Unit 3 jadual berkala

© Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd. 50

MODULE • Chemistry FORM 4

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– To identify the contribution of scientists in the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table. Mengetahui sumbangan ahli sains untuk penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala.– To get ideas on the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table based on their proton numbers. Mendapat idea penyusunan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala berdasarkan nombor proton.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT / SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN

• GroupandPeriod/Kumpulan dan Kala – To write the electron arrangement for atoms of elements with proton numbers 1 to 20.

Menulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur dengan proton 1 hingga 20. – To determine the group and period based on the electron arrangement of atoms and vice versa.

Menentukan kumpulan dan kala berdasarkan susunan elektron atom dan sebaliknya.

ARRANGEMENTOFELEMENTINTHEPERIODICTABLEPENYUSUNAN UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA

• Group18/Kumpulan 18 – To explain the existence of noble gases as monoatom and their uses.

Menerangkan kewujudan gas adi secara monoatom serta kegunaannya.

• Group1/Kumpulan 1 – To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, oxygen and chlorine) and the different reactivities. Menerangkansifatfizik,sifatkimiayangserupa(denganair,oksigendanklorin)sertakereaktifanyangberbeza.

• Group17/Kumpulan 17 – To explain physical properties, similar chemical properties (with water, sodium hydroxide and iron) and the different

reactivities. Menerangkan sifat fizik, sifat kimia yang serupa (denganair, natriumhidroksida dan ferum) serta kereaktifan yangberbeza.

• Period3/Kala 3 – To explain changes in atomic size, electronegativity, metallic properties as well as oxide properties across Period 3 from

left to right. Menerangkanperubahansaizatom,keelektronegatifan,sifatkelogamansertasifatoksidamerentasiKala3darikirike

kanan.

• TransitionElements/Unsur Peralihan – To state metallic properties of transition metals and their special characteristics.

Menyatakan sifat kelogaman unsur peralihan serta ciri-ciri istimewa unsur peralihan.

PROPERTIESOFELEMENTSINTHEPERIODICTABLESIFAT-SIFAT UNSUR DALAM JADUAL BERKALA

3 PERIODIC TABLEJADUAL BERKALA

03 Chap 3 ChemF4 Bil(FSY5p) new.indd 50 9/18/15 5:04 PM


51 © Nilam Publication Sdn. Bhd.

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1 Elements are arranged systematically in the Periodic Table in an increasing order of proton number which enables: Unsur disusun secara sistematik dalam Jadual Berkala mengikut tertib pertambahan nombor proton yang membolehkan:

(a) Chemists to study, understand and remember the chemical and physical properties of all the elements and compounds in an orderly manner,

Ahlikimiamempelajari,memahamidanmengingatsifatkimiadansifatfiziksemuaunsurdansebatiansecarateratur.(b) Properties of elements and their compounds to be predicted based on the position of elements in the Periodic Table, Sifat unsur dan sebatiannya diramal berdasarkan kedudukan unsur dalam Jadual Berkala.(c) Relationship between elements from different groups to be known. Perhubungan antara unsur dari kumpulan yang berlainan diketahui.

Contribution of Scientist to the Historical Development of the Periodic TableSumbangan Ahli Sains dalam Sejarah Perkembangan Jadual Berkala

Scientists / Saintis Discoveries / Penemuan

Antoine Lavoisier Substances were classified into 4 groups with similar chemical properties.Bahan dikelaskan kepada 4 kumpulan dengan sifat kimia sama.

J.W Dobereiner Substances were arranged into groups of 3 elements with similar chemical properties.Bahan disusun dalam kumpulan yang mengandungi 3 unsur yang mempunyai sifat kimia yang serupa. Groups of element with similar chemical properties were called Triads.Kumpulan unsur dengan sifat kimia sama dinamakan Triad.Triad system was confined to some elements only.Sistem Triad terhad kepada beberapa unsur sahaja.

John Newlands Elements were arranged in ascending atomic mass.Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom.Law of Octaves because similar chemical properties were repeated at every eighth element.Hukum Oktaf kerana sifat sama berulang pada setiap unsur kelapan.This system was inaccurate because there were some elements with wrong mass numbers.Sistem ini tidak tepat kerana ada unsur dengan nombor jisim salah.

Lothar Meyer The atomic volume / Isi padu atom = Mass of 1 mol (g) / Jisim 1 mol (g)Density (g cm–3) / Ketumpatan (g cm–3)

Plotted graph for the atomic volume against atomic mass.Memplotkan graf isi padu atom melawan jisim atomFound that elements with similar chemical properties were positioned at equivalent places along the curve.Mendapati unsur dengan sifat kimia sama menduduki tempat setara dalam lengkungan.

Mendeleev Elements were arranged in ascending order of increasing atomic mass.Unsur disusun mengikut pertambahan jisim atom.Elements with similar chemical properties were in the same group.Unsur dengan sifat kimia sama berada dalam kumpulan sama.Empty spaces were allocated for elements yet to be discovered.Ruang kosong disediakan untuk unsur yang belum ditemui.Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic table.Penyumbang kepada pembentukan Jadual Berkala moden.

Henry Moseley Classified element based on concepts of proton number and arranged elements in order of increasing proton number.Mengelaskan unsur berdasarkan konsep nombor proton dan menyusun unsur-unsur mengikut turutan nombor proton menaik. Contributor to the formation of the modern Periodic Table.Penyumbang kepada pembentukan Jadual Berkala moden.

Advantages of Classifying the Elements in the Periodic TableKebaikan Pengelasan Unsur dalam Jadual Berkala




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1 Write the electron arrangement for atom of each element in the Periodic Table below. Tuliskan susunan elektron untuk atom bagi setiap unsur dalam Jadual Berkala di bawah.

Nucleon number / Nombor nukleonProton number / Nombor proton Symbol of an element / Simbol unsurA

Z X

2 Elements in the Periodic Table are arranged horizontally in increasing order of proton number . Unsur-unsur dalam Jadual Berkala disusun secara mendatar mengikut tertib pertambahan nombor proton .3 Two main components of the Periodic Table / Dua komponen utama Jadual Berkala:

(a) Group / Kumpulan(b) Period / Kala

1 18

1H*1

1

1 2 13 14 15 16 17

He42

2

2Li7

3

2.1Be8

4

2.2B11

5

2.3C12

6

2.4N14

7

2.5O16

8

2.6F19

9

2.7Ne20

10

2.8

3Na23

11

2.8.1Mg24

12

2.8.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Al2713

2.8.3Si28

14

2.8.4P31

15

2.8.5S32

16

2.8.6Cl35

17

2.8.7Ar40

18

2.8.8

4K39

19

2.8.8.1

Ca4020

2.8.8.2Br80

35

PERIOD/KALA

GROUP/ KUMPULAN

TRANSITION METALSLOGAM PERALIHAN

Group / Kumpulan

1 The vertical column of elements in the Periodic Table arranged according to the number of valence electron in the outermost shell of atoms is called groups.

Lajur menegak dalam Jadual Berkala yang disusun mengikut bilangan elektron valens yang terdapat pada petala terluar bagi atom dipanggil kumpulan.

2 There are 18 vertical columns, called Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 until Group 18. Terdapat18lajurdisusunsecaramenegakdisebutKumpulan1,Kumpulan2,Kumpulan3hinggaKumpulan18.

Number of valence electronsBilangan elektron valens 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (except Helium)

8 (kecuali Helium)

GroupKumpulan 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

For atoms of elements with 3 to 8 valence electrons, the group number is: 10 + number of valence electrons.Bagiatomunsurdengan3hingga8elektronvalens,nomborkumpulanialah:10+bilanganelektronvalens.

3 Specific name of groups / Nama-nama khas kumpulan:(a) Group 1: Alkali metals # / Kumpulan1:Logamalkali#(b) Group 2: Alkaline earth metals / Kumpulan2:Logamalkalibumi(c) Group 3 to 12: Transition elements # / Kumpulan3to12:Unsurperalihan#(d) Group 17: Halogens # /Kumpulan17:Halogen#(e) Group 18: Noble gases # / Kumpulan18:Gasadi#

The Arrangement of Elements in the Modern Periodic TableSusunan Unsur dalam Jadual Berkala Moden




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Period / Kala

1 The horizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table, consists of the same number of shell occupied with electrons in an atom called period.

Baris unsur secara mendatar dalamJadualBerkala,mempunyaibilangan petala berisi elektron yang sama di dalam atom disebut sebagai kala.

2 There are seven horizontal rows of elements known as Period 1, 2, ....., 7 [Refer to the Periodic Table] TerdapattujuhbarisunsursecaramendatardisebutKala1,2,.....,7[RujukJadualBerkala] (a) Period 1 has 2 elements / Kala1mengandungi 2 unsur (b) Period 2 and 3 have 8 elements # / Kala2dan3mengandungi 8 unsur

#

(c) Period 4 and 5 have 18 elements / Kala4dan5mengandungi18unsur (d) Period 6 has 32 elements / Kala6mengandungi32unsur (e) Period 7 has 23 elements / Kala7mengandungi23unsur

Short periods, # Period 3 will be studied in detail with respect to physical and chemical propertiesKalapendek,#Kala3akandipelajaridenganterperincidarisegisifatfizikdansifatkimia

Long periods / Kalapanjang

#The important groups that will be studied with respect to physical and chemical properties. #Kumpulanpentingyangakandipelajaridarisegisifatfizikdansifatkimia.4 Types of substances according to the groups / Jenis bahan mengikut kumpulan:

(a) Elements of group 1,2and13 – atoms of each element have 1, 2 and 3 valence electrons respectively are metals. UnsurKumpulan1, 2 dan 13–atomsetiapunsurmempunyai1,2dan3elektronvalensadalahlogam.(b) The elements of group 3to12 – transition elements are metals. UnsurKumpulan3 hingga 12 – unsur peralihan yang merupakan logam.(c) The elements of Group 14,15,16,17and18 – atoms of each element have 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 valence electrons respectively are non-

metals. UnsurKumpulan14, 15, 16, 17 dan 18–atomsetiapunsurmempunyai4,5,6,7dan8elektronvalensadalahbukan

logam.

1 Complete the table below. / Lengkapkan jadual berikut.

ElementUnsur

Proton numberNombor proton

Electron arrangementSusunan elektron

Number of valence electrons

Bilangan elektron valens

GroupKumpulan

Number of shellBilangan petala

PeriodKala

H 1 1 1 1 1 1

He 2 2 2 18 1 1

Li 3 2.1 1 1 2 2

Be 4 2.2 2 2 2 2

B 5 2.3 3 13 2 2

C 6 2.4 4 14 2 2

N 7 2.5 5 15 2 2

O 8 2.6 6 16 2 2

F 9 2.7 7 17 2 2

Ne 10 2.8 8 18 2 2

Na 11 2.8.1 1 1 3 3

Mg 12 2.8.2 2 2 3 3

Al 13 2.8.3 3 13 3 3

Exercise / Latihan




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2 The diagram below shows the chemical symbols which represent elements X, Y and Z. RajahdibawahmenunjukkansimbolkimiayangmewakiliunsurX,YdanZ.

X2311 Z39

19Y126

(a) Explain how to determine the position of element X in the Periodic Table. TerangkanbagaimanamenentukankedudukanunsurXdalamJadualBerkala.

The proton number of element X is 11 and the number of protons in atom X is 11 . The number of electrons in atom

X is 11 . The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 . Element X is located in Group 1 because atom X

has one valence electron . Element X is in Period 3 because atom X has three shells occupied with electrons .

Nombor proton unsur X adalah 11 dan bilangan proton dalam atom X adalah 11 . Bilangan elektron dalam

atom X adalah 11 . Susunan elektron bagi atom X adalah 2.8.1 . Unsur XterletakdalamKumpulan 1

kerana atom X mempunyai satu elektron valens . Unsur XberadadalamKala 3 kerana atom X

mempunyai tiga petala berisi dengan elektron .

(b) (i) State the position of element Y in the Periodic Table. NyatakankedudukanunsurYdalamJadualBerkala.

Element Y is located in Group 14 and Period 2.

UnsurYterletakdiKumpulan14danKala2

(ii) Explain how to determine the position of element Y in the Periodic Table. Terangkan bagaimana anda menentukan kedudukan unsur Y dalam Jadual Berkala.

The proton number of element Y is 6 and the number of proton in atom Y is 6. The electron arrangement of atom Y

is 2.4. Element Y is located in Group 14 because atom Y has 4 valence electrons. Element Y is in Period 2 because

atom Y has 2 shells occupied/filled with electrons.

NomborprotonbagiunsurYadalah6danbilanganprotondalamatomYadalah6.SusunanelektronatomY

adalah2.4.UnsurYterletakdiKumpulan14keranaatomYmempunyai4elektronvalens. UnsurYterletakdi

Kala2keranaatomYmempunyai2petalaberisidenganelektron.

(c) Which of the above elements show the similar chemical properties? Explain your answer. Antaraunsurdiatas,yangmanakahmempunyaisifatkimiayangserupa?Terangkanjawapananda.

Element X and element Z. Electron arrangement of atom X is 2.8.1 and electron arrangement of atom Z is 2.8.8.1. Atoms

X and Z have the same number of valence electron.

UnsurXdanunsurZ.SusunanelektronatomXadalah2.8.1dansusunanelektronatomZadalah2.8.8.1.AtomXdan

atomZmempunyaibilanganelektronvalensyangsama.




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Group 18 (Noble Gases) / Kumpulan 18 (Gas Adi)

1 Consist of Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn). TerdiridariHelium(He),Neon(Ne),Argon(Ar),Kripton(Kr),Xenon(Xe)danRadon(Rn).

Elements / Unsur Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron

Helium / Helium 2

Neon / Neon 2.8

Argon / Argon 2.8.8

Krypton / Kripton 2.8.18.8

2 Noble gases are chemically inert because the outermost shell of theatomhasachieveddupletelectronarrangementforheliumandoctetelectronarrangementforothers.

UnsurKumpulan18adalahlengaisecarakimiakeranapetalaterluaratomnya telah mencapai susunan elektron duplet untuk helium dan susunan elektron oktet untuk yang lain

3 Noble gases do not react with other elements (the atom does not lose, gain or share electrons). UnsurKumpulaninitidakbergabungdenganunsurlain(atomnyatidakakanmenderma,menerimaatauberkongsielektron).

4 These gases exist as single uncombined atoms and are said to be monotomic gases. Gasiniwujudsebagaiatomtunggaliaitusebagaigasmonoatom.

5 Going down Group 18: MenuruniKumpulan18:

(a) The atomic size is increasing because the number of shells increases. Saizatombertambahkeranabilangan petala bertambah.

(b) The melting point and boiling points are very low because atoms of noble gases atoms are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, less energy is required to overcome these forces. However, the melting and boiling points increase going down the group because atomic size increases, causing the Van der Waal forces to increase and more energy is required to overcome these forces.

Takat lebur dan takat didih sangat rendah kerana atom-atom gas adi ditarik oleh daya Van der Waals yang lemah ,sedikit tenagadiperlukanuntukmengatasidayatersebut.Walaubagaimanapun, takat leburdantakat

didihbertambahmenurunikumpulankeranapertambahansaizatommenyebabkandayatarikanVanderWaalssemakinkuat,semakin banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasinya.

(c) The density is low and increases gradually because the mass increases greatly compared to the volume when going down the group.

Ketumpatanrendahdansemakinmeningkatkeranajisimbertambahdenganbanyakberbandingdenganisipaduapabilamenuruni kumpulan.

6 All noble gases are insoluble in water and cannot conduct electricity in all conditions. Semua gas adi tidak larut dalam air dan tidak dapat mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam semua keadaan.

7 Complete the uses of noble gases in the table below. Lengkapkan jadual kegunaan gas adi.

Noble gases / Gas adi Uses / KegunaanHeliumHelium

To fill weather balloons and airship Untuk mengisi belon cuaca dan pesawat.

NeonNeon

To fill neon light (for advertisement board) Untuk mengisi lampu neon (untuk papan iklan).

ArgonArgon

To fill electrical bulb Untuk mengisi mentol lampu elektrik.

KryptonKripton

To fill photographic flash lamp Untuk mengisi lampu kilat fotografi.

RadonRadon

To treat cancerUntuk mengubati kanser.




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Group 1 (Alkali Metals) / Kumpulan 1 (Logam Alkali)

1 Consist of Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs) and Francium (Fr). TerdiridaripadaLitium(Li),Natrium(Na),Kalium(K),Rubidium(Rb),Sesium(Cs)danFransium(Fr).

ElementsUnsur

SymbolSimbol



Number of shellsBilangan petala

Lithium / Litium Li 3 2.1 2

Sodium / Natrium Na 11 2.8.1 3

Potassium / Kalium K 19 2.8.8.1 4

2 Physical properties / Sifatfizik:(a) Grey solid with shiny surface Pepejal kelabu dengan permukaan berkilat.(b) Softer and the density is lower compared to other metals. Lebih lembut dan ketumpatan yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain.(c) Lower melting and boiling points compared to other metals. Takat lebur dan takat didih lebih rendah berbanding dengan logam lain.

3 Changes in physical properties going down the group Perubahansifatfizikmenurunikumpulan:

(a) Atomic size increases because the number of shells increases Saizatombertambahkeranabilanganpetalabertambah.(b) Density increases because mass increases faster than the increase in radius. Ketumpatanbertambahkeranapertambahanjisimlebihcepatdaripertambahanjejari(c) Melting and boiling points decrease because when the atomic size increases, the metal bonds get weaker. Takatdidihdantakatleburberkurangkeranaapabilasaizatombertambah,ikatanlogamsemakinlemah.

4 Chemical properties of Group 1 elements / SifatkimiaunsurKumpulan1:(a) All atoms of elements in Group 1 have 1 valence electron and achieve a stable duplet/octet electron

arrangement by releasing one electron to form +1 charged ions: Semua atom unsurdalamKumpulan1mempunyai 1 elektron valens dan mencapai susunan elektron duplet/

oktet yang stabil dengan melepaskan satu elektron valens membentuk ion bercas +1 . Example / Contoh:

(i) Lithium atom releasesoneelectron to achieve stabledupletelectronarrangement: Atom litium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil:

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.1 Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3Bilanganproton=3, jumlahcas:+3Number of electrons = 3, total charge: –3Bilanganelektron=3, jumlahcas:–3

Lithium atom is neutral .

Atom litium adalah neutral .

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3Bilanganproton=3, jumlahcas:+3Number of electrons = 2, total charge: –2Bilanganelektron=2, jumlahcas:–2Positively charges lithium ion, Li+ is formed. Ion litium bercas positif , Li+terbentuk.

Li Li+ + e

(ii) Sodium atom releasesoneelectron to achieve stableoctetelectronarrangement: Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.1 Number of protons = 11, total charge: +11Bilanganproton=11, jumlahcas:+11Number of electrons = 11, total charge: –11Bilanganelektron=11, jumlahcas:–11Sodium atom is neutral .Atom natrium adalah neutral .

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8 Number of protons = 11, total charge: +11 Bilanganproton=11, jumlahcas:+11 Number of electrons = 10, total charge: –10 Bilanganelektron=10, jumlahcas:–10

Positively charges sodium ion, Na+ is formed.Ion natrium bercas positif ,Na+ terbentuk.

Na Na+ + e




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5 The reactivity of alkali metals increases going down the Group 1: KereaktifanunsurlogamalkalibertambahmenuruniKumpulan1:

– Atoms of Group 1 metals achieve a stable duplet/octet electron arrangement by releasing one valence electron to form +1 charged ion.

AtomlogamKumpulan1mencapaisusunanelektronduplet/oktetyangstabildenganmelepaskan satu elektronvalensmembentukionbercas+1.

– The reactivity of Group 1 metals depends on the tendency for atoms to lose electrons; the easier it loses an electron, the reactivity of the metal increases .

Kereaktifan logam Kumpulan 1 bergantung pada kesenangan atom melepaskanelektron,semakinsenangelektrondilepaskan,kereaktifanlogamsemakinbertambah .

– Going down Group 1, the number of shells increases, the atomic size increases and the valence electron in the outermost shell gets further away from the nucleus.

MenuruniKumpulan1,bilangan petala bertambah,saizatombertambahdanelektron valens pada petala terluar semakin jauh dari nukleus.

– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the valence electron gets weaker .

Kekuatantarikannukleuskepadaelektronvalenssemakin lemah .– The valence electron is loosely held and it is easier for the electron to be

released. Elektron valens ditarik dengan lemah dan ia makin senang dilepaskan.

Reactivity

increases dow

n Group 1

Kereaktifan

bertambah

menurunK

umpulan1

Li

Na

K

6 Chemical reactions of Group 1 elements: TindakbalaskimiaunsurKumpulan1:

(a) Metal Group 1 reacts with water to produce alkali and hydrogen gas. LogamKumpulan1bertindakbalasdenganairmenghasilkanalkalidangashidrogen.

2X + 2H2O 2XOH + H2 , X is the metal of Group 12X+2H2O 2XOH+H2,XadalahlogamKumpulan1

Water / Air

Lithium / Litium

Procedure / Kaedah:(i) Pour water into a basin until half full. / Masukkan air dalam bekas hingga separuh penuh.(ii) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. / Potong sepotong litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep.(iii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. Keringkanminyakpadapermukaanlitiummenggunakankertasturas.(iv) Place the lithium slowly onto the water surface in a water trough. Letakkan litium dengan perlahan di atas permukaan air di dalam bekas.(v) When the reaction stop, test the solution produced with red litmus paper. Apabilatindakbalasberhenti,ujilarutanyangterhasildengankertaslitmusmerah.(vi) Record the observation./Catatkansemuapemerhatian.(vii) Repeat steps (i) – (vi) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one. Ulanglangkah(i)–(vi)denganmenggunakannatriumdankaliummenggantikanlitiumsatudemisatu.

(b) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all atoms in Group 1 have one valence electron and achieve the stable duplet/octet electron arrangement by releasing its valence electron to form a positively charged ions.

SemuaunsurKumpulan1mempunyaisifatkimiayangserupakeranasemua atom unsurKumpulan1mempunyaibilangan elektron valens yang sama iaitu satu dan mencapai susunan elektron duplet/oktet yang stabil dengan melepaskan satu elektron valensnya untuk membentuk ion bercas positif .




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Observation/Pemerhatian:ElementUnsur

ObservationPemerhatian

InferenceInferens

ReactivityKereaktifan

Li Lithium moves slowly on the water surface

and produces red flame. The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper to

blue .

Litium bergerak perlahan dengan nyalaan merah di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak

berwarna menukarkan kertas litmus merah kepada biru .

Lithium is the least reactive metal reacts with

water to produce alkaline solution, lithium hydroxide:

Litium adalah logam yang paling kurang reaktif bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan

beralkali , litium hidroksida.Balanced chemical equation:Persamaan kimia seimbang:

2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

Reactivity

increases dow

n Group 1

Kereaktifan bertam

bah m

enuruni Kumpulan 1

Na Sodium moves quickly on the water surface

and produces yellow flame. The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper to

blue .

Natrium bergerak cepat dengan nyalaan kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak


Sodium is reactive metal reacts with water to

produce alkaline solution, sodium hydroxide.

Natrium adalah logam yang reaktif bertindak

balas dengan air membentuk larutan beralkali , natrium hidroksida.Balanced chemical equation:Persamaan kimia seimbang:

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

K Potassium moves very quickly on the

water surface and produce yellow flame. The colourless solution formed turns red litmus paper

to blue .

Kalium bergerak sangat cepat dengan nyalaan kuning di atas permukaan air. Larutan tidak


Potassium is the most reactive metal reacts

with water to produce alkaline solution, potassium hydroxide.

Kalium adalah logam yang paling reaktif bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan

beralkali , kalium hidroksida.Balanced chemical equation:Persamaan kimia seimbang:

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

(b) Metal Group 1 reacts with oxygen to form metal oxide. The metal oxide dissolves in water to produce alkaline solution. LogamKumpulan1bertindakbalasdenganoksigenmembentukoksidalogam.Oksidalogamlarutdalamairmenghasilkan

larutan berakali.

4X + O2 2X2OX2O + H2O 2XOH, X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)X2O+H2O 2XOH,XadalahlogamunsurKumpulan1(Li,NadanK)

Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran

Oxygen gas / Gasoksigen

Gas jar / Balang gas

Burning lithium / Litium menyala

Procedure/Kaedah:(i) Cut a small piece of lithium using a knife and forceps. Potong secebis kecil litium menggunakan pisau dan forsep.(ii) Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper. Keringkanminyakpadapermukaanlitiumdengankertasturas.




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(iii) Place the lithium in a combustion spoon and heat lithium until it start to burn. Letakkan litium pada sudu pembakaraan dan panaskan litium dengan kuat hingga ia menyala.(iv) Put the burning lithium into a gas jar of oxygen. Letakkan litium yang menyala dalam balang gas berisi oksigen.(v) When the reaction stop, add water to dissolve the compound formed. Apabilatindakbalasberhenti,tambahkanairuntukmelarutkansebatianyangterbentuk.(vi) Add a few drops of universal indicator to the solution formed. Tambahkan beberapa titis penunjuk universal kepada larutan yang terbentuk.(vii) Record the observation. Catatkanpemerhatian. (viii) Repeat steps (i) – (vii) using sodium and potassium to replace lithium one by one. Ulanglangkah(i)–(vii)menggunakannatriumdankaliumuntukmenggantikanlitiumsatudemisatu.

Observation / Pemerhatian:

ElementUnsur


InferenceInferens


Li – Lithium burns slowly with a red

flame to produce white solid .

Litium terbakar perlahan dengan nyalaan merah menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– The white solid dissolves in water to

form colourless solution.

Pepejal putih larut dalam air membentuk

larutan tidak berwarna .

– The solution turns green universal

indicator to purple .

Larutan itu menukarkan warna penunjuk

universal dari hijau kepada ungu .

– Lithium is the least reactive metal towards oxygen.

Litium adalah paling kurang reaktif terhadap oksigen.

– Lithium reacts with oxygen

to produce lithium oxide .

Litium bertindak balas dengan oksigen

membentuk litium oksida .

Balanced chemical equation:Persamaan kimia seimbang:

4Li + O2 2Li2O

– Lithium oxide reacts with water to form alkaline solution, lithium hydroxide.

Litium oksida bertindak balas dengan air

membentuk larutan beralkali, litium hidroksida .


Li2O + H2O 2LiOH

Reactivity

increases dow

n Group 1

Kereaktifan bertam

bah m

enuruni Kumpulan 1

Na – Sodium burns brightly with a yellow

flame to produce white solid .

Natrium terbakar terang dengan

nyalaan kuning menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– The white solid dissolves in water

to form colourless solution.

Pepejal putih larut dalam air

membentuk larutan tidak berwarna .

– The solution turns green

universal indicator to purple .



– Sodium is reactive metal towards oxygen.

Natrium adalah logam reaktif terhadap oksigen.

– Sodium reacts with oxygen to

produce sodium oxide .

Natrium bertindak balas dengan oksigen

membentuk natrium oksida .


4Na + O2 2Na2O

– Sodium oxide reacts with water to form alkaline solution, sodium hydroxide.

Natrium oksida bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan

beralkali , natrium hidroksida.


Na2O + H2O 2NaOH




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K – Potassium burns very brightly with

a purple flame to produce white solid .

Kalium terbakar sangat terang

dengan nyalaan ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– The white solid dissolves in

water to form colourless solution.

Pepejal putih larut dalam air

membentuk larutan tidak berwarna .

– The solution turns green

universal indicator to purple .



– Potassium is the most reactive metal towards oxygen.

Kalium adalah logam paling reaktif terhadap oksigen.

– Potassium reacts with oxygen to

produce potassium oxide .

Kalium bertindak balas dengan oksigen

membentuk kalium oksida .


4K + O2 2K2O

– Potassium oxide reacts with water to form alkaline solution, potassium hydroxide.

Kalium oksida bertindak balas dengan air

membentuk larutan beralkali , kalium hidroksida.


K2O + H2O 2KOH

(c) Metal Group 1 reacts with chlorine to produce metal chloride. LogamKumpulan1bertindakbalasdenganklorinmenghasilkanlogamklorida.

2X + Cl2 2XCl, X is a metal element of Group 1 (Li, Na and K)2X+Cl2 2XCl,XadalahlogamunsurKumpulan1(Li,NadanK)

Combustion spoon / Sudu pembakaran

Chlorine gas / Gasklorin

Gas jar / Balang gas

Burning of metal Group 1PembakaranlogamKumpulan1

Observation : Pemerhatian :

ElementUnsur


InferenceInferens


Li – Lithium burns slowly with a red flame to produce white

solid.

Litium terbakar perlahan dengan

nyalaan merah menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– Lithium is the least reactive metal towards

chlorine.

Litium adalah paling kurang reaktif terhadap

klorin.

– Lithium reacts with chlorine to

produce lithium chloride .

Litium bertindak balas dengan klorin

membentuk litium klorida .


2Li + Cl2 2LiCl




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3 Metal Group 1 reacts with oxygen or air to form metal oxide. Logam kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan oksigen membentuk oksida logam. The metal oxide reacts with water. / Oksida logam bertindak balas dengan air.

2X + O2 → 2X2O X2O + H2O → 2XOH

(a) 4 Li + O2 → 2Li2O

Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH

(b) 4 Na + O2 → 2Na2O Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

(c) 4 K + O2 → 2K2O

K2O + H2O → 2KOH

1 Metal Group 1 react with water. Logam kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan air.

2X + 2H2O → 2XOH + H2

(a) 2 Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2

(b) 2 Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

(c) 2 K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

2 Metal Group 1 reacts with chlorine. Logam kumpulan 1 bertindak balas dengan klorin.

2X + Cl2 → 2XCl

(a) 2 Li + Cl2 → 2LiCl

(b) 2 Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

(c) 2 K + Cl2 → 2KCl

Na – Sodium burns brightly with a yellow flame to produce white

solid.

Natrium terbakar terang dengan nyalaan kuning menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– Sodium is reactive metal towards chlorine.

Natrium adalah logam reaktif terhadap klorin.

– Sodium reacts with chlorine to

produce sodium chloride .

Natrium bertindak balas dengan klorin

membentuk natrium klorida .


2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

Reactivity

increases dow

n Group 1

Kereaktifan bertam

bah m

enuruni Kumpulan 1

K – Potassium burns very brightly with a purple flame to produce white

solid.

Kalium terbakar sangat terang dengan

nyalaan ungu menghasilkan pepejal putih .

– Potassium is the most reactive metal

towards chlorine. / Kalium adalah logam paling reaktif terhadap klorin.

– Potassium reacts with chlorine to

produce potassium chloride .

Kalium bertindak balas dengan klorin

membentuk kalium klorida .


2K + Cl2 2KCl

Complete the following / Lengkapkan yang berikut:

Group1MetalLogam kumpulan 1

Li,Na,K

X




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Group 17 (Halogens) / Kumpulan 17 (Halogen)

1 Consist of Fluorine (F2), Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine (Br2), Iodine (I2) and Astatine (At2). TerdiridaripadaFluorin(F2 ),Klorin(Cl2 ),Bromin(Br2 ),Iodin(I2 )danAstatin(At2 ).

ElementsUnsur

SymbolSimbol




Fluorine / Fluorin F2 9 2.7 2

Chlorine / Klorin Cl2 17 2.8.7 3

Bromine / Bromin Br2 35 2.8.18.7 4

Iodine / Iodin I2 53 2.8.18.18.7 5

2 Physical properties: Halogens cannot conduct heat and electricity in all states. Sifatfizik:Halogentidakbolehmengkonduksielektrikdanhabadalamsemuakeadaan.

3 Changes in physical properties going down the group: Perubahansifatfizikmenurunikumpulan:

(a) The melting and boiling points are low because the molecules are attracted by weak Van der Waals forces, and small amount of energy is required to overcome these forces. However the melting and boiling points increase going down the group.

TakatdidihdantakatleburadalahrendahkeranamolekulditarikolehdayaVanderWaalsyanglemah,sedikittenagadiperlukanuntukmengatasidayaitu.Walaubagaimanapun,takatleburdantakatdidihmeningkatmenurunikumpulan.

Explanation/Penerangan:– The atomic size increases going down the Group 17 because of increasing in number of shell , the size of molecules get

larger. Saiz atom bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 17 kerana dengan pertambahan bilangan petala , saiz molekul

semakin besar.– The inter molecular forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces) become stronger. Dayatarikanantaramolekul(dayaVanderWaals)semakinkuat.– More energy is needed to overcome the stronger attractive forces between molecules during melting or boiling. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan antara molekul yang lebih kuat semasa peleburan atau

pendidihan.(b) Physical properties change from gas (fluorine and chlorine) to liquid (bromine) and to solid (iodine) at room temperature

due to increase in the strength of inter molecular forces from fluorine to iodine. Keadaanfizikberubahdarigas(fluorindanklorin)kepadacecair(bromin)dankepadapepejal(iodin)padasuhubilik

keranapertambahankekuatantarikanantaramolekuldarifluorinkepadaiodin.

(c) The density is low and increases going down the group. Ketumpatanadalahrendahdansemakinmeningkatapabilamenurunikumpulan.

(d) The colour of the elements becomes darker going down the group: fluorine (light yellow), chlorine (greenish yellow), bromine (brown) and iodine (purplish black).

Warna unsur semakin gelap menurunikumpulaniaitufluorin(kuningmuda),klorin(kuningkehijauan),bromin(perang)daniodin(ungukehitaman).

4 Chemical properties of Group 17 elements: SifatkimiaunsurKumpulan17:

(a) All atoms of elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve a stable octet electron

arrangement by accepting one electron to form negatively charged ions.

Semua atom unsurKumpulan17mempunyai tujuh elektronvalens,mencapaisusunanelektronoktetyangstabil

dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif . Example / Contoh:

(i) Fluorine atom receivesoneelectron to achieve stableoctetelectronarrangement: Atom fluorinmenerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:




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Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.7 Number of protons = 9, total charge: +9Bilanganproton=9, jumlahcas:+9Number of electrons = 9, total charge: –9Bilanganelektron=9, jumlahcas:–9

Fluorine atom is neutral .

Atomfluorinadalah neutral .

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8 Number of protons = 9, total charge: +9Bilanganproton=9, jumlahcas:+9Number of electrons = 10, total charge: –10 Bilanganelektron=10, jumlahcas:–10

Negatively charged fluoride ion, F– is formed.

Ionfluorida,F– bercas negatif terbentuk.

F + e F –

(ii) Chlorine atom receivesoneelectron to achieve stableoctetelectronarrangement: Atom klorin menerima satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.7 Number of protons = 17, total charge: +17Bilanganproton=17, jumlahcas:+17Number of electrons = 17, total charge: –17Bilanganelektron=17, jumlahcas:–17

Chlorine atom is neutral .

Atom klorin adalah neutral .

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.8 Number of protons = 17, total charge: +17Bilanganproton=17, jumlahcas:+17Number of electrons = 18, total charge: –18Bilanganelektron=18, jumlahcas:–18

Negatively charged chloride ion, Cl– is formed.

Ionklorida,Cl– bercas negatif terbentuk.

Cl + e Cl–

(b) All elements in Group 17 have similar chemical properties because atoms in Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve the stable octet electron arrangement by receiving one electron to form a negatively charged ion.

Semua unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyai sifat kimia yang serupa kerana atom unsur Kumpulan 17 mempunyaitujuh elektronvalens,mencapaisusunanelektronoktetyangstabildengan menerima satu elektron membentuk

ion bercas negatif .

5 Reactivity of halogens decreases going down the group Kereaktifanhalogenberkurangmenurunikumpulan:

– All the atoms of Group 17 have seven valence electrons and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement by accepting one electron to form negatively charged ion.

Semua atom unsurKumpulan 17mempunyai tujuh elektron valens danmencapai susunanelektron oktet yang stabil dengan menerima satu elektron membentuk ion bercas negatif .

– The reactivity of a halogen atom depends on the tendency of the atom to receive electron.

Kereaktifan unsur Kumpulan 17 bergantung pada kecenderungan atom menerima elektron.

– Going down Group 17, the number of shells increases, atomic size increases. ApabilamenuruniKumpulan17,bilangan petala bertambah, saiz atom bertambah.– Outer shell becomes further from the nucleus. Petala luar semakin jauh dari nukleus.– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to attract one electron into the

outermost occupied shell becomes weaker .

Kekuatan tarikandaripadaprotondalamnukleusuntukmenariksatuelektronkedalampetala luar semakin lemah .

– The strength of a halogen atom to attract electron decreases from fluorine to astatine (electronegativity decreases).

Kekuatan atom halogen untuk menarik elektron berkurang dari fluorin ke astatin(keelektronegatifanberkurang).

Reactivity

decreases dow

n Group 17

Kereaktifan

berkurangmenurunK

umpulan17

F

Cl

Br




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6 Elements in Group 17 exist as diatomic molecules. Two atoms of element sharing one pair of valence electrons to achievestableoctetelectronarrangement.

UnsurKumpulan17wujudsebagaimolekuldwiatom.Duaatomunsurberkongsisepasangelektronvalensuntukmencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil.

Example: Two fluorine atoms share one pair of electrons to form one fluorine molecule: Contoh:Duaatomfluorinberkongsisepasangelektronuntukmembentukmolekulfluorin:

Fluorine atom / Atomfluorin Fluorine atom / Atomfluorin Fluorine molecule / Molekulfluorin

Share / KongsiF F F F

Chlorine, bromine and iodine exist as diatomic molecules. (Cl2, Br2 and I2) Klorin,bromindaniodinwujudsebagaimolekuldwiatom(Cl2 ,Br2 dan I2)

7 Chemical reactions of Group 17 elements: TindakbalaskimiaunsurKumpulan17:

(a) Halogen reacts with water with different reactivity : Halogenbertindakbalasdenganairdengankereaktifanberbeza:

X2 + H2O HX + HOX, X is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2 ) / X2+H2O HX+HOX,Xadalahhalogen.(Cl2 ,Br2 dan I2)

Chlorine gas / Gas klorin Bromine water /Air bromin Iodine crystals /Hablur iodin

Chlorine orBromine

Klorin atauBromin

HabaHeat

HabaHeat

NaOH to absorbChlorine / bromineNaOH untuk menyerapklorin / bromin

Iron woolWul Besi

IodineIodin

Fluorine, ChlorineFlorin, Klorin

airwater

Chlorine gasGasklorin

WaterAir

Procedure / Kaedah:– Chlorine gas is passed through water in

a test tube. Gas klorin dilalukan melalui air dalam

tabung uji.– The solution produced is tested with

blue litmus paper. Larutan yang terhasil diuji dengan

kertas litmus biru.

Water / Air

Bromine waterAir bromin

Procedure / Kaedah:– A few drops of bromine water are

added to water in a test tube. Beberapa titis air bromin ditambah

kepada air dalam tabung uji.– The test tube is shaken. Tabung uji digoncang.– The solution produced is tested with


kertas litmus biru.

Iodine crystalsHabluriodin

WaterAir

Procedure / Kaedah:– Some iodine crystals are added to

water in a test tube. Sedikit hablur iodin ditambah kepada

air dalam tabung uji. – The test tube is shaken. Tabung uji digoncang.– The solution produced is tested with


kertas litmus biru.

Observation / Pemerhatian:Chlorine dissolves rapidly in water to form light yellow solution:

Klorin larut dengan cepat dalam air menghasilkan larutan berwarna kuning muda:

Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl

The solution changes blue litmus

paper to red and quickly decolourises it.

Larutan menukarkan kertas litmus biru

kepada merah dan melunturkannya dengan cepat.


Bromine dissolves slowly in water to form brown solution:

Bromin larut dengan perlahan dalam air menghasilkan larutan berwarna perang:

Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr

The solution changes blue litmus

paper to red and slowly decolourises it.


kepada merah dan melunturkannya dengan perlahan.


Iodine dissolves slightly in water to form brown solution:

Iodin larut dengan sedikit dalam air menghasilkan larutan berwarna perang:

I2 + H2O HI + HOI

The solution changes blue

litmus paper to red . The litmus

paper does not decolourise .


kepada merah . Kertas litmus tidak dilunturkan .

Inference / Inferens:Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with water to form acidic solution. Apart from the acidic solution, chloride and bromine formed bleaching agent. Klorin, bromin dan iodin bertindak balas dengan air membentuk larutan berasid. Selain daripada larutan berasid, klorin dan bromin juga membentuk bahan peluntur. Solubility decreases from chlorine to iodine.Keterlarutan berkurang dari klorin kepada iodin.




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(b) Halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution / Halogenbertindakbalasdenganlarutannatriumhidroksida:

X2 + 2NaOH NaX + NaOX + H2O, X2 is halogen. (Cl2, Br2 and I2 )X2+2NaOH NaX+NaOX+H2O,X2adalahhalogen.(Cl2 ,Br2 dan I2)

Complete the following / Lengkapkan yang berikut :(i) Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

(ii) Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O

(iii) I2 + 2NaOH NaI + NaOI + H2O

(c) Halogens react with hot iron to form brown solid, iron(III) halide. Halogenbertindakbalasdenganbesipanasmembentukpepejalperang,ferum(III)halida.

Heat / Haba

HeatHaba

IodineIodin

Iron woolWul besi

Chlorine or BromineKlorinatauBromin

NaOH to absorb chlorine/bromineNaOHuntukmenyerapklorin/bromin

Iron wool / Wul besi

HeatHaba

2Fe + 3X2 2FeX3, X2 represents any halogen. (Cl2, Br2 or I2 )2Fe+3X2 2FeX3,X2mewakilisebaranghalogen.(Cl2 ,Br2 atau I2)

HalogenHalogen


Chemical equationPersamaan kimia

ChlorineKlorin

Iron wool burns very brightly and forms a brown solid when cooled.Wul besi terbakar dengan sangat terang dan membentuk pepejal perang apabila sejuk.

2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

BromineBromin

Iron wool burns brightly and forms a brown solid when cooled.Wul besi berbara dengan terang dan membentuk pepejal perang apabila sejuk.

2Fe + 3Br2 2FeBr3

IodineIodin

Iron wools glows slowly with a dull glow and forms a brown solid when cooled.Wul besi berbara dengan perlahan dan membentuk pepejal perang apabila sejuk.

2Fe + 3I2 2FeI3

Experiment(a),(b)dan(c) show that all halogens have similar chemical properties but their reactivity decreases going down the group:

Eksperimen (a), (b) dan (c) menunjukkan semua halogen menunjukkan sifat kimia yang serupa tetapi kereaktifannya berkurang apabila menuruni kumpulan.

Reactivity decreases / Kereaktifan berkurang

F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2 / F2 ,Cl2 ,Br2 dan I2

Period / Kala

1 Horizontal rows in the periodic table. Baris mendatar dalam Jadual Berkala.2 There are seven periods known as Period 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Terdapat7kaladitulissebagaiKala1,2,3,4,5,6,7.3 The number of period of an element represents the number of shells occupied with electrons in each atom of element. Nombor kala suatu unsur mewakili bilangan petala yang berisi elektron di dalam setiap atom unsur.

Reactivity decreasesKereaktifanberkurang




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ElementsUnsur




PeriodKala

Li 3 2.1 2 2

Na 11 2.8.1 3 3

K 19 2.8.8.1 4 4

4 Period 3 elements (complete the following table): UnsurKala3(lengkapkanjadualberikut):

Elements / Unsur Na Mg Al Si P S Cl ArProton number Nombor proton 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Electron arrangementSusunan elektron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

Number of shellsBilangan petala 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Positive charge in the nucleusBilangan cas positif dalam nukleus +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17 +18

Radius (nm)Jejari (nm) 0.191 0.160 0.130 0.118 0.110 0.102 0.099 0.095

5 Physical changes across the Period 3 (from left to right): PerubahanfizikalmerentasiKala3(darikirikekanan):

(a) Change in atomic radius across Period 3: / PerubahanjejariatommerentasiKala3:

16 p

ClSPSiAlMgNa

The atomic radius of the atoms decreases from sodium to chlorine

Jejari atom berkurang dari natrium kepada klorin

Atom / Atom Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Number of proton / Bilangan proton 11 p 12 p 13 p 14 p 15 p 16 p 17 p

Positive charge / Cas positif +11 +12 +13 +14 +15 +16 +17

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7

– All the atoms of Period 3 elements have 3 shells occupied with electrons . SemuaatomunsurKala3mempunyai 3 petala berisi elektron .– The proton number increases by one unit from sodium to chlorine. Nombor proton bertambah satu unit dari natrium kepada klorin.– Increasing in proton number causes the number of positive charge in the nucleus to increase . Pertambahan nombor proton menyebabkan bilangan cas positif pada nukleus bertambah .– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the electrons in the shells increases . Daya tarikan proton dalam nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala bertambah .– The atomic radius of element decreases across Period 3. Jejari atom unsur berkurang merentasiKala3.

(b) Change in electronegativity / Perubahan keelektronegatifan: – Electronegativity: The strength of an atom in a molecule to attract electron towards its nucleus. Kelektronegatifan:Kekuatansuatuatomdalammolekulmenarik elektron ke arah nukleusnya.




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– The atomic radius decreases due to the increasing of nuclei attraction on the electrons in the shells from sodium to chlorine.

Jejari atom berkurang kerana daya tarikan nukleus terhadap elektron dalam petala bertambah dari natrium kepada klorin.

– The size of atom decreases from sodium to chlorine. Saizatom berkurang dari natrium kepada klorin.– Tendency of nucleus to attract electron to the outermost shells increases from sodium to chlorine. Kekuatannukleusmenarikelektronkepadapetalapalingluar bertambah dari natrium kepada klorin.– The electronegativity increases across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine. Keelektronegatifan bertambah merentasiKala3darinatriumkepadaklorin.

(c) Physical state: / Keadaanfizik:(i) The physical state of elements in a period changes from solid to gas from left to right. Keadaanfizikunsur-unsurdalamsuatukalaberubahdaripepejalkepadagasdarikirikekanan.(ii) Metals on the left are solid while non-metals on the right are usually gases. Logam di sebelah kiri adalah pepejal dan bukan logam di sebelah kanan kebanyakannya adalah gas.

(d) Changes in metallic properties and electrical conductivity: Perubahan sifat kelogaman dan kekonduksian elektrik:

Element / Unsur Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Metallic propertiesSifat kelogaman

MetalLogam

Semi metalSepara logam

Non-metalBukan logam

Electrical conductivityKekonduksian elektrik

Good conductors of electric.Konduktor elektrik yang baik.

Weak conductor of electric but it increases with the presence of boron or phosphorous.Konduktor elektrik yang lemah tetapi bertambah dengan kehadiran boron atau fosforus.Uses: semi-conductor / Kegunaan: semi konduktor

Cannot conduct electricityTidak boleh mengkonduksi elektrik

6 Changes in properties of oxide of elements Period 3: PerubahansifatoksidaunsurKala3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Basic oxide / Oksida bes Amphoteric oxide / Oksida amfoterik Acidic oxide / Oksida asid

Basic oxide + Water AlkaliOksida bes + Air Alkali

Example / Contoh:Na2O + H2O 2NaOH

Basic oxide + Acid Salt + WaterOksida bes + Asid Garam + Air

Example / Contoh:MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O

Amphoteric oxide + Acid Salt + WaterOksida amfoterik + Asid Garam + AirAmphoteric oxide + Alkali Salt + WaterOksida amfoterik + Alkali Garam + Air

Example / Contoh:Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2OAl2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

Acidic oxide + Water AcidOksida asid + Air Asid

Example / Contoh:SO2 + H2O H2SO3

Acidic oxide + Alkali Salt + WaterOksida asid + Alkali Garam + Air

Example / Contoh:SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

(a) Elements in Period 3 can be classified as metals and non-metals based on basic and acidic properties of their oxides. UnsurKala3bolehdikelaskansebagailogamdanbukanlogamberdasarkansifatkebesandankeasidanoksidanya.

(i) Basic oxide is metal oxide that can react with acid to form salt and water .

Oksida bes adalah oksida logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan asid membentuk garam dan air .

(ii) Acidic oxide is non-metal oxide that can react with alkali to form salt and water .

Oksida asid adalah oksida bukan logam yang boleh bertindak balas dengan alkali membentuk garam dan air .




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(iii) Amphoteric oxide is oxide that can react with both acid and alkali to form salt and water .

Oksida amfoterik adalah oksida yang boleh bertindak balas dengan asid dan alkali untuk membentuk garam dan air .

(b) Complete the following table: Lengkapkan jadual berikut:

(i) Reaction with water: Tindak balas dengan air:

OxideOksida

Solubility in waterKeterlarutan dalam air

pHpH larutan

Type of oxideJenis oksida

Sodium oxide, Na2ONatrium oksida, Na2O

White solid dissolves in waterPepejal putih larut dalam air 14 Basic oxide

Oksida bes

Magnesium oxide, MgOMagnesium oksida, MgO

White solid slightly dissolves in waterPepejal putih larut separa dalam air 9 Basic oxide

Oksida bes

Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Aluminium oksida, Al2O3

InsolubleTidak larut – –

Silicon oxide, SiO2

Silikon oksida, SiO2

InsolubleTidak larut – –

Phosphorous oxide, P4O10

Fosforus oksida, P4O10

White solid dissolves in waterPepejal putih larut dalam air 3 Acidic oxide

Oksida asid

Sulphur dioxide, SO2

Sulfur dioksida, SO2

Gas dissolves in waterGas larut dalam air 3 Acidic oxide

Oksida asid

(ii) Reaction between the oxide of Period 3 elements with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution: TindakbalasantaraoksidaunsurKala3denganasidnitrikdanlarutannatriumhidroksida:

OxideOksida

Observation / Pemerhatian

Type of oxideJenis oksida

Reaction with dilute nitric acidTindak balas dengan

asid nitrik cair

Reaction with sodium hydroxide solution

Tindak balas dengan natrium hidroksida

Magnesium oxide, MgOMagnesium oksida, MgO

The white solid dissolves to form colourless solution.Pepejal putih larut membentuk larutan tanpa warna.

No change. The white solid does not dissolve.Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak larut.

Basic oxideOksida bes

Aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Aluminium oksida, Al2O3

The white solid dissolves to form colourless solution.Pepejal putih larut membentuk larutan tidak berwarna.


Amphoteric oxideOksida amfoterik

Silicon oxide, SiO2

Silikon oksida, SiO2

No change. The white solid does not dissolve.Tiada perubahan. Pepejal putih tidak larut.


Acidic oxideOksida asid




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(a) ToCompareAtomicSize/RadiusandElectronegativityAcrossPeriod3: MembandingJejari/SaizAtomdanKeelektronegatifanMerentasiKala3:

(i) Compare number of shells in each atom. Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom.

(ii) Compare number of proton in the nucleus. Bandingkan bilangan proton dalam nukleus.

(iii) Compare the strength of attraction from the nucleus to the electrons inthe shells .

Bandingkan kekuatan tarikan dari proton dalam nukleus terhadap elektrondalam petala .

(iv) Compare the atomic size / Compare the electronegativity. Bandingkansaizatom/Bandingkankeelektronegatifan.

(b) ToCompareReactivityDownGroup1andGroup17: MembandingKereaktifanMenuruniKumpulan1danKumpulan17:

(i) Compare number of shells in each atom. Bandingkan bilangan petala dalam setiap atom.

(ii) Compare the strength of proton in the nucleus to attract valence electron (Group 1)// to attract electron to the outermost shells (Group 17).

Bandingkan kekuatan proton dalam nukleus menarik elektron valens (Kumpulan1)//menarik elektron ke petala paling luar (Kumpulan17).

(iii) Compare tendency of the atom to release electron (Group 1)// receive electron (Group 17).

Bandingkan kecenderungan atom untuk melepaskan elektron (Kumpulan1)// menerima elektron(Kumpulan17).

Atomic radius of the atoms decreases across Period 3 from sodium to chlorine.Jejari atom berkurang merentasiKala3darinatriumkepadaklorin.

Reactivity increases

down G

roup 1 / Kereaktifanbertam

bahmenurunKum

pulan1

Reactivity

decreases dow

n Group 17 / K

ereaktifanberkurang

menurunK

umpulan17

Na

K

Li

Br

Cl

F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

7 Steps to compare and explain the change in atomic size / radius / electronegativity across Period 3, reactivity down Group 1 and Group 17:

Langkah-langkah untukmembanding danmenerangkan perubahan saiz atom / jejari / keelektronegatifanmerentasi Kala 3,kereaktifanmenuruniKumpulan1danKumpulan17:




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PositioninthePeriodicTableKedudukan dalam Jadual Berkala

Situated between Groups 2 and 13BeradadiantaraKumpulan2dan13Examples: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe,

Co, Ni, Cu and Zn.Contoh : Sc,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,

Ni,CudanZn.

SpecialCharacteristicCiri Istimewa

MetallicPropertiesSifat Kelogaman

✽ Shiny Berkilat✽ Conducts heat and

electricity Mengalirkan haba

dan elektrik✽ Malleable Mulur✽ High tensile

strength Kekuatantegangan

yang sangat tinggi✽ High melting point

and density Takat lebur dan

ketumpatan yang tinggi

1 Most transition elements formed coloured compounds. Kebanyakanunsurperalihanmembentuksebatianberwarna. Examples/Contoh : (i) Iron(III) chloride is brown. Ferum(III)kloridaadalahperang. (ii) Iron(II) chloride is green. Ferum(II)kloridaadalahhijau. (iii) Copper(II) sulphate is blue. Kuprum(II)sulfatadalahbiru.

TransitionElementUnsur Peralihan

2 Most transition elements have more than one oxidation number in their compounds. Kebanyakanunsurperalihanmempunyailebihdarisatunomborpengoksidaandalamsebatiannya. Examples/Contoh :

ElementUnsur

CompoundSebatian

OxidationnumberNombor pengoksidaan

CopperKuprum

Copper(I) chlorideKuprum(I)klorida + 1

Copper(II) oxideKuprum(II)oksida + 2

IronFerum

Iron(II) chlorideFerum(II)klorida + 2

Iron(III) chlorideFerum(III)klorida + 3

• Oxidation number of element in a compound will be studied in topic “redox”. Nomborpengoksidaanunsurdalamsebatianakandipelajaridalamtajuk“Redoks”.

3 Many of the transition elements are able to form complex ion: Terdapat unsur peralihan yang boleh membentuk ion kompleks:

Element/Unsur Complexion/Ion kompleks Formula/FormulaIronFerum

Hexacyanoferrate(II)Heksasianoferrat(II) Fe(CN)6

4-

CopperKuprum

Copper(II) tetramineKuprum(II)tetramina Cu(NH4)4

2+

4 Many of the transition elements can act as a catalyst in industries. Terdapat unsur peralihan yang boleh bertindak sebagai mangkin dalam industri.

Catalyst is a substance that can change the rate of reaction. Mangkin adalah bahan yang boleh mengubah kadar tindak balas. A catalyst does not change chemically after a reaction. Mangkin tidak berubah secara kimia selepas tindak balas. Examples/Contoh : (i) Iron: Haber process in the manufacture of ammonia Ferum:ProsesHaberdalampengeluaranammonia (ii) Vanadium(V) oxide: Contact process in the manufacture of sulphuric acid Vanadium(V)oksida:ProsesSentuhdalampengeluaranasidsulfurik (iii) Platinum: Ostwald process in the manufacture of nitric acid Platinum: Proses Ostwald dalam pengeluaran asid nitrik

Transition Element / Unsur Peralihan




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1 The diagram below shows the electron arrangement for atoms P and Q. RajahdibawahmenunjukkansusunanelektronbagiatomPdanQ.

P Q P Q

(a) Elements P and Q are placed in the same group in Periodic Table. State the group. UnsurPdanQterletakdalamkumpulanyangsamadalamJadualBerkala.Nyatakankumpulanitu.

Group 1

Kumpulan1

(b) How are elements P and Q kept in the laboratory? Give reason for your answer. BagaimanakahunsurPdanQdisimpandidalammakmal?Berikansebabbagijawapananda.

In paraffin oil. To prevent them from reacting with oxygen or water vapour in the atmosphere.

Dalamminyakparafin.Untukmengelakkanmerekabertindakbalasdenganoksigenatauwapairdiatmosfera.

(c) (i) Write chemical equation for the reaction between element P with water. Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara unsur P dengan air.

2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2

(ii) What is the expected change of colour when a few drops of phenolphthalein are added into the aqueous solution of the product? Explain your answer.

Apakah perubahan warna yang dijangkakan apabila beberapa titik fenolftalein dititiskan ke dalam larutan akueus yangterhasil?Terangkanjawapananda.Colourless to purple/ pink. The solution formed is alkaline.

Tanpa warna kepada warna ungu atau merah jambu. Larutan yang terbentuk adalah beralkali.

(iii) Between element P and element Q, which is more reactive in the reaction with water? AntaraunsurPdanQ,yangmanakahlebihreaktifapabilabertindakbalasdenganair?

Element Q is more reactive than P.

UnsurQadalahlebihreaktifdaripadaP.

(iv) Explain your answer in (c)(iii). Terangkanjawapanandadalam(c)(iii).

The size of atom Q is larger than atom P. The valence electron of atom Q is further away from the nucleus

compared to atom P. The attractive forces between proton in the nucleus to the valence electron of atom Q is

weaker than atom P. It is easier for atom Q to release the valence electron compared to atom P.

Saiz atom Q lebih besar dari atom P. Elektron valens atom Q lebih jauh dari nukleus dibandingkan dengan

atom P. Daya tarikan antara nukleus kepada elektron valens atom Q lebih lemah berbanding dengan atom P.

AtomQlebihmudahuntukmelepaskanelektronvalensberbandingdenganatomP.

(d) Name one element that has the same chemical properties as P and Q. Namakansatuunsuryangmempunyaiciri-cirikimiayangsamadenganPdanQ.

Potassium

Kalium

Exercise / Latihan




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2 The diagram below shows the information regarding elements W and X which are from the same group in the Periodic Table. RajahdibawahmenunjukkanmaklumatmengenaiunsurWdanXyangterletakdikumpulanyangsamadalamJadualBerkala.

W199 X35

17

(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom of elements W and X. TuliskansusunanelektronbagiatomunsurWdanX. Atom W / Atom W : 2.7 Atom X / AtomX : 2.8.7

(ii) State the position of elements W and X in the Periodic Table. NyatakankedudukanunsurWdanXdalamJadualBerkala. Element W / Unsur W : Group 17, Period 2 /Kumpulan17,Kala2

Element X / UnsurX:Group 17, Period 3 /Kumpulan17,Kala3

(iii) Do elements W and X show the similar chemical property? Explain your answer. AdakahunsurWdanXmenunjukkansifatkimiayangserupa?Terangkanjawapananda.

Elements W and X have the similar chemical property. Atoms W and X have the same number of valence electrons.

UnsurWmempunyai sifat kimia yang serupa dengan X.AtomW dan atomXmempunyai bilangan elektron valensyang sama.

(b) State the type of particles in W and X. NyatakanjeniszarahdalamWdanX.

Molecule

Molekul

(c) Compare the boiling point of elements W and X. Explain the difference. BandingkantakatdidihunsurWdanX.Terangkanperbezaanitu.

The boiling point of element X is higher than element W. The size of molecule X2 is bigger than molecule W2. The forces of attraction between molecules X2 is stronger than molecule W2. More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecules.Takat didih unsur X lebih tinggi daripada unsurW. Saizmolekul X2 lebih besar daripada molekul W2. Daya tarikan antaramolekulX2 lebih kuat daripada molekul W2. Lebih banyak haba diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya tarikan yang lebih kuat antara molekul.

(d) (i) X can react with sodium to form a compound. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. X boleh bertindak balas dengan natrium untukmembentuk sebatian. Tulis persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas

tersebut.X2 + 2Na 2NaX

(ii) How does the reactivity of element W and element X differ? Explain your answer. BagaimanakahkereaktifanunsurWdanXberbeza?Terangkanjawapananda.

Element W is more reactive than element X. The size of atom W is smaller than atom X. The outermost occupied

shell of atom W is nearer to the nucleus compare to atom X. The strength of the nucleus of atom W to attract

electron to the outermost shell is stronger than atom X.

UnsurW lebih reaktif daripadaunsurX. Saiz atomW lebih kecil daripadaatomX.Petalapaling luaratomW

lebih dekat dengan nukleus berbanding dengan atom X. Kekuatan nukleus atom W untuk menarik elektron

kepadapetalapalingluarlebihkuatdaripadaatomX.




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3 The table below shows the number of neutron and relative atomic mass of eight elements represented as P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W.

JadualdibawahmenunjukkanbilanganneutrondanjisimatomrelatifbagilapanunsuryangdiwakiliolehhurufP,Q,R,S,T,U,VdanW.

AtomUnsur P Q R S T U V W

Number of neutronBilangan neutron dalam atom 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 22

Relative atomic massJisim atom relatif 23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40

Number of protonBilangan proton dalam atom 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Electron arrangementSusunan elektron dalam atom 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

(a) Complete the above table by writing the number of proton and electron arrangement for the atom of each element. Lengkapkan jadual di atas dengan menulis bilangan proton dan susunan elektron bagi atom setiap unsur.

(b) (i) State the period of elements P – W in the Periodic Table. Explain your answer. Nyatakan kala manakah unsur P – W terletak dalam Jadual Berkala. Terangkan jawapan anda.

Period 3 because P – W atoms have three shells occupied with electrons.

Kala3keranaatomunsurP–Wmempunyaitigapetalayangmengandungielektron.

(ii) State the proton number of another element that is in the same group as P. Nyatakan bilangan proton bagi unsur lain yang sama kumpulan dengan P.

3/19

(c) Write the standard representation for element Q. TuliskansimbolperwakilanpiawaiuntukunsurQ.

Q2412

(d) Which element exists as Unsur yang manakah wujud sebagai monoatomic gas / gas monoatom? W

diatomic gas / gas dwiatom? T/ U/ V

(e) (i) Which element can react vigorously with water to produce hydrogen gas? Unsuryangmanakahbertindakbalascergasdenganairuntukmenghasilkangashidrogen?

P

(ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction in (e)(i). Tuliskanpersamaanseimbanguntuktindakbalas(e)(i).

2P + 2H2O 2POH + H2

(f) State the arrangement of elements T, U and V in the order of increasing atomic radius. Explain your answer. NyatakansusunanunsurT,UdanVdalamtertibpertambahanjejariatom.Terangkanjawapananda.

V, U and T. Atoms of T, U, and V have three shells occupied with electrons. The proton number // positive charges in the nucleus increases from T to V. The forces of attraction between proton in the nucleus and the electrons in the shells increase from T to V. The shells filled with electrons are pulled nearer to the nucleus from T to V.V,UdanT.AtomT,UdanVmempunyai tigapetala yangmengandungi elektron. Jumlahproton // caspositif dalamnukleus meningkat dari T ke V. Daya tarikan antara nukleus dan elektron dalam petala bertambah dari T ke V. Petala diisi dengan elektron ditarik lebih dekat ke nukleus dari T ke V.




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4 The diagram below shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. X, Y, Z, A, B, D, E, F and G do not represent the actual symbols. / RajahdibawahmenunjukkansebahagiandaripadaJadualBerkalaUnsur.X,Y,Z,A,B,D,E,FdanGtidakmewakilisimbol yang sebenar.

X YZ

A B D EF G

(a) (i) State the position of element B in the Periodic Table. / Nyatakan kedudukan unsur B dalam Jadual Berkala.Period 3, Group 13 / Kala3,Kumpulan13

(ii) Explain your answer in (a)(i). / Terangkanjawapanandadalam(a)(i).Electron arrangement atom B is 2.8.3. Atom B has three valence electrons, element B is in Group 13. Atom B has three shells occupied with electrons, element B is in Period 3.SusunanelektronatomBialah2.8.3.AtomBmempunyaitigaelektronvalens,unsurBberadadalamKumpulan13.AtomBmempunyai3petalaberisielektron.UnsurBberadadalamKala3.

(b) (i) Which element is monatomic gas? / Unsuryangmanakahadalahgasmonoatom?Element Y/Z / UnsurY/Z

(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i). / Terangkanjawapanandadalam(b)(i).Atom Y has achieved stable duplet electron arrangement // has electron arrangement 2. ORAtom Z has achieved stable octet electron arrangement // has electron arrangement 2.8.AtomYsudahmencapaisusunanelektrondupletyangstabil//mempunyaisusunanelektron2.ATAUAtomZsudahmencapaisusunanelektronoktetyangstabil//mempunyaisusunanelektron2.8.

(c) Helium gasGashelium

Element X is hydrogen gas and element Y is helium gas. The diagram on the left shows a meteorological balloon filled with helium gas.

UnsurXadalahgashidrogendanunsurYadalahgashelium.Rajahdisebelahmenunjukkan belon kajicuaca berisi gas helium.

(i) Explain why helium gas is used to fill the meteorological balloon. Terangkan mengapa gas helium digunakan untuk mengisi belon kajicuaca.

Helium gas is light and inert. / Gasheliumadalahringandanlengai.

(ii) Can hydrogen gas replace helium gas in the balloon? Give reason for your answer. Bolehkahgashidrogenmenggantikangasheliumdidalambelonitu?Nyatakansebabbagijawapananda.

Cannot. Hydrogen gas is flammable, it will explode with the presence of oxygen gas at high temperature.Tidakboleh.Gashidrogenmudahmenyala,iaakanmeletupdengankehadirangasoksigenpadasuhuyangtinggi.

(d) Choose an element that / Pilih unsur yang:

(i) exists in the form of molecule / wujud dalam bentuk molekul X / D / E(ii) forms acidic oxide / membentuk oksida asid D / E(iii) has atoms that have no neutron / atom yang tiada neutron X(iv) is an alkali metal / logam alkali A / F(v) forms amphoteric oxide / membentuk oksida amfoterik B(vi) has a proton number of 15 / mempunyainomborproton15 D(vii) is most electropositive / paling elektropositif F(viii) forms basic oxide / membentuk oksida bes A / F(ix) forms coloured compound / membentuk sebatian berwarna G

HOTS




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(e) Arrange Y, A, B, D and E according to the order of increasing atomic size. SusunY,A,B,DdanEmengikuttertibpertambahansaizatom.

Y, E, D, B, A

(f) (i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of element: / Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur: D: 2.8.5 E: 2.8.7

(ii) Compare electronegativity of elements D and E. / Bandingkan keelektronegatifan unsur D dan E.Element E is more electronegative than element D.

Unsur E lebih elektronegatif daripada unsur D.

(iii) Explain your answer in (f)(ii). / Terangkanjawapanandadalam(f)(ii).Atoms E and D have the same number of shells occupied with electrons. The number of proton in the nucleus of

atom E is more than atom D. The strength of proton in nucleus to attract electrons to the outermost shells in atom E

is stronger than of atom D.

Atom E dan atom D mempunyai bilangan petala berisi elektron yang sama. Bilangan proton dalam nukleus

pada atom E adalah lebih banyak daripada atom D. Kekuatan proton dalam nukleus atom E untuk menarik

elektron kepada petala luar adalah lebih kuat daripada atom D.

1 Proton number of element P is 8. What is the position of this element in the Periodic Table of Elements?

Nombor proton unsur P adalah 8. Apakah kedudukan unsur PdalamJadualBerkalaUnsur?

Group / Kumpulan Period / Kala

3 A 16 2B 16 3C 18 2D 18 3

2 Potassium reacts with element Q from Group 17 in Periodic Table. Which of the following chemical equations is correct?

KaliumbertindakbalasdenganunsurQdalamKumpulan17dalamJadualBerkalaUnsur.Antarapersamaankimiaberikut,yangmanakahbetul?

A K + Q KQ 3 C 2K + Q2 2KQ B K+ + Q – KQ D K + Q2 KQ2

3 The diagram below shows the position of elements X, Y and Z in the Periodic Table. / RajahdibawahmenunjukkankedudukanunsurX,YdanZdalamJadualBerkalaUnsur.

XYZ

Which of the following statements is true? Antarapernyataanberikut,yangmanakahbenar? A All the elements can conduct electricity.

Semua unsur boleh mengkonduksi elektrik. B All the elements exist as gas at room temperature.

Semua unsur wujud dalam bentuk gas pada suhu bilik.

3 C The boiling points of the elements increase from X → Y → Z.

TakatdidihunsurbertambahdariX→Y→Z. D The density of the elements decreases going down

from X → Y → Z. KetumpatanunsurberkurangdariX→Y→Z.

4 Which of the following elements can form acidic oxide? Antaraberikut,yangmanakahdapatmembentukoksidaasid?

I Calcium / Kalsium III Potassium / KaliumII Sulphur / Sulfur IV Nitrogen / Nitrogen

A I and II only / I dan II sahaja B I and III only / I dan III sahaja 3 C II and IV only / II dan IV sahaja D III and IV only / III dan IV sahaja

5 The diagram below shows the standard representation for elements X, Y and Z. / RajahdibawahmenunjukkanperwakilanpiawaiunsurX,YdanZ.

Y3216 Z23

11X2713

What type of oxides are formed by X, Y and Z? ApakahjenisoksidaterbentukdariX,YdanZ?

X oxideOksida X

Y oxideOksida Y

Z oxideOksida Z

3 A AmphotericAmfoterik

AcidicAsid

BasicBes

B AmphotericAmfoterik

BasicBes

AcidicAsid

C AcidicAsid

AmphotericAmfoterik

BasicBes

D AcidicAsid

AcidicAsid

BasicBes

Objective Questions / Soalan Objektif




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6 The table below shows the properties of the oxide of elements X, Y and Z which are located in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

JadualdibawahmenunjukkansifatoksidaunsurX,YdanZyangberadadalamKala3JadualBerkalaUnsur.

ElementUnsur

Property of the oxide formedSifat oksida yang terbentuk

X – Oxide of X reacts with nitric acid. Oksida X bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.– Oxide of X does not react with sodium

hydroxide solution. Oksida X tidak bertindak balas dengan larutan

natrium hidroksida.

Y – Oxide of Y reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Oksida Y bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.

– Oxide of Y does not react with nitric acid. Oksida Y tidak bertindak balas dengan asid

nitrik.

Z – Oxide of Z reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.

– Oxide of Z reacts with nitric acid. Oksida Z bertindak balas dengan asid nitrik.

What is the correct arrangement of elements X, Y and Z from left to right in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?

ApakahsusunanyangbetulbagiunsurX,YdanZdarikirikekananKala3JadualBerkalaUnsur?

A Z, X, Y 3B X, Z, Y C X, Y, Z D Y, Z, X

7 The following statements describe the characteristic of an element.

Pernyataan berikut menerangkan sifat suatu unsur.

– Used as a catalyst. Digunakan sebagai mangkin.– Forms coloured ions or compound. Membentuk ion atau sebatian berwarna.– Shows different oxidation number in its compound. Menunjukkannumborpengoksidaanyangberbeza.

Which of the following is the position of the element in the Periodic Table of Element?

Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah kedudukan unsurtersebutdalamJadualBerkalaUnsur?

A B D3 C

8 The table below shows the proton number of elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements.

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton unsur dalam Kala3JadualBerkalaUnsur.

ElementUnsur


Radius (nm)Jejari (nm)

Na 11 0.191

Mg 12 0.160

Al 13 0.130

Si 14 0.118

P 15 0.110

S 16 0.102

Cl 17 0.099

Ar 18 0.095

Why does the atomic radius of the atoms decrease from sodium to argon in the period?

Mengapakahsaizatomberkurangdarinatriumkeargondalamkala?

A The number of valence electrons increases. Bilangan elektron valens bertambah.

B The electronegativity of the elements increases. Keelektronegatifanunsurbertambah.

C The properties of the elements change from metallic to non-metallic.

Sifat unsur berubah dari logam kepada bukan logam. 3 D The strength of attraction of the nucleus to the electrons in the shells increases.

Kekuatantarikannukleuskepadaelektrondalampetala bertambah.

9 The table below shows proton number for elements P, Q and R. / Jadual di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsurP,QdanR.

Element / Unsur Proton number / Nombor protonP 11Q 17R 19

Which of the following statements about these elements are true?

Antarapernyataanberikut, yangmanakahbenar tentangunsur-unsurtersebut?I P and R has the lowest number of valence electrons. P dan R mempunyai bilangan elektron valens paling

rendah.II P and R have similar chemical properties. PdanRmempunyaisifatkimiayangserupa.III Size of atom R is bigger than size of atom Q. SaizatomRlebihbesardaripadasaizatomQ.IV Element R is more electronegative than element Q. UnsurRlebihelektronegatifdaripadaunsurQ.

3A I, II and III / I,IIdanIII B I, II and IV / I,IIdanIV C I, III and IV / I,IIIdanIV D II, III and IV / II,IIIdanIV


Education

Unit 3 jadual berkala