Unit 2 Notes

American Revolution – The War of 1812

The American Revolution

The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain

England attempts to raise income to pay for the Seven Years War debt

Stamp Act

• Stamp Act (1765) - Required colonist to purchase special stamped paper for documents, printed items - George Grenville persuaded Parliament to pass it- Legal paper, newspaper, almanac, playing cards, etc- Colonist would be tried in the vice-admiralty courts (Conviction probable)

• Colonist united to protest the Stamp Act

Stamp Act• Samuel Adams helped

found Sons of Liberty (secret resistance group) - Harassed customs workers, stamp agents, royal governors

Stamp Act• 1765 -1766 - Colonial

assembles confronted the issue- Virginia adopted resolutions that stated that Virginians could only be taxed by the Virginia assembly - Promoted by Patrick Henry

• Stamp Act Congress – Nine colonies sent delegates to New York City- Stated that the colonies can’t be taxed without representation- 1st time the colonies had begun to act as one

• Colonial merchants boycotted British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed

• Parliament repealed Stamp Act • Passes Declaratory Act same day (1766)

- Stated that Parliament had the full right to make laws “to bind the colonies and people of America… in any cases whatsoever.”

Stamp Act

Townshend Acts (1767) - Taxed glass, paper, lead, and tea imported to the colonies ( Silver or gold)

Suspended New York’s assembly until they agreed to house British troops

Writs of Assistance – gave British officers permission to search any building for any reason

Educated Americans spoke out against the act protesting “taxation without representation”

Colonists enraged; Samuel Adams organized boycott- Women stopped buying British luxuries; joined spinning bees; boycott tea

June 1768 - Customs agents seized John Hancock’s ship Liberty for unpaid taxes- Colonists rioted- British stationed 2,000 soldiers in Boston “Red Coats”

Townshend Act

• Presence of soldiers in Boston created hostility in the city

• Soldiers competed with colonists for shipyard jobs

Tension Mounts in Massachusetts

Boston Massacre

• Boston Massacre (1770)— mob threw stones at soldiers in front of the customs house - British troops fired into a crowd of protesters- Killed 5 people- Crispus Attucks – African-American killed - Sons of Liberty used it for propaganda - John Adams and Josiah Quincy defended the soldiers of murder charges– Believed the law should be

deaf– 4 soldiers found not guilty – 2 soldiers had their thumbs

branded as punishment

• 1772 - Colonists burned customs ship in Rhode Island (Gaspee)- Suspects were to be tried in Britain

• Massachusetts and Virginia establish Committees of Correspondence

• Committees of Correspondence - Purpose was communicate with other colonies and discuss threats to freedom, formed network

Gaspee Incident

Boston Tea Party

• 1773 Tea Act lets East India Company avoid tax,

• Enabled East India Company to undersell colonial merchants and smugglers

• Colonist protested violently

Boston Tea Party• Boston Tea Party – Colonists

disguised as Indian dumped 18,000 lbs. tea in harbor- Colonist thought England would see how strongly colonist opposed taxation without representation

• Other colonists didn’t think destroying property was the best way to settle the dispute - Ben Franklin offered to pay for the tea if England would repeal the tea tax- England refused

Intolerable Acts• The Intolerable Acts - Aimed at

punishing the colonist for the Tea Party- King George III, British king, is angered by destruction of tea

• 1774 - Parliament passed Intolerable Acts in response to Boston Tea Party - General Thomas Gage placed Boston under martial law—rule by military - Closed the port of Boston until colonist paid for the tea- Restricted representative government in Massachusetts- Quartering Act - Allowed British commanders to house troops in vacant private homes and other buildings

- Allowed British officials accused of crimes to be tried in England rather than the colonies

• Committees of Correspondence angered and united the colonies- Other colonies sent aid to Massachusetts- Committee of Correspondence called for delegates to meet in Philadelphia

Intolerable Acts

Intolerable Acts• September 1774 - First

Continental Congress met in Philadelphia

• Defended the colonies right to run their own affairs

• Supported protests• Voted to ban trade with England

until the Intolerable Acts were repealed

• Called on each colony to begin training soldiers

• 1st step towards independence (colonist didn’t want independence at this time)

• Agreed to meet again in 7 months if conditions hadn’t improved

Between War and Peace• Colonist expected England

to repeal the acts• Parliament stood firm (sent

more troops to the colonies)• ( End 1774) some colonist

began preparing to fight- John Hancock headed Committee of Safety with power to call out the militias- Minutemen – Colonial Army - had to be ready at a minutes notice

Between War and Peace

• Most colonist thought a war would be short- Britain would repel the Intolerable Acts and colonist would return to being loyal British subjects

• Patrick Henry was one of a few people who expected a war for independence - Gave “Give me liberty or give me death” speech

Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord

• 1775 - Civilian militia or minutemen began stockpiling firearms in Concord

• Resistance leaders John Hancock & Samuel Adams hid in Lexington

• April 1775 - General Gage sent 700 redcoats sent to capture leaders, destroy munitions,

• Paul Revere, William Dawes & Samuel Prescott warned leaders & townspeople

• “the regulars are coming”

Fighting Erupts at Lexington and Concord

• English met colonist at Lexington and ordered them to lay down their weapon

• Shots were fired (8 colonist killed)• English marched to Concord

burned the courthouse and destroyed some of the militia’s supplies

• 3,000–4,000 minutemen ambush British in Concord, kill dozens

• Colonist attacked English as they marched back to Boston

• April 19, 1775 - Revolutionary War began with the Battle of Lexington and Concord

The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War

• Militias started gathering at Patriot headquarters near Boston

• Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen seized Fort Ticonderoga- Seized artillery

• May - June 1775 - Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia:- Debated independence- Recognized militiamen as Continental Army - Printed paper money to pay troops

The Colonies Hover Between Peace and War

• Appointed George Washington commander of the Continental Army- Had to form army without enough money, supplies, or weapons- Patriots would chase British cannon balls and reuse them

Who wrote the controversial pamphlet Common Sense

A. Thomas JeffersonB. Thomas PaineC. Ben FranklinD. James Madison

Warm-upAug 26

The Battle of Bunker Hill• June 1775 -British troops attacked

militia north of Boston, • Actually fought on Breeds Hill• English army led by General Howe

retake the hill- Patriots ran out of gun powder

• Costly win for British - 450 colonist casualties - Over 1,000 British casualties

• Colonies saw the battle as a victory - They held their own against the world’s most powerful army

• The Battle of Bunker Hill showed the colonist that they could defeat the British

The Olive Branch Petition • Many colonist still hoped for

peace• Wanted King George III to

settle the dispute • July 1775 - Congress sent

Olive Branch Petition to England restore “harmony”- Blamed Parliament for the war- George III rejected petition, called the colonists “Rebels” - Ordered naval blockade and hired 10,000 German soldiers “Hessians”

The Patriots Declare Independence• Most Americans still wanted to avoid

a full break from Britain• January 1776 – Thomas Paine

wrote Common Sense- Attacked king George III- Explained that his own revolt against the king began with the battle of Lexington and Concord - Argued independence would allow free trade and foreign aid - Independence could give equal social, economic opportunities to all

• Almost 500,000 copies of pamphlet sold - Convinced many colonists to begin calling for independence

• Congress urged each colony to form own government• Congress appointed committee to prepare formal declaration • Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson chosen to write it • Declaration of Independence - formal statement of separation

Declaring Independence- Declaration, based on John Locke’s ideas, lists complaints, rights:- People have natural rights to life, liberty, property- People consent to obey a government that protects rights- People can resist or overthrow government- “All men are created equal” means free citizens are political equals

• July 2, 1776 – Delegates voted unanimously that then American colonies were free

• July 4, 1776 delegates adopted declaration

Declaring Independence

Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence?• 5 were captured by the British as traitors and tortured before they died• 12 had their homes ransacked and burned• 2 lost their sons serving in the revolutionary army• 2 had their sons captured in the war• 9 of the 56 fought and died from wounds or hardships of the Revolutionary war

What kind of men were they?• 24 were lawyers and jurists. 11 were merchants, 9 were farmers and large plantation owners, men of means and well-

educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they were captured.

• Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British navy. He sold his home and properties to pay his debts and died in rags.

• Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in the congress without pay and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken away from him, and poverty was his reward.

• Vandals or soldiers looted the properties of Dillery, Hasll, Clymer, Walton, Gwinnett, Heyward, Rutledge, and Middleton.• At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson, Jr. noted that the British general Cornwallis has taken over the Nelson home for

his headquarters. He quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed and Nelson died bankrupt.

• Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife and she died within a few months.• John Hard was driven from his wife’s bedside as she was dying. Their 13 kids fled for their lives. His fields and mill were

laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in caves and the forest, returning home to find his wife dead.

Have you ever wondered what happened to the 56 men who signed the Declaration of Independence?

• Loyalists and Patriots• Loyalists—opposed independence remained loyal to Crown

for different reasons:– Worked in government, unaware of events, trusted crown to protect

rights – Most were from New York, New Jersey and Carolinas

• Patriots - supported independence:– Thought independence would mean economic opportunity– Most were from New England and Virginia

• Several groups wee forced to choose sides - Quakers – Supported patriots didn’t believe in fighting - African Americans on both sides (British promised freedom)- Native Americans supported British (Viewed colonists as a bigger threat to their land)

Americans Choose Sides

Defeat in New York• British decided to stop rebellion by

isolating New England• Summer 1776 - 32,000 British soldiers

and Hessians took New York• Led By General William Howe and

Admiral Richard Howe • Many of Washington’s recruits were

killed• Retreated to Pennsylvania (Saved

army)• General Howe ordered his troops to

spend the winter in New York• Ordered the Hessians to hold New

Jersey• General Howe hoped the winter would

destroy what was left of Washington's army

New Jersey Victories • Continental Army dropped from

20,000 to a few thousand during the winter

• Men’s enlistments were up on December 31

• Washington had to gamble "victory or death"

• Battle of Trenton (Late December 25, 1776) - George Washington led troops across the Delaware River and surprised attacked the Hessians at Trenton- Captured or killed over 1,000 Hessians and gathered much needed supplies

• Gen. William Howe beats Washington at Brandywine, PA, summer 1777

• Howe captured U.S. capital, Philadelphia• Continental Congress forced to flee

The Fight for Philadelphia

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)

• British wanted to seize Hudson River Valley and divide the colonies in two

• Plan called for 3 armies to meet in Albany New York

• Battle of Saratoga considered the turning point of the war - Made France realize that the colonies could win the war- Had been secretly sending weapons to Americans since 1776

• February 1778 - French signed treaty recognizing American independence - Agreed not to make peace until Britain recognized U.S. independence

Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War)

Winter at Valley Forge

• Valley Forge - site of Continental Army’s winter camp (1777–1778)

• Of 10,000 soldiers, more than 2,000 die of cold and hunger (Nearly ¼) - Suffered without food, clothing, or rum

• Many deserted - Left without permission

• Army didn't stop training

European Allies Shift the Balance• Training the Continental Army• February 1778, Prussian

captain Friedrich von Steuben went to Valley Forge- Trained colonists in fighting skills and field maneuvers of regular army- Standing at attention, firing and reloading quickly and wielding bayonets- Turned the Continental army into an effective force

European Allies Shift the Balance

• Marquis de Lafayette – 20-year-old idealistic aristocrat, joined Washington at Valley Forge - 1779 - Lobbied for French troops, 1779- Led a command in last years of war

• British changed strategies after defeat at Saratoga - Hoped to rally loyalist support and reclaim former colonies

• - Then move northward • Early British Success in the South• 1778 -British took Savannah; royal

- 1779 – Royal governor reinstated in Georgia• 1780 - British armies captured Charles Town

- Greatest British victory of war - Captured 5,500 American soldiers

The British Move South

The British Move South• British were led by Gen. Henry Clinton

replaced (Gen Howe) and Gen Charles Cornwallis

• Charles Cornwallis -became the commander of the British troops- Clinton returned to New York and left Cornwallis in charge to conquer the Carolinas

• Cornwallis smashed through South Carolina

• African Americans escaped Patriot owners& joined British to win freedom- 50,000 African- Americans helped the British (Promised freedom)

British Losses in 1781• 1780 - Nathanial Greene

replaced General Gates as commander of the colonies southern army

• 1781, Cornwallis fought Daniel Morgan, Nathaniel Greene in Carolinas

• Weakened Cornwallis moved to Virginia- Got reinforcements- Camped at Yorktown

• (Located on a peninsula between the James and York Rivers)

The British Surrender at Yorktown

• Victory at Yorktown• 1780 - French army landed

in Newport, Rhode Island • Lafayette’s plan: French,

Americans attack British at Yorktown

• French navy defeats British, blockades Chesapeake Bay

The British Surrender at Yorktown

• Washington trapped General Cornwallis at Yorktown – Cornwallis Surrenders

• Americans and French siege Yorktown,

• shell British for three weeks• French navy helped by

keeping the English navy away

• Cornwallis surrenders October 1781

Seeking Peace

• 1782 - peace talks included United States, Britain, France, Spain

• American negotiators were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay

Treaty of Paris (September 1783)

• Confirms U.S. Independence

• Recognizes America as its own nation

• Set U.S. boundaries (Exact location of Boundaries were disputed for years)- Bordered Canada to the North- Bordered Spanish Florida to the South- Extended West to the Mississippi River

• Ignored Native American rights• Promised repayment of debts • No date was set for British evacuation of forts

in U.S.• England would return any slaves they had

captured (didn’t do it) • Congress would recommend that any land

taken from loyalist be returned (didn’t do it)

Treaty of Paris (September 1783)

• The Impact on American Society- War stimulated egalitarianism—belief in equality of all people- Equality for white men; women do not gain legal or political rights

• African Americans still enslaved; those free face discrimination

• Planters in upper South debate morality of slavery; some free slaves

• Native Americans continue to be forced off their lands by settlers

The War Became a Symbol of Liberty

• Better Leadership – Washington was an excellent leader , many English leaders obtained jobs through connections not ability

• Foreign Aid – France and Spain helped colonies• Knowledge of Land – England couldn’t gain control of

the interior • Motivation – Colonist were fighting for their land and

dream of liberty

Why the Americans Won

• Americans lost 25,000• English lost 10,000

Cost of War

Fate of Loyalist

• Between 80,000 and 100,000 Loyalist left the U.S.

• Many went to Canada therefore changing its history and culture

Daily Reflection - Jan. 21

What do you think was the biggest reasons the Colonist were able to defeat the British in the American Revolution?.

@CoachParkerUSH

Creating a Republic

Warm-upJan 22

The Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia occurred in which century?

A. Seventeenth centuryB. Eighteenth centuryC. Nineteenth centuryD. Twentieth century

Forming a Republic • Articles of Confederation – 1st Form of Government in

American History– U.S. had a national government, but the States had most of the power

• Most people didn’t trust a national government - wanted the states to have most of the power

• National Government did not have the power to tax or regulate trade- Caused it to be weak

• 9 out of 13 states had to approve national laws• All 13 states had to approve changes to the Articles• Each state had one vote

Governing the Northwest Territory

• Thomas Jefferson wanted to divide the land into 14 rectangular territories

• People objected because they wanted state boundaries based on natural features

• Easterners didn’t want too many states in the West (Afraid the West would gain control of the Government)

Governing the Northwest Territory

• Northwest Ordinance – dealt with governing the NW territory - Congress would choose a Governor and 3 judges to rule the territory- Over time the territory would be divided into no fewer than 3 and no more than 5 states- Citizens had freedom of religion and speech, right to trial by jury, and protection from unfair punishments- Settlers had to treat Indians fairly- Slavery was banned in the territory

• Northwest Ordinance became a model used for the settlement of other territories

Troubled Government

• Didn’t have power to tax couldn’t pay debts• Couldn’t earn the respect of other nations

( shut out of trade patterns)• Disputes between states – didn’t have a court

to settle disputes • People began to realize that the national

government needed more power (became afraid that the 13 states would become separate nations

Foreign-Relations Problems

• U.S. did not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists

• In retaliation, Britain refused to evacuate forts on Great Lakes

• 1784 - Spain closed Mississippi River to American navigation

• Westerners were unable to ship crops east through New Orleans

• Congress was unable to resolve problems with foreign nations

Shays Rebellion • Led by Daniel Shays• Massachusetts outlawed paper money• Had strict laws concerning debt• Farmers Couldn’t pay debts• 80 % of people in jail were there because

of debt• Angry mob of farmers protested and

stopped sale of farms for nonpayment of debts

• Protest was defeated by state militia• People began to worry about future

rebellions• Government didn’t have the power to

stop the rebellions• Shays’ Rebellion showed

Americans that a stronger central government was needed to protect individual rights as well as the rights of the states.

Annapolis Convention

• Lawmakers from Virginia called for a meeting of the states delegates- Wanted to discuss trade disputes between the states- Only 5 states sent delegates

• Alexander Hamilton and James Madison persuaded other delegates that little could

be done since only 5 states sent delegates

Annapolis Convention• Hamilton wrote a report saying

what he though was wrong with the Articles of Confederation - Couldn’t negotiate trade- Couldn’t settle disputes between states- Couldn’t pay its debts- Couldn’t tax in order to solve these problems

• Hamilton called for a special convention to consider ways to strengthen the government- Delegates at Annapolis voted to support Hamilton’s report

Constitutional Convention • Summer 1787 –

Independence Hall in Philadelphia

• 12 states sent delegates (Rhode Island didn’t send delegates)

• Original; purpose was to discuss way to fix the Article of Confederation

• The 55 delegates were among the most educated in America- Called the “Founding Fathers”- George Washington Voted President of the convention

Constitutional Convention• Delegates decided to keep all

of their discussions secret (nailed the windows shut)

• Most of our records come from James Madison’s notes

• James Madison – known as the “Father of the Constitution” - Many of its principles are based on his ideas

• Delegates had to develop a strong government without infringing on people’s liberties

Virginia Plan• Plan called for 3 branches of federal government

- Legislative – makes laws- Executive – enforces laws- Judicial – interprets laws

• Plan called for Congress to be made up of two houses (bicameral)- Lower House - elected directly by the people- Lower house would elect a 2nd Upper House

• Some people believed that ordinary people couldn’t be trusted to elect good representatives

• Virginia Plan - Representation in Congress was to be based on population (favors large states)

New Jersey

• Developed by William Patterson• Plan called for Legislature to have only one

house (unicameral)• New Jersey Plan - Each state would send the

same number of representatives (regardless of population)

• Small states would have as many votes as large states

The Great Compromise• Developed by Roger Sherman from Connecticut• The Great Compromise was a combination of the VA Plan and

the NJ Plan• Legislature would have 2 houses• People would be represented in the lower house (House of

Representatives)- Based on population (larger states have more representatives)- 2 year terms

• States would be represented in the upper house - every state would have the same number of representatives (2 per state)– 6 year terms

Three-Fifths Compromise• North didn’t want south to count slaves as part

of their population - Counting slaves would give the southern states more representatives House of Representatives- North said that they shouldn’t count since they didn’t vote

• Delegates worked out compromise 3/5 Compromise - 5 slaves counted as 3 persons

Trade

• Delegates debated how much control the national government should have on trade

• Delegates agreed that national government should control trade between states

• North also wanted National Gov. to control foreign trade- Gov. allowed to tax imports (tariff)

• Congress could end slave trade in 20 years

Executive

• Decided that the Executive branch would be headed by one person

• Congress had power to impeach President if needed

• President would be chosen by the Electoral College- Many delegates didn’t trust the judgment of the people to elect the President

• States Electoral votes = number of Senators + Number of representatives in the House

A Federal System• Federalism – sharing of power between a federal

government and state governments• Federalist – in favor of the new constitution• Anti-federalist – opposed to the constitution and

insisted that the Bill of Rights be added later- Thought Constitution gave too much power to the national government- Felt that liberty could only survive in a small republic (state)- Patrick Henry – one of the biggest opponents of the new Constitution

The Federalist

• 85 essays titled The Federalist Papers defended the new Constitution

• Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

States Decide

• Delaware – 1st state to ratify the constitution• New Hampshire was the 9th state (made it law)• Virginia and New York were 10th and 11th• Government couldn’t succeed without these two

states• Rhode Island – last state to ratify the constitution• Federalist had to promise to add a Bill of Rights to

convince states to ratify Constitution

States Decide• Bill of Rights - 1st ten amendments guarantee certain

rights to all citizens• First Amendment —freedom of religion, speech, press,

politics • Second, Third —right to bear arms, no quartering of

soldiers• Fourth through Eighth —fair treatment for persons

accused of crimes (Due Process)• Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned in

Constitution• Tenth —people, states have all rights not specifically

assigned

The Structure of Government

• Legislative Branch – makes laws- Senate (6 year terms)- House of Representatives (2 year terms)

• Executive Branch – enforces laws• Judicial Branch – interprets laws• Separation of Powers – keeps any one branch

from becoming too powerful

Checks and Balances

• Checks and Balances - Constitution gives each branch some power over the other branches

• Prevents one branch form becoming too powerful

• Example – President has the power to veto laws passed by Congress- Congress can override President’s veto with a 2/3 vote

Sharing of Powers• National Government powers

- Coin money- Make treaties- Declare war

• State Powers- Set punishment for crimes- Make education laws - Regulate trade within the state

• Concurrent Powers (Both have these powers)- Power to tax- Build roads- Set up courts

• In case of conflicts between Federal and State laws – States must follow national laws

Ability to Change

• Has only been amended 27 times• Constitution written very vague – different

interpretations• Supreme Court’s job to interpret the

Constitution

Changes over time

• Supreme Court may change interpretations over time– Plessey vs. Ferguson– Brown vs. Board of Education

Daily Reflection Jan 22

What effect did Shay’s Rebellion have on the newly created American government?

@CoachParkerUSH

The New Government Takes Shape

Warm-up Jan. 23

Under the Article of Confederation the Continental Congress had difficulty paying for the Revolutionary War because

A. most Americans would not contributeB. it lacked the power to tax C. other nations would not loan them moneyD. it lacked the power to print money

Washington Heads the New Government• Constitution left unanswered questions • Judicial system

- Supreme Courts and other courts- Number of Supreme Court justices? (5)- Washington nominated John Jay as Chief Justice - How many other courts would the federal government need?

• President’s Cabinet - What should the departments be?

The New Government Takes Shape

• The New Government Takes Shape• Judiciary Act of 1789 - Created Supreme, 3

circuit, & 13 district courts- State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts

The New Government Takes Shape

• Washington Shapes the Executive Branch- Executive branch is president, vice president- Unanimous Choice - Inaugurated April 30, 1789- New York City served as capital 1st year- Moved to Philadelphia 2nd year - Faced pressure of setting precedent-Lived in a “grand style” (believed it was necessary to in order to gain respect for the office)

• - John Adams became Vice President (finished 2nd electoral votes)

Congress Created State, War, Treasury Departments

• Secretary of State – handled relations with other countries (Thomas Jefferson)

• Secretary of War – Military (Henry Knox)

• Secretary of Treasury – raised money and handled government finances (Alexander Hamilton)

• Washington added attorney general – Attorney General – advised

the government on legal matters (Edmund Randolph)

• Department heads became President’s Cabinet

Hamilton and Jefferson Debate

• Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict• Hamilton- strong central government led by

wealthy, educated• Jefferson - strong state, local government;

people’s participation • Hamilton had Northern support; Jefferson had

Southern, Western

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Creation of a Bank of the United States - Funded by government, private investors- Issue paper money, handle taxes- Would provide the national government with a safe place to keep and borrow money

• Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank

• Debate began over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution

Opposition to Hamilton’ Plan• Southern states opposed the national government

paying off all the debts- They had already paid off their debts

• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison opposed the National Bank - Believed in land wealth

Opposition to Hamilton’ Plan

- Strict construction – government has only the power that the constitution clearly says it has

• Alexander Hamilton (Federalist)- Believed in money wealth - Loose construction – government can do anything the constitution doesn’t specifically says it cannot do.

• President Washington settled the debate by siding with Hamilton and creating the National Bank

The District of Columbia

• Hamilton suggested moving nation’s capital from NYC to South to win Southern support for his debt plan

• South agreed to support Hamilton’s war debt plan in exchange for the national capital being put in the south. (Along the Potomac River)

• Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale; government seat by 1800

Political Parties Differences between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the creation of parties

• Democratic- Republican Party1. Formed by Thomas Jefferson., James Madison, James Monroe2. Wanted the states to have more power3. Strict construction

• The Federalist1. John Adams, Alexander Hamilton 2. Wanted a strong national; government3. Loose construction

• Two-party system major parties compete for power

Daily Reflection Jan. 23

Warm-upJan. 27

What was a major significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?

A. Washington showed the power of the federal government by sending troops to put down the rebellion and enforce the law.

B. Washington did not know what to do and was forced to surrender to the wills of the farmers in rebellion.

C. Whiskey became a medium of exchange for western farmers, and it had not been in the past.

D. Rebellions became punishable by penalty of death, no matter the reasoning behind the conflict.

Whiskey Rebellion• 1794 – government put tax on whiskey • Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or

distribution• Most farmers made their grain into whiskey (easier to

transport to market - Used it like money to buy other goods

• Farmers felt the tax was unfair • 1794 - Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay excise tax on

whiskey- Beat up federal marshals, threaten secession

• Government sent troops and put down the rebellion• Whiskey Rebellion - Showed that the national

government had the power and will to enforce its laws

Washington Retires

• Retired after 2nd term (set precedent)• Farewell address

– Warned the country not to form political parties – Advised the county to stay neutral in foreign

affairs

Election of 1796

• First Party-Based Elections• John Adams became the

2nd president (Federalist)• Thomas Jefferson became

V.P. (Democratic Republican)- Finished 2nd

• Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation

The Alien and Sedition Acts• Many Federalists feared French plot to overthrow U.S.

government• Federalists suspicious of immigrants

- Many were active Democratic-Republicans - Some were critical of Adams

• Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress• Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship

- New citizens had to be in the U.S. 14 years before they could become citizen (Changed from 5 years)- Permit deportation, jail

• Also outlawed criticism of the government- Sedition Act set fines & jail terms for hindering or lying about government- Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians were jailed

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Democratic Republicans challenged the Alien and Sedition Acts with State’s Rights Theory - Said states had the right to judge whether or not a law passed Congress was unconstitutional

• Jefferson, Madison saw Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of power

• Organized opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions called Sedition acts a

violation of First Amendment rights• Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed

unconstitutional• Congress let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire

Election of 1800 • 1st bitter campaign wild charges hurled

- Adams was too rich who wanted monarchy- Jefferson was dangerous supporter of French Revolution

• Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams to become the 3rd President• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied• House of Reps had to decide

- Alexander Hamilton convinced the House to elect Jefferson President- 1804 Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him

• Election of 1800 revealed flaw in electoral process - 1804 - 12th Amendment called for separate ballots for the President and Vice President

The Jefferson Presidency• Simplified the Presidency

- Did not like ceremony and show • Jefferson replaced some Federalists with Democratic-

Republicans• Believed in small government

- Cut government spending by reducing size of military • Undid several of the Federalist programs

- Eliminated internal taxes (Whiskey)- Reduced influence of Bank of the U.S.

• Favored free trade over government-controlled trade (tariffs)• Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C.• South dominated politics

- Northern & Federalist influence declined

A Federalist Judiciary • John Adams pushed Judiciary Act

of 1801, adding 16 federal judges• John Adams appointed Federalist

midnight judges on his last day as president

• John Marshall – became Chief Justice (44 years old)- Distant Cousin of Jefferson - Disagreed with Jefferson’s Policies

• Worked to strengthen the Federal Courts and stop Jefferson’s Programs

• Jefferson argued undelivered appointment papers are invalid

Marbury v. Madison

• Marbury v. Madison — William Marbury sued to have papers delivered

• Judiciary Act of 1789 required Supreme Court to order that the papers be delivered - Marshall ruled requirement unconstitutional

• Marbury v. Madison established Judicial Review — Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase• U.S. became worried about the

Mississippi River• 1800 – Napoleon forced Spain to

return its North America territory of Louisiana to France in a secret treaty

• U.S. became worried about the Mississippi River

• Navigation and rights of deposit in New Orleans

• 1802 – Spain canceled the right of deposit at the time they were to turn over the colony- Left Westerners without an easy way to transport crops to market

Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson offered to buy New

Orleans from France (Avoid war)

• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million (Jefferson agreed)- Jefferson wasn’t sure it was constitutional

• Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of U.S.- Gave U.S. land between Mississippi and Rocky Mountains

• Jefferson’s most important act as President

Lewis and Clark• Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark led expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory

• 1803 - Left St. Louis • 1st American scientific

expeditionExplorers described the land, plants, and animals

• Wanted to find an all water across the continent

• Sacagawea – served as an interpreter

• 1805 – Reached the mouth of the Colombia River

Effects of Exploration

• Accurate Maps – 1st good maps the Louisiana Purchase

• Growth of the Fur Trade• Inaccurate view of the Great Plains – Pike

described it as a desert that was useless for faming

• People began thinking Indians East of the Mississippi should move west

War of 1812

• 1804 - Hard feelings began when England and France started capturing American ships - They were at war.

• Britain practiced impressment – Drafting by force (American sailors into navy)

• 1804 – Jefferson re-elected- Couldn’t ignore the attacks

War of 1812

• Chesapeake incident further angers Americans- Britain opened fire on the American frigate after it refused to allow the British commander to search it for deserters

• 1807 – Jefferson banned trade with foreign nations until they respected American Ships (Embargo)- Disaster for the U.S.A.

                                           

War of 1812

• 1808 – James Madison (Republican) elected president- Changed law where America could trade with everybody except France and England

Tecumseh’s Confederacy

• 1809 - William Henry Harrison made land deal with Native American chiefs- Persuaded several Indian Chiefs to sign away 3 million acres of tribal land to the U.S. Government

Tecumseh’s Confederacy• Shawnee chief Tecumseh

tried to form Native American confederacy - Believed it was the only way to protect their land from white intruders - Told people to return to traditional beliefs, practices

• Tecumseh pressed Harrison and negotiated with British for help - Many tribes didn’t join Confederacy (Already received payment for lands)

Tecumseh’s Confederacy

• 1809 – William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippecanoe - Native American Confederacy used weapons from British

• War hawks—wanted war with Britain because natives used British arms

The War Brings Mixed Results• 1812 – War begins – England

was still fighting France (blockaded American ports)

• Madison chose war because he thought Britain was crippling U.S. trade & economy

• U.S. army unprepared• British won early victories in

Detroit, Montreal • Oliver Hazard Perry defeated

British on Lake Erie; U.S. • Native Americans fight on both

sides; Tecumseh killed in battle

The War Brings Mixed Results• The War at Sea

– U.S. navy only had 16 ships; 3 frigates

– sailed alone & scored victories• British blockaded U.S. ports

along east coast• 1814 – England’s war with

France ends - Turns its full attention to the U.S.

• 1814- British raided and burn towns along Atlantic coast

• British burned Washington D.C. in retaliation for York, Canada

• Attacked Fort McHenry – Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star Spangled Banner”

The Treaty of Ghent

• Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed Christmas 1814- Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues- Ended the War of 1812- No territory changed hands (called it a tie)

The Treaty of Ghent

• 1815- Commercial treaty reopened trade between Britain and U.S.

• 1817 - Rush-Bagot agreement limited war ships on Great Lakes

• 1818 - Northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel

• Both countries agreed to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years

The Battle of New Orleans• General Andrew Jackson fought Native Americans, gains

national fame• Jackson defeated Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe

Bend- Destroyed military power of Native Americans in South

• 1815- Defeated superior British force at Battle of New Orleans- Battle took place two weeks after the war ended- Andrew Jackson becomes a hero by defeating the British

Daily Reflection Jan. 27

• What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion?

@CoachParkerUSH