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CS Prasad and AK Samanta
ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru, India
Multiple uses of livestock
Producing High BV food viz., milk, meat, egg
FYM for soil health Draught power
Apparel industry
Leather industry
Transport means
Liquidable asset for unwarranted expenditureLiquidable asset for unwarranted expenditure
Breeding
Veterinary careBalanced
feeding
Housing management
Feed Additives
Key steps for animal performance
“Feed additives” are non-nutritive ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth or enhance the performances (quality/ quantity) of animals through improved nutrient utilization and uptake
“Feed additives” are non-nutritive ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth or enhance the performances (quality/ quantity) of animals through improved nutrient utilization and uptake
What are feed
additives?
What are feed
additives?
But to a livestock farmer, feed additive should:
Enhance the productivity and/ or product qualityCost effectiveEasy to use/ handleReadily accessible
Enhance the productivity and/ or product qualityCost effectiveEasy to use/ handleReadily accessible
Evaluating Feed Additives
4 R’s
Results (at Farm)
Research Response Returns
Leaves no residue in animals or their products
No adverse side affects
Non-carcinogenic
No public health issue like antibiotics & hormones
Required in smaller quantity
Environment & consumer friendly
Major drivers for FA
Major drivers for FA
Demand for safe and quality
animal products
Demand for safe and quality
animal products
Rising per capita animal
product consumption
Rising per capita animal
product consumption
Ban/ restriction on antibiotic usage in food
animals
Industrialization/ modernization
of animal husbandry
growth
Evolution of Prebiotic Concept
What is prebiotic?
A non-digestible dietary ingredient that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and or activity of a limited number of bacteria in the colon, improving host health (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995).
Fructooligosaccharides
Galactooligosaccharides
Xylooligosaccharides
Mannan oligosaccharides
Tagatose
Arabino-xylooligosaccharides
Corn Waste (Cob) XylooligosaccharidesCorn cob Xylan
XYLOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
(Samanta et al., 2012)
Effect of XOS in broiler birds
Reduction in gut pathogens
Reduced cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in blood
Enhanced anti-oxidant activity
(Jayapal et al, 2014)
Effects of prebiotic in pig
Newborn piglets exhibited higher number of Bifidobacteria on 6th day of consumption of oligofructose (Howard et. al., 1995)
Population of Lactobacilli increased significantly in caecum by daily consumption of 9.5 g of oligofructose in piglet diarrhoea Population of harmful bacteria (Enterobacteria) significantly decreased at caecum and colon in piglets receiving oligofructose (Oli et al., 1998)
Probiotic
ioti
In 1907, E. Metchnikoff proposed the concept of longevity that is taking care by beneficial gut microflora from the observation at Village in Bulgaria. Concept of probiotic emerged and he received Nobel prize
Historical background
Probiotic
Bacteria
(i)Lactobacillus(ii)Bifidobacteria(iii)Enterococcus
Yeast
(i)Saccharomyces(ii)Kluyveromyces(iii)Aspergillus
Probiotic is defined as live microorganism which, when
administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefit on
the host Examples
Lactobacillus -reduced the population of Salmonella enteridis in challenged broiler chicks
Probiotic reduced mortality rates from 60 to 30% in birds, challenged with necrotic enteritis
Broiler chicks supplemented with mixed probiotics showed reduction in the gut pathogens
Dosing Enterococcus faecium reduced diarrhoea and improved daily weight gains
Providing Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium after birth resulted in improved beneficial microflora and reduced pathogen load
Positive influence of probiotic is mediated through stimulation of immune system (increasing levels of IgM and IgA)
Enzymes in livestock
Phytase (increasing availability of phosphorus)
Proteases (enhancing digestibility of vegetable proteins like soybean, legumes)
Carbohydrases (enhancing digestibility of resistant starch and dietary fibre)
Lipase (enhancing digestibility of lipid)
2-21
Birds absorb phytate-P poorly as they lack enzyme phytase
Adding phytase to poultry diets improves the digestibility of phytate-P and AA utilization
Reductions in fecal P excretions from using phytase can be as much as 40%.
Phytase
23
Organic Cr is better bioavailable than inorganic Cr
Better utilization in the gut
Cr enriched egg can act as nutraceutical
Reduces cholesterol in egg
High pigmented egg – More consumer preference
24
Effect of supplementation of Cr Yeast on Egg Production
• Supplementing Cr Yeast and Azolla enriched Cr to ND affected birds restored body weight gain in 3 weeks
• Cr Yeast improved immunity status in diseased birds as compared to inorganic Cr
• Reduced mortality in laying birds (3% to 1%)
• Reduced cholesterol content in eggs (230 vs 205)
Elemental SeSe-Met/Se-Csy/Se-met-Se-CysYeast
Biofactory
Organic Se -high bioavailability and retention.
Higher Se storage in organs & tissues & greater accumulation in meat, milk & egg.
Se-Yeast as “PROBIOTIC”.
Organic Se
Amino acids are building blocks of proteins and play essential role in the regulation of metabolism of living organisms
Produced by
Chemical synthesis
Isolation from natural
materialsFermentation
Chemo-enzyme methods
Lysine, Threonine, Aspartate, Glutamate
Lysine, with production capacity of around 2.39 million tons in 2013 world wide, accounted for about 70% of amino acid usage in livestock sector .
Other amino acids – Tryptophan, methionine, threonine – in pigs and poultry
Essential for feed conversion and growth promotion, particularly in swine and poultry
Glutamic acid producing microoraganisms - Micobacterium ammoniaphilum, E. coli, Bacillus circulans, C, glutamicum-
Bacterial fermentation technology
Low production ; Agriculture by products major feed resource
•Gut flora altered•Nutrient use efficiency is low
Feed additives in ruminants
Results not consistentHigh cost
In poultry and pig use is higher
•Enhances bioavailability of nutrients•Improves immunity and health
Market potential of feed additives
159 million USD
296 million USD by 2016
CAGR 9.3%
Global feed additives market
CAGR is 3.9%Expected to
reach 21.8 billion USD by 2020
Global feed additives market
CAGR is 3.9%Expected to
reach 21.8 billion USD by 2020
Tremendous scope in use of FA in animal feeding
Developing cost effective FA
More research in standardizing microbial enzyme, probiotics and prebiotics preparation
Fermentation technologies will occupy major share of FA to produce safe and healthy livestock products (animal welfare, food safety and environmental issues)
Genomic based knowledge on the composition and functions of gut microbes- advance the selection of Feed additives
Potential combination of prebiotics and probiotics could reduce the risk of intestinal diseases
Antioxidants from microbial source
Breakdown of ligno-cellulosic materials
FA in modifying gut bacteria for mitigating enteric methane emission
Feed Additives
Next time you burp, no methane please
THANKSPrebiotics
Fermentation revolutionEnzymes
Yeast embedded
micro-nutrients
Probiotics
Amino acids