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EtymologyThe term “vitamin" was derived from Vitamine a compound word coined in 1912by the polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk when working at the Lister Institute of Prevention
Essential Nutrients
First and foremost, vitamins are classified as essential nutrients that your body needs in specific amounts to maintain good health.
There are 13 essential vitamins found in the foods you eat. Each vitamin has a specific job to do in your body, so it is important that you get enough of each to prevent a deficiency that could result in health problems.
Vitamin Classification
Vitamins group into two general categories:
Fat-soluble Water-soluble
The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are stored in the body's fatty tissue and aren't regularly excreted in the urine.
The water-soluble vitamins, Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, dissolve easily in water. They're excreted in the urine, so they must frequently be replaced.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Nine of the 13 essential vitamins are classified as water-soluble vitamins.
That means they are found in great abundance in watery foods such as fruits and vegetables and in the watery components.
Water-soluble vitamins are used immediately by your body or they are excreted in your urine. Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in your body.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Four of the essential vitamins are classified as fat-soluble vitamins.
Fat-soluble vitamins are found in fatty foods, such as vegetables oils, and the fatty components of meat, poultry, seafood, dairy products, grains and nuts.
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K. Fat-soluble vitamins that are not used right away they are stored in the fatty tissue of body.
Food Sources of Vitamins
Should I get my vitamins from food or supplements? A diet high in fiber and low in fat is the best way
to meet daily nutritional needs. If you closely follow the “food pyramid” then you
should meet the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for vitamins and nutrients.
Supplements are best when accompanied by a well balanced diet.
Supplements should not replace a healthy diet. Food provides calories and energy that are
required for daily activities, vitamin supplements do not provide energy or calories.
V
Do I need a multivitamin supplement?
It does not hurt to get a little to take a multivitamin daily to ensure proper nutrition.
Most college students are not eating a well balanced diet and could use the added nutrition of a multivitamin.
When choosing a supplement, select one that meets 100-300% of the RDA.
What do Multivitamins contain?
A multivitamin should contain fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E; water-soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid , and Vitamin C.
They will also usually have minerals such as zinc, magnesium, copper, and calcium in them.
What does RDA mean?
Recommended Dietary Allowances
These are suggested levels of essential nutrients considered adequate to meet nutritional needs of healthy individuals.
Vitamins Ao Animal Sources Beef,Eggs,Chicken
Fish,Seafood
o Plant Sources Apple,Apricots,Oranges
Mangos,Watermelon
Kiwis,Plums,Carrot.Peaches.
Vitamins B Vitamin B complex includes B 1
or thiamine, B2 or riboflavin, B3 or nicotinic acid, B6 or pyridoximine, B12 or cobalamin, and folate folic acids.
Bananas,DatesDairy products
Fish,Figs.Nuts,Seeds,Potatoes
Vitamins C
Green pepper,Peas
Potatoes,Lemons
Strawberries,Pears
Lime,Chicken
Seafood
Vitamins D Breakfast cereals like corn
flakes
Mashed potatoes
Dairy products
Dark green leafy vegetables
Milk,Yogurt
Ice cream
Organ
Vitamins E
Avocado,Tomato
Spinach,Berries
Salmon
Whole grain products
Nuts,Olive oil
Sunflower oil
Vitamins K
Meat,Egg yolk
Whole grain
Vegetables,Peas
Cabbage,Cucumbers
Soybean
Vitamins P
Fruits:• Oranges, Lemons, Lime, Mangos, Grapefruit, Cherries.
Vegetables:•Buckwheat
Garlic•Onions•Tomato
Vitamin Deficiency
Avitaminosis is any disease caused by chronic or long term vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion.
VITAMINE A DEFICIENCY
More common in under developed countries.
It causes night blindness, Xerophathalmia , Ketomalcia and complete Blindness.
Since vitamin A has a major role in Phototransduction.
Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnurished children in the developing world go blind each year .
Vitamin A deficiency also deminishes the ability to fight infections.
Increase children risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal infections.
Slow bone developing.
Decrease likelihood of survival from serious illness.
Estimated to effect approx one-third ofchildren under age of five.
Thiamine or Vitamin b1 deficiency
Vitamin B1 Deficiency causes Beriberi.
May found in people whose diet consists of mainly polished white rice which is low in Thiamine.
Causes neuropathy through neuron death as it affects on Astrocytes, this causes alteration in uptake through changes I level of astrocytic glutamate , creating excitoticity.
Beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis resulting from damaged peripheral nerves.
Dry Beriberi is Characterized by:
• Difficulty in walking
• Loss of sensation in hands and feet
• Loss of muscle function
• Mental confusion
• Pain
• Involantary eye movement
• Vomiting
Wet Beriberi is Characterized by:
• Vasodilation
• Increased heartbeat
• Fluid in lungs
• Enlarged heart
• Swelling in lower legs
NIACINE OR VITAMIN B3 DEFICIENCY
Chronic Niacin deficiency causes Pellargra.
Symptoms :
• High sensitivity to light
• Aggression
• Red skin leisions
• Insomia
• Weakness
• Eventually dementia
• Emotional disturbance
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
Vitamin B12 deficiency cause permanent damage to nervous tissue.
Its deficiency causes Pernitious Anemia which is an Autoimmune disease that destroys Parietal cells in the stomach that secrete intrinsic factors.
Symptoms:
Sensory or motor deficiencies
Fatique
Memory impairment
Irritability
Personality changes
Pernicious anemia
VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
Its deficiency causes Scruvy.
Vitamin C is required for synthesis of collagen.
Scurvy is often followed by spots on skin , spongy gums and bleeding from mucous membrane.
Person looks pale , feels depressed and is partially immobilized.
As Scruvy advances it leads to open , sprutting wounds , loss of teeth , jaundice , fever , neuropathy and death.
Scruvy patient source of vitamin c
VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
Deficiency results from inadequate nutritional intake of vitamin D coupled with inadequate exposure to sunlight.
Results in impaired bone mineralization and leads to bone softening disease .
Rickets.
Osteomalcia is bon thinnig disorder that occurs in adults.
Osteoprosis is characterized by reduced bone mineral density , muscle aches and weakness.
Vitamin k deficiency
May occur by disturbed intestinal uptake .
Symptoms include oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites , risks of massive uncontrolled bleeding , severe malformation of developing bones and deposition of insoluble salts in the walls of atries.
Side effects and overdoses of “VITAMINS”
Hyper-vitaminosis: is refers to a condition of high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.
Types of “Hyper-vitaminosis” are:
Hyper-vitaminosis A
Hyper-vitaminosis C
Hyper-vitaminosis D
Hyper-vitaminosis E
Hyper-vitaminosis K
Common side effects of “vitamin”
In digestion: Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Headache
Vision
Dizziness
Nerve damage
Flushing of the face
Skin rashes
Possible side effects in other systems
Heamochromatosis
General fatigue
Hair loss
Insomnia
Joints pain
Tinea versicolour
Fanwni syndrome
Niacia
Vitiligo
Scleroderma
Psoriasis
Actinic keratosis
Lupus vulgaris
Health complications associated with vitamins toxicity
Types of nutrients
Role of nutrients
Maximum recommended daily intake
Complications associated with overdoses
Vitamin A Vision health, clear skin, hair/teeth/bone production and maintenance
5, 000 IU Vision problems, general fatigue, liver problems, diarrhea, hair loss.
Vitamin B6 Red blood cells production, healthy blood metabolism.
2mg Depression general fatigue , loss of sensation in hands and feet.
Vitamin C Immune system health, cancer, free radical cell elimination
60mg Headache , hot flashes, general weakness, kidney problems.
Vitamin D Calcium absorption, bones strength, oral health.
400IU Nausea, general weakness, high blood pressure, high cholesterol.
Vitamin E Red blood cell health, metabolism, energy, skin health.
30IU Extreme fatigue, increase blood level, high blood pressure, slower healing.
Anti-VitaminsChemical compounds that inhibits the absorption or action of vitamins.e.g. avidin is a protein in egg white that inhibits the absorption of biotin.Pyrithiamine is similar to thiamine,vitaminB1,that inhibits the enzymes that use thiamine.
Benefits of Vitamins
Vitamin A
Good vision , build and maintain skin, bones, teeth and mucous membrane.
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Convert carbohydrates into energy , necessary for healthy brain , nerve cells and heart functions.
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)Convert carbohydrates into energy , essential for growth ,production of RBCs , healthy skin and eyes.
Vitamin B3 (niacin)Release of energy from food , lowers high blood cholestrol .
Benefits of VitaminsVitamin B5 ( pantothenic acid)
Vital for metabolism and production of essential body chemicals.
Vitamin B6 ( pyroxidine )Vital in chemicals reactions of proteins , help to form RBCs.
Vitamin B12Maintain function of nervous system and develop RBCs.
Vitamin C Promote healthy gums and teeth , absorption of iron, healing of wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue.
Vitamin DStrengthens bones and teeth by absorption of calcium.
Vitamin EBoosts immunity in elderly, prevents cataracts and reduce cancers.
Vitamin KHelps in blood clotting.
The EndThank You