‚‚

ZNAČAJ POGREBNE PRAKSE TOKOM HALKOLITA BLISKOG ISTOKA U

ARHEOMETALURGIJI

8. novembar 2016.

Potreba za metalnim predmetima i njihova namena

Smith (1981) “...adoptation of metallurgy derived not from some technical or economic necessity, but from aesthetics and specific socio-cultural desires. People did not NEED copper tools, they WANTED copper tools“ (Roberts et al. 2009, 1012)

Levy (1993, 1995) “...the evidence of social organization at the level of chiefdoms during the Chalcolithic points to competition and the potential for warfare at this time. Underground dwellings at Shiqmim and other Chalcolithic sites may have been defence and storage systems and the widespread distribution of mace heads, first known from the late Neolithic, represents the first definitive artifact indicating weaponry used in hand-to-hand combat” (Dawson et al. 2003, 118)

`

NAHAL MISHMARCave of the Treasure

Key (1980) suggests the difference in metal types is according to their function, whether utilitaran or ritualistic. It seems more likely that arscenic was added to the „ritual artifacts“ (Stager 1992, 27)

Gasulijan kultura, kraj 5.milenijuma

2-12% arsenika

NAHAL MISHMAR

“A number of questions are raised by the remote and precipitous context of the treasure, by its fantastic imagery, great wealth and technical excellence: what was it doing there, who put it there, and why?” (Ilan and Rowan 2016, 176)

Plan i presek pećine 1

-U pećini 1 sahranjeno je 5 individua

-Grobni prilozi pripadaju ovim individuama?

PEQI’IN

Četiri bakarna predmeta je otkriveno

Kasni halkolit 4500-3600 g.p.n.e. –sahranjivanje

SHIQMIMAnaliza arsenika na skeletnim ostacima

Izloženost arseniku u vezi sa društvenim statusom?

SHIQMIM

Levy (1993, 1995) “...the evidence of social organization at the level of chiefdoms during the Chalcolithic points to competition and the potential for warfare at this time. Underground dwellings at Shiqmim and other Chalcolithic sites may have been defence and storage systems and the widespread distribution of mace heads, first known from the late Neolithic, represents the first definitive artifact indicating weaponry used in hand-to-hand combat” (Dawson et al. 2003, 118)

4500-3200 g.p.n.e.

“There is no doubt that almost every human being is capable of violent behavior” (Roksandić 2006, 174)

TEL TSAFSrednji halkolit 5100-4600 calBC

Tragovi drugih metala- 6 % kalaja, 0. 8 % arsenika, malo tragova olova i gvožđa

Šilo od bakra

Pojas napravljen od 1 668 nojevih ljuski jajeta

Zaključak

Potreba za metalima iz estetskih razloga (još u paleolitu)

Upotreba bakarnih i drugih metalnih predmeta u nasilne svrhe

Upotreba bakarnih i drugih metalnih predmeta u ritualne svrhe

Upotreba bakarnih i drugih metalnih predmeta u svakodnevne aktivnosti

Fizička antropologija može pomoći da se prepoznaju metalurzi, društveni status i sl.

Literatura Gal, Zavi, Shalem, Dina, and Smithline, Howard. 2011.The Peqi’in cave: a Chalcolithic cemetery

in Upper Gallilee, Israel, In Near Eastern Archaeology 74(4), 196-206. Garfinkel, Yosef, Klimscha, Florian, Shalev, Sariel, and Rosenberg, Danny. 2013. The beginning of

Metallurgy in the Souther Levant: A late 6th millennium calBC copper awl from Tel Tsaf, Israel, In PLoS ONE 9(3), 1-6.

Gilead, Issac, and Gošić, Milena. 2014. Fifty years later: A critical review of the Stratigraphy, Chronology and Context of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard, In Journal of Israel Prehistoric Society 44, 226-239.

Goren, Yuval. 2014. Gods, caves and scholars: Chalcolithic Cult and Metallurgy in the Judean desert, In Near Eastern Archaeology 77(4), 260-266.

Dawson, L, Levy, E., Thomas, Smith, Patricia. 2003. Evidence of interpersonal violence at the Chalcolithic village of Shiqmim (Israel), In International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 13, 115-119.

Ilan, David, and Rowan, M., Yorke. 2016. The Judean desert as Chalcolithic necropolis, In Journal of Mediterrenean Archaeology 28 (2), 171-194.

Oakberg, Kimberly, Levy E., Thomas, and Smith, Patricia. 2000. A method for skeletal arsenic analysis, applied to the Chalcolithic copper smelting site of Shiqmim, Israel, In Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 895-901.

Roberts, W., Benjamin, Thornton, P., Christopher, and Piggot, C., Vincent. 2009. Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia, In Antiquity 83, 1012-1022.

Roksandić, Mirjana. 2006. Violence in the Mesolithic. Documenta Praehistorica XXXIII. 165-182. Rowan, M.,Yorke, and Ilan, David. 2012. The Subterrenean landscape of the Southern Levant

during the Chalcolithic period, In Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the Ritual Use of caves, 1st edition, ed. H. Moyes, 87-107. University Press of Colorado.

Shalem, Dina. 2015. Motifs on the Nahal Mishmar Hoard and the Ossuaries: comparative observations and interpretations, In Journal of Israel Prehistoric Society 45, 217-237.

Stager, E., Lawrence. 1992. The Periodization of Palestine from Neolithc through Early Bronze Times, In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, ed. R. Ehrich, 22-60.