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Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling;A legislative comparison for use in Queensland policy making.
Presentation for BEB801 Capstone ProjectTom Ahern – Bachelor of Civil EngineeringQueensland University of Technology10th June 2016
Index
Introduction to construction and demolition (C&D) waste;
History of C&D waste management and recycling;
C&D Recycling in South-East Queensland; C&D Recycling in Denmark; C&D Recycling in Hong Kong;
Recommendations
C&D Waste 50%+ waste generated worldwide is C&D;
Many European countries achieving 90%+ recycling;
Other developed countries struggling to improve;
~95% of waste on typical construction sites can be recycled;
C&D Waste Waste management historically focused on hygienically
disposing waste;
Historically construction activities acquired ‘unlimited’ resources and produced ‘unlimited’ waste;
Now understood that limited resources should be conserved and waste should be reduced;
Ideal system uses ‘energy’ to reuse and recycle limited resources and extend life-cycle of materials.
Current C&DW Recycling Climate Denmark/Netherlands/Germany world leaders in C&D
recycling practices;
Lack of awareness in many developed countries such as EU members and USA;
Australia achieving promising results in NSW & Victoria;
Queensland struggling with ~42% C&DW recycled.
4R’s of Waste Management
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Recover
Dispose
Construction Waste Recycling Typically consists of
concrete, rubble, asphalt, brick, plaster, wood, metal and plastic;
Source-separation
All materials are separated into respective stockpiles and reused or sent to recyclers/landfill
Demolition Waste Recycling Includes aggregate, concrete, wood, metal, insulation and
glass;
Usually contaminated with paints, adhesives, dirt etc.
Selective demolition as an alternative to full demolition;
Allows components to be disassembled and recycled before core structure is destroyed.
South-East Queensland C&D Recycling
SEQ is largest growth area in the state;
Only reports 42% recycling of C&D wastes where other states are achieving 70%+;
Many barriers including landfill fees, inferior recycled materials and general lack of experience;
Timber and concrete largest recycled products.
Waste Management Legislation - SEQ
Lack of policy surrounding the reduction and recycling of construction waste;
Waste Reduction Recycling Act;
Waste Reduction and Recycling Strategy;
Landfill levy introduced at $35/t then repealed;
Waste Management Legislation - SEQ
Only affects government subsidiaries and those under government owned contracts;
Sets target at 40% total weight of waste to be reused or recycled;
Requires source-separation techniques where practicable;
Only accounts for a small section of C&D taking place.
Denmark C&D Recycling First developed after Copenhagen landfill exhaustion in
1985;
1989 first municipal solid waste management plan enforced;
1993 Estimated 50% of C&D waste recycled, 23% incinerated & 27% disposed in landfill;
By 2008 approximately 90% of C&D waste recycled, 2% via incineration (energy recovery) & 8% disposed in landfill.
Denmark C&D Recycling Waste is managed at all levels of government;
Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment and Energy, County policies & Municipality governance.
Odense Waste Management Facilities; Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection throughout Odense, 8 Recycling stations, Landfilling, sorting and composting facilities.
Waste Management Legislation – Denmark Statutory Orders
Source-separation, Hazardous waste separation, Recycling unpolluted C&DW
Landfill Ban Ban for all materials suitable
for incineration.
Waste-to-energy facilities accommodated influx of waste.
Waste Management Legislation – Denmark Landfill and incineration tax
first introduced in 1987;
Dramatic drop in landfilling since introduction;
Generates over €120 million annually;
Revenue supports recycling processes and cleaner technology ventures.
Hong Kong C&D Recycling Sovereign territory in China – 7.3 million residents;
Inert waste – rock, rubble, concrete, brick, sand soil – Sent to public filling facilities for land reclamation;
Non-inert waste – Organic material and contaminated inert waste – Disposed in landfill.
Approximately 20% non-inert, 80% inert
Hong Kong C&D Recycling Adopted the 4R’s approach to construction waste
management;
Source-separation is not widely encouraged – Only used when contractually required;
Top-down demolition required due to lack of space;
Tseung Kwan O Fill Bank Recycling facilities; Crushing plant and sorting facilities; Daily capacity of 1200 tonnes of crushed aggregate.
Waste Management Legislation – Hong Kong Waste disposal ordinance (1980) to reduce illegal dumping;
Waste Reduction Framework Plan (1998) to promote reuse and recycling of materials;
2006 Off-site construction waste sorting program; Led to the commissioning of the Tseung Kwan O Fill Bank.
Introduced in conjunction with Waste Charging Scheme
Waste Management Legislation – Hong Kong Waste Charging Scheme
introduced in 2006;
Sets charges based on the quantity by weight of different wastes;
Encourages separation to dispose of inert wastes at public fill facilities.
Government Waste Disposal Facility
Type of Construction waste accepted
Charge per tonne ($HK)
Public Fill Entirely inert $27
Sorting Facilities
More than 50% inert
$100
Landfill Not more than 50% inert
$125
Outlying Island Transfer Facilities
Containing any percentage of inert waste
$125
Recommendations for South-East Queensland Legislation Use of recycled materials in new construction;
Relax policy surrounding the use of recycled materials; Allow use in non-critical structural applications; Stringent testing procedures to ensure quality;
Landfill levy; Greatly reduce the amount of waste being landfilled; Boost business for local recyclers; Provide revenue to offer rebates to contractors for applying
reduction and reuse techniques.
Recommendations for South-East Queensland Legislation Recycling awareness campaigns;
Increase awareness for recycling throughout the industry; Move away from a negative recycling mentality;
Recycling bans; Landfill ban on items suitable for recycling; Removes these items from waste streams destined for landfill; Requires contractors to source-separate recyclable materials.
Conclusion Queensland waste legislation is years behind foreign
counterparts;
Through careful planning the recommendations offered in this presentation can be realised;
Updating policy now can encourage a philosophy of reuse within the construction industry in the future.