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REMOTE SENSINGITS APPLICATIONS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Dr. Anjana Vyas, CEPT University, [email protected]
Lecture delivered at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers, Ahmedabad on 20th September 2015
REMOTE SENSINGREMOTE SENSING
Remote Sensing refers to gathering and processing of information about earth’s environment and its Natural & Cultural Resources through Aerial photography and Satellite scanning.
1903 - The Bavarian Pigeon Corps1903 - The Bavarian Pigeon Corps
Interactions with medium (atmospheric effect)
Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic spectrum
Measuring Light: BandsMeasuring Light: Bands Human eyes only ‘measure’ visible light
Sensors can measure other portions of EMS
Bands
Remote Sensing through instrumentRemote Sensing through instrument
Various Platforms
Sensors: LISS-III, WiFS, PAN etc
Active and Passive Remote Active and Passive Remote SensingSensing
GEOSTATIONARY ORBITSGEOSTATIONARY ORBITS
These satellite appears stationary with respect to the Earth's surface. Generally placed above 36,000 km from the earth.
FOOTPRINTSFOOTPRINTS
Communication Satellites are in GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT
(Geo = Earth + synchronous = moving at the same rate).
This means that the satellite always stays over one spot on Earth. The area on earth that it can “SEE” is called the satellite’s “FOOTPRINT”
A Polar Orbit is a particular type of Low Earth Orbit. The satellite travels a North – South Direction, rather than more common East-West Direction.
Panoramic View of Earth Station at Shadnagar
SWATH OF ADJACENT PATH
DESCENDING PATH
Lat i t
ude
Longitude
15 Orbit Number
1234567891011 121314
SWATH OF ADJACENT PATHSWATH OF ADJACENT PATHDescending ground traces of IRS-1A/1B for one day.
In 24hrs satellite makes 13.9545 revolutions around the earth. The orbit on the second day (15th orbit) is shifted westward from orbit No.1 by about 130 km. The ground traces repeat after every 307 orbits in 22 days.
GREEN BAND WITH BLUE FILTER
STANDARD FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE
GENERATION OF FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE
RED BAND WITH GREEN FILTER
IR BAND WITH RED FILTER
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
20
40
60
80
Spectral Reflectance curves R
efle
ctan
ce (%
)
Wavelength (m)
VegetationSoilWaterSnow
• Spatial Resolution – The smallest object that can be discerned•Spectral Resolution – No. of bands•Temporal Resolution – Periodicity of data collection•Radiometric Resolution – Quantization levels of data
Resolutions
India’s Earth Observation Missions
INSAT-2E
VHRR, CCD (1 km)
1999
INSAT-1DVHRR
INSAT-2AVHRR
1992
1990
INSAT-2BVHRR
1993
KALPANA-1VHRR
INSAT-3A VHRR,CCD
2003
2002
Geo stationary IRS-1A & 1B
LISS-1&2 (72/36m)
1988/91
IRS-1C/1D
LISS-3 (23/70m); PAN (5.8m); WiFS (188m)
1995/1997
IRS-P4 OCM
(360m), MSMR
1999
2001TES
Step& Stare PAN (1m)
IRS-P6: Resource Sat LISS 3 (23m)
LISS 4 (5.8m); AWiFS (55m)
2003
Sun Synchronous
IRS-P5 PAN-2.5M, Carto-1, 30 km
2005
Carto-2 PAN-0.8M, 11 km
2007
IRS 1C Sensors overview
PAN
LISS III
WiFS
BANGKOK CITY, PAN DATA
PART OF ROME, LISS-III +PAN DATA
SAMPLE IMAGES OF IRS-1C/1D SENSORS
0.6 m Resolution Space Image
1 m Resolution Space Image
Chinnaswamy Chinnaswamy StadiumStadium
MG RoadMG Road
FM Cariappa FM Cariappa Mem.ParkMem.Park
Cubbon RoadCubbon Road
CubbonCubbon
ParkPark
1m1m
33
Vegetation/Forests/Agriculture
Kharif-1999 (Sep-Oct) Rabi-2000 (Feb-Mar)
Applic
ation
s
Flood due to cyclone (29th October 1999) off Orissa coast
IRS LISS IIIPre-cyclone (11.10.99)
IRS LISS IIIPost-cyclone (05.11.99)
RADARSATDATA of 2nd NOV
• ROCK TYPES• GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES (LINEAMENT /FAULT/DYKE)• VALLEY FILL WITH VEGETATION• BLACK SOIL COVER• SALT AFFECTED LAND
WHAT CAN BE SEEN FROM SATELLITE IMAGES?
• HILLY TERRAIN WITH FOREST• AGRICULTURAL LANDS - DELTA• RIVER COURSES• COASTLINE
WHAT CAN BE SEEN FROM SATELLITE IMAGES?
• MANGROVE FOREST • WET LANDS• WATER TURBIDITY
39
Mapping and monitoring mangroves, coastal wetlands
PP
PKRISHNA R.
IRS-1B LISS-I IMAGE, 1992
KRISHNA R.
P = Prawn cultivation IRS-1C LISS-III IMAGE, 2000
Gap Detection in Mango Orchards High resolution satellite data 20 February 2000
Shadnagar, Mahbubnagar District, AP(2.5 m)
Natural Resources Inventory
Farm level information in Hirakud Irrigation Command Area
High resolution satellite data(0.60 m)
INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY
• EVERY 30 MIN. IMAGING
• 1M+ SCALES
• CLIMATE/WEATHER • EVERY 2 DAYS IMAGING
• 1:250 K SCALES
• OCEAN APPLICATIONS • EVERY 5 DAYS IMAGING
• 1:250 K SCALES
• NATIONAL SURVEYS
• EVERY 22 DAYS IMAGING
• 1:50 K SCALES
• DETAILED RESOURCES SURVEY • EVERY 5 DAYS
IMAGING
• 1:12500 SCALES
• LARGE SCALE MAPPING
• STEREO CAPABILITY
• LOCAL AREA IMAGING
• 1:2000 / 4000 / 8000 SCALES
• STEREO CAPABILITY
INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY
0.8m
Elements of Image Interpretation
•Primary•Secondary
•Tertiary
• Higher
::
:
:
Tone / Colour
Size, Shape & TexturePattern, Height & Shadow
Site & Association
AHMEDABAD
CITY
Example:
Visual interpretation on screen vector tracing
Road
AHMEDABAD
CITY
On screen Vector tracing
Road
Builtup land
Vacant land
Waterbody
AHMEDABAD
CITY
ON SCREEN VISUAL INTERPRETATION
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONSAGRICULTURE• CROP ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION ESTIMATION SOIL RESOURCES• SOIL MAPPING• LAND CAPABILITY, LAND IRRIGABILITY• SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION• MAPPING WATER-LOGGED AREAS • SALT-AFFECTED SOILS, ERODED LANDS, SHIFTING CULTIVATION LANDUSE/LAND COVER• LAND USE/LAND COVER MAPPING • WASTELAND MAPPING • URBAN SPRAWL MAPPING GEOSCIENCES• GEOLOGICAL / GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING• GROUND WATER POTENTIAL ZONE MAPPING• MINERAL TARGETTINGFORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT• FOREST COVER MAPPING• FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN - RS INPUTS• BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT• GRASSLAND MAPPING
Natural Resources
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONSWATER RESOURCES• SNOWMELT RUNOFF FORECASTING• RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
OCEAN APPLICATIONS• COASTAL ZONE MAPPING• POTENTIAL FISHING ZONE (PFZ) MAPPING• CORAL REEF MAPPING
DISASTER ASSESSMENT• FLOOD / CYCLONE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT• AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT• VOLCANIC ERUPTION, UNDERGROUND COAL
FIRE• LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION• FOREST FIRE AND RISK MAPPING
INTEGRATED MISSION FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT• SUSTAINABLE WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
URBAN APPLICATION
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
Infrastructure
Creation of 3-D ViewCreation of 3-D View
Study Area
TPS : 19 (Memnagar)
Rasranjan Building
Corresponding Attributes
3-D Visualization3-D Visualization
Walk Through
PANORAMIC VIEWERPANORAMIC VIEWER
Fig. (L) :- Street View on the Golden Gate Bridge on Google Earth
Fig. (R) :- Cylindrical panoramic image in ArcSoft Panoramic Viewer
Street-View in Google EarthStreet-View in Google Earth
An aerial view of a water logged area in
and around Ahmedabad
Monday, July 04, 2005
Sr Sr NoNo Name of catchmentName of catchment
Area of Area of catchment catchment
in Hain Ha
Watershed Watershed runoff runoff
(cum/sec) (cum/sec)
Total pipe Total pipe carrying carrying
capacity (using capacity (using Manning’s Manning’s hydraulic hydraulic
table) table) (cum/sec)(cum/sec)
VulnerabiliVulnerabilityty
11 Vasna catchment areaVasna catchment area 280280 23.4323.43 16.4716.47 HighHigh
22 Paldi catchment areaPaldi catchment area 238238 18.918.9 12.6612.66 HighHigh
33 Ellisbrige catchment areaEllisbrige catchment area 210210 20.3320.33 14.8914.89 HighHigh
44Navrangpura catchment Navrangpura catchment areaarea 142142 12.1212.12 12.6012.60
LowLow
55Gandhigram catchment Gandhigram catchment areaarea 179179 15.1415.14 17.8517.85
MediumMedium
66 Stadium catchment areaStadium catchment area 155155 12.8512.85 11.7511.75 LowLow
77 Naranpura catchment areaNaranpura catchment area 301301 23.7523.75 22.6022.60 MediumMedium
88 New wadaj catchment areaNew wadaj catchment area 425425 21.0921.09 24.9024.90 MediumMedium
99Near old wadaj catchment Near old wadaj catchment areaarea 111111 23.6423.64 22.8022.80
LowLow
1010 Sabarmati catchment areaSabarmati catchment area 286286 22.3922.39 21.8021.80 MediumMedium
FLOOD VULNERABILITY OF CATCHMENTS
The maximum height is 57.5 meters and the minimum height is 42 meters from mean sea level.
The study area is plain, dry and sandy. It covers an area of 3844 Ha.
CONTOUR MAP OF STUDY AREA (AMC)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (AMC)
DEM is a digital representation of a continuous variable over a two dimensional surface by a regular array of ‘Z’ value represented to a common datum
less than 5 percent slope
Rational method has been used for computing surface runs off
Q = CIA/360
Where: Q = maximum rate of runoff (cum/sec)
C = runoff coefficient representing a ratio of runoff to rainfall
I = average rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the tc (mm/hr)
A = drainage area contributing to the design location (ha)
Percentage coefficients of runoff for the Catchments characteristics: Densely built up area of cities with metalled road—0.80 Residential areas not densely built , with metalled road—0.60 Ditto, with unmetalled roads --- 0.20 – 0.50 Lightly covered --- 0.50 largely cultivated--- 0.30 Suburbs with gardens, lawns and macadamized roads—0.30 Sandy soil, light growth—0.20
C O
N S T
A N
T S
ESTIMATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF USING RATIONAL METHOD
ESTIMATING STORM WATER DRAINAGE
CARRYING CAPACITY BY MANNING’S METHODThe Manning Formula is an empirical formula for flow driven by gravity. It was developed by the Irish engineer Robert Manning.
The available head in the storm water drain is utilized in overcoming internal resistance.
The Manning Formula given below is commonly used for such design.
The Manning’s Formula states:V = 1/n (3.968 * 10-3) D2/3 * S1/2
Q = 1/n (3.118 * 10-6) D8/3 * S ½
where:
V= velocity in mt per second
Q = Discharge
S = slope of hydraulic gradient (generally slope in SWD)
D = Internal diameter of pipeline in mm
n = Manning’s coefficient of roughness
Area of catchments:- 80 Ha Total Built up Area:- 55 Ha Runoff Coefficient:- 0.8 Main Storm water drain length in
the catchments area:- 274 mt Average size of SWD drain:- 600
mm Storm Water carrying capacity of
existing SWD line:- 2.65 (cum/sec) Runoff of catchments:- 7.11
(cum/sec)
CATCHMENT NO 1
Runoff = CIA/360 = 80*0.8*40*1/360 = 7.11 cum/sec
SOUTH NARANPURA CATCHMENT AREA
L_Section of existing SWD in Naranpura catchment area
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Chainage in mt.
Ground level
Invert level
North Naranpura Catchments area
Area of catchments:- 1400Ha Runoff of catchments:-23.22 (cum/sec) Main Storm water drain length in the
catchments area:-3100mt G.L at start point:-60.46mt G.L at end point:-60.38mt I.L at start point:-58.48.26mt I.L at end point:-50.50mt Average size of SWD drain:-900mm Storm Water carrying capacity of
existing SWD
line:-22.60(cum/sec)
land useArea in hectares
Area in %
road footpath 206.57 15.16
COMMERCIAL 213.99 15.70
RESIDENTIAL 886.45 65.06
open plot 55.36 4.06
Total 1,362.37
Runoff=886.45*0.8*40*1/360+213.99*0.85*0.4*1/360+55.36*0.4*40*1/360+206.57*0.9*40*1/360= 23.22 cum/sec
PALDI CATCHMENT AREA
L_Section of existing SWD in Ellisbrige catchment area
34
36
38
4042
44
46
48
Chainage in mt.
Ground level
Invert level
Area of catchments:- 168 Ha Runoff of catchments:-15.03(cum/sec) Main Storm water drain length in the
catchments area:-1850 mt G.L at start point:-44.66mt G.L at end point:-43.87mt I.L at start point:-43.50mt I.L at end point:-39.42mt Average size of SWD drain:-450mm Storm Water carrying capacity of existing SWD
line:-14.89(cum/sec)
Land Use Area in HaArea in %
Roads 5.0 2.96
Commercial 8.27 4.90
Residential 154.05 91.39open plot/Vegetation/lake 1.24 0.74
Total 168.56
Total runoff = 154.05*0.80*40*1/360 + 8.27*0.85*40*1/360 + 5*0.90*40*1/360 + 1.24*0.40*40*1/360 = 15.03 cum/sec
The areas of Vishwakunj char rasta, near shantivan pumping stations, near Kochrab ashram, near jivraj hospital, near yogeshwarnagar, which include many of the important business and Government offices of the city, suffered most.
FLOOD VUNERABLE ZONE AMC
EXISTING STORM WATER DRAINAGE OF STUDY AREA
PROPOSED STORM WATER DRAIN OF STUDY AREA
FLOOD VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability Total Area (Ha) Total Area (%)
Very Low Vulnerable
Zone
149 4%
Low Vulnerable Zone 422 11%
Moderate Vulnerable
Zone
1112 29%
High Vulnerable Zone 1453 38%
Very High Vulnerable
Zone
707 18%
GIS BASED EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEM
Facilities in High Vulnerable Zone Slum Locations in High Vulnerable Zone
Facilities in Low Vulnerable Zone
NOAA’s LIDAR Image of Ground Zero of World Trade Center in New York City
COLOR Value (meters) Value (feet)
Dark Green -9.272 to 0 -30.42 to 0
Green 0 to 30 0 to 98.43
Yellow 30 to 100 98.43 to 328.08
Magenta 100 to 150 328.08 to 492.12
Red 150 to 201.19 492.12 to 764.59
GROUND PENETRATING RADAR(GPR)
Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]
M 6
M 6.5
M 7
damage area
Location of buildings in groups where there is possibility of maximum damage to buildings from the scenario earthquake.
EARTH QUAKE
Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]
Overlap showing the damage buildings for magnitude M7 with the existing land use
Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Ahmedabad City Anup Karanth [EP 0101]
Urban Sprawl
Urban Sprawl
JAN 1999 JAN 2009 JAN 2011
MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LULC
Non builtupBuilt up Vegetation Waterbody AMC Zones
* C – Central, E – East, S – South, N – North, W – West, NW – New west
URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
JAN 1999 JAN 2011
MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)NDVI: (NIR - RED)/(NIR + RED)
0.2 – 0.4-0.5 – 0.2 0.4 – 0.6 0.6 – 0.75JAN 2009
Grass land Dense vegetationBarren/rock sand/ScrubBuilt up
Pirana, Landfill site, Kharicut canal and Narmada Canal are the sources for agriculture practice
JAN 1999 JAN 2009 JAN 2011
MAY 1999 MAY 2009 MAY 2011
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE
GRID LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LST WITH LULC DURING JANUARY 1999 GRID LEVEL ANALYSIS OF LST WITH LULC DURING JANUARY 1999 AND 2011 AND 2011
JAN 1999
JAN 2011
Vegetation
Non built up
Built up
Waterbody
AMC Zones
2 Km Grid
•For a comfortable, normally dressed adult, the weighted average temperature of the bare skin and clothed surfaces is about 80°F (27°C). Source: Human comfort & Health requirements, Radiation,Pg:10
< 26◦C: Lower risk to UHI impact (8.6 km2)26◦C - 28 ◦C : Moderate risk to UHI impact (208.2 km2)
> 28◦C : Higher risk to UHI impact (233.2 km2)
(Considering an area of 450 km2)
Weighted Sum Overlay Analysis For LST( 1999,2009, 2011)Weighted Sum Overlay Analysis For LST( 1999,2009, 2011)
120
Hands on with GPSHands on with GPS
Recording The Tree’s Position
123
““Mobile MappingMobile Mapping””
Integrates GPS technology and GIS software
Makes GIS data directly accessible in the field
Can be augmented with wireless technology
124
Solutions need vision…Solutions need vision…
125
But may be easier than we But may be easier than we think…think…
to use Technologyto use Technology
THANK YOU