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1
Construction
&
Demolition Waste Recycling
Dr. Esra AlEisaEng. Rana
Hishmi
Industrial & Management Systems EngineeringCollege of Engineering & Petroleum
Kuwait University
2
Construction & Demolition (C&D) Waste Sources
Construction Waste:ErectingRemodeling Repairing
Demolition Waste: Pulled-down buildings
Environmental Disasters: Earthquakes
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
3
C&D Waste CompositionAsphaltGravelConcreteFerrous & Non-ferrous metals PlasticPaper Wood
(Huang et al, 2002)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
4
Disposing C&D Waste
ReduceReuseRecycleCompostIncinerateLandfill
(Tam and Tam, 2006)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
5
Recycling C&D Waste
Benefits: Reducing shortage in raw materials Minimizing energy and cost of production Decreasing landfilling
(Tam and Tam, 2006)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
6(Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)
Contamination
Collection & Transportation
Sorting, Transformation, and Disposing
Standards
Issues Affecting Recycling C&D Waste
Contamination Collection & Transportation
Sorting, Transformation, and Disposing
Standards
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
7
Recycled products should compete with original materials according to: Technical specifications Price
(Tam and Tam, 2006)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
8
Recycled C&D aggregates can
be used for:
Low-value purposes
Road sub-base construction
Engineering landfill
High value purposes
Structural concrete
Potential Usage of Recycled C&D Waste
Huang et al, 2006)Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
9
Potential Usage of Recycled C&D Waste (Cont.)
Recycled C&D aggregates can:Replace primary limestone aggregatesProduce precast concrete building blocks
(Soutsos et al, 2011) Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
10
Replacement Percentages of Recycled C&D waste
60% coarse fraction
20% fine fraction
Maximum Replacement for recycled concrete
aggregate20% coarse fraction
20% fine fraction
Maximum Replacement for recycled masonry
aggregate
(Soutsos et al, 2011)Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
11
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications
Recycled asphalt: Produce new asphaltUsed instead of sand or cement sub-bases
(Tam and Tam, 2006) Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
12
Ferrous metalReused directlyMelted, and reused to produce new steel
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
13
Recycled concrete rubble: Landfilling material Replace natural aggregate in new concrete
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
14
Recycled glass:
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications
Filling Material
Glass FiberTile
Paving Blocks
Replace asphalt in roads
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
15
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Recycled masonry aggregate:Thermal insulating concrete Aggregate in traditional clay or sodium silicate
bricks
(Townsend et al, 2004)Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
16
Non-ferrous metals:Reused directly, or melted and then usedProduce galvanized steel strip and brass
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
17
Recycled plastics: Produced with sufficient resistanceUsed in street furniture, roof and floor, piling,
panel, cladding and insulation foam
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
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Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Recycled timber: Reused in furniture and insulation boardsUsed to produce lightweight concreteUsed as fuel to generate power
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
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Recycled paper and cardboard Easily purified and reused
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
20
Screened soil (fines): Reused as filling materialConstruction fill (i.e. embankments)
Other Recycled C&D Waste Applications (Cont.)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
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Recycling Process of C&D WasteWaste Recycling Methods:
(Mulder et al, 2007)(Huang et al, 2002)
(Bianchini et al, 2005)(Townsend et al, 2004)
Chemical Mineralogical
Appraisal
Closed Cycle Construction
Mechanical Sorting
Chemical Mineralogical
Appraisal
Closed Cycle Construction
Mechanical Sorting
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
22
Mechanical Sorting Process
Bar Screening
Trommel Screening
DiskScreening
Magnetic Separation
Air Classification
Bar Screening
Trommel Screening
Magnetic Separation
Air Classification
DiskScreening
Final Manual SortingIndustrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
23
Closed Cycle Construction Technology
•Closing material cycles for concrete and masonry
1•Hig
her profits
2
•Utilizing fraction of demolition waste as a fuel
3
•Reduction in transportation costs
4(Mulder et al, 2007)
Mainly based on Closing the material cycles
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
• Closing material cycles for concrete and masonry 1
• Higher profits2• Utilizing fraction of demolition
waste as a fuel 3• Reduction in transportation
costs4
24
Closed Cycle Construction (CCC)Concept
Separation
Mineral Materials Processing
Construction Products
Manufacturing
Power generation
(Mulder et al, 2007)Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
25
Chemical-Mineralogical Appraisal
Recognizes particular grain-size fraction
X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) investigates chemical compositions in
terms of major elements.
X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) recognizes the constituent
mineralogical phases.
(Bianchini et al, 2005)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
26
C&D Waste in Kuwait
Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)Industrial & Management Systems
Engineering Department
27
Composition of C&D waste in Kuwait
(Nabil Kartam et al, 2004)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
28
Demolition Waste Rates in Kuwait
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
Residential (ton/m2) Industry (tons/m2)1.45 1.75
Average = 1.5 ton/m2
29
Construction Waste in Kuwait
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
Total C&D Waste is 1.6 Million Tons/Year
30
C&D Waste Recycling in Kuwait
Benefits:Decreases the high cost of treating landfill sitesPreserving desert natural environment
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
31Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
Recycling C&D Waste in Kuwait
32
Types of C&D Waste
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
•Large & pure C&D waste bars
A•S
maller C&D waste
B
•Mixture of 10% pure C&D waste, 20% of Type B, and 70% of wastes
C
• Large & pure C&D waste barsA• Smaller C&D wasteB• Mixture of 10% pure C&D waste,
20% of Type B, and 70% of wastesC
33
3/163/4
C&D Waste Recycling Process
Classification & Segregation
Cleaning
Crushing
Separation
Decide on size
Final Products
1/2
3/8
Trucks Arrival
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
34
Production sizes’ percentages of Batch No. 1
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
35
Production sizes’ percentages of Batch No. 2
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
36
Why Simulation?!
Mimicking current processes
Better Understanding
Monitoring the current system and investigating
bottlenecks
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
37
Simulating Current (As-Is) C&D Waste Recycling Process
Process Activity
C&D waste materials enter the factory
Classifying and segregating materials using excavators
Cleaning
Crushing using jaw crushers
Crushing using crusher machine
Separating the iron by a magnate
Decide on the size of the gravel
Storing
38
Simulating Recycling Process
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
39
Discrete-event simulation model of C&D Recycling Process
Type A
Type B
Type C
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
40
Statistical Model Validation
Provides evidence on whether or not the model is a legitimate representation of reality
(Law and Kelton 2000)
95% Confidence Level
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
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Statistical Validation Assumptions
Independency (Randomness) Normality
Hypothesis testing and Confidence Intervals can be then applied
http://www.andymeneely.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/gaussian6.gifIndustrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
42
Test the Equality of Populations’ Means
Results:-97.8194 ≤ µ1-µ2 ≤ 275.8194
statistically equal at a 95% level of confidence
The simulation model is a legitimate representation of As-Is system
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
43
Optimizing Resources (Manpower & Machinery)
Objective:Maximizing resources utilization and plant
profitability
Using OptQuest Arena
Z= Max ( ))
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
44
List of best feasible solutions suggested by OptQuest
Dumper Excavator Jaw Crusher Loader Crushing Machine
Worker
2 2 1 2 1 10
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
45
Applying Other C&D Recycling Processes in Kuwait
ProcessHow could it be applied in AIIP
plantBenefit
Mechanical Sorting
Apply Lab analyses (i.e. sieve analysis, LA abrasion
test, friability test, organic content test, and fitness test)
Ensure the ability to reuse in civil engineering projects
CCC
Closing materials’ cycles (i.e. thermal treatment, physical
separation, apply density separation techniques)
Improve recycled products quality
Save energy
Chemical-Mineralogical Appraisal
Apply XRF analysis Investigate chemical composition
Apply XRD analysisRecognize the constituent
mineralogical phase
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
Mechanical Sorting
Apply Lab analyses (i.e. sieve analysis, LA
abrasion test, friability test,
organic content test, and fitness
test)
Ensure the ability to reuse in civil
engineering projects
Closed Cycle Construction
Closing materials’ cycles
(i.e. thermal
treatment, physical
separation, apply density
separation techniques)
Improve recycled products quality
Save energy
Chemical-Mineralogical Appraisal
Apply XRF analysis
Investigate chemical
composition
Apply XRD analysis
Recognize the constituent
mineralogical phase
46
Limitations & Considerations
Regulations and rules of Kuwait Municipality to allow the usage of recycled products
Market Demand
Illegal demolition procedures
Recycled product prices (Nabil Kartam et al. 2004)
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
47
Acknowledgement
Dr. Khalid Mahdi, Chairman- Environment Preservation
Industrial Co. (EPIC)Eng. RaddadEng. Ahmed Shather Al-EneziEng. Saud Nasser Al-SalehEng. Abdulaziz Bader Al-AnnazEng. Hamad Sulaiman Al-Essa
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department
48
Thanks for Listening
Any Questions ?
Industrial & Management Systems Engineering Department