditional Publishing and E-Publishing(http://sites.google.com/site/hantarto/epublishing)Wired article on E Ink-Philips partnership, and background(http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,42056,00.html)
Bosner, Kevin. How Electronic Ink Will Work (http://www.howstuffworks.com/e-ink.htm) at HowStuffWorks, retrieved 2007-08-26MIT ePaper Project (http://www.media.mit.edu/micromedia/elecpaper.html)Xerox PARC epaper project (http://www2.parc.com/hsl/projects/gyricon/)Gamma Dynamics: Commercializing a New Pigment-Based ElectrowettingDisplay (http://www.gammadynamics.net/index.html)Office of Tomorrow (http://mi-lab.org/projects/office-of-tomorrow/)Tanaka, Naoki (2007-12-06). "Fuji Xerox Exhibits Color Electronic Paper w/
Optical Writing System" (http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20071206/143736/). Japan: Tech-On. Retrieved 2007-12-10.The Future of Electronic Paper (http://www.TheFutureOfThings.com/articles/1000/the-future-of-electronic-paper.html), Past, present and future of e-paper,includes interview with Nick Sheridon, father of e-paper at XeroxFujitsu Develops World's First Film Substrate-based Bendable Color ElectronicPaper featuring Image Memory Function (http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2005/20050713-01.html)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_paper&oldid=554601166"
Categories: American inventions Display technology Electronic engineering
Paper Electronic paper technology
This page was last modified on 11 May 2013 at 15:29.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use andPrivacy Policy.Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., anon-profit organization.
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
ari 15 05/08/2013 8:58
8/14/2019 Electronic Paper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
15/15
tronic paper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper