1. - 0 - 0 BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO TRNG AI HOC KINH TE TP. HO CH
MINH ----------------- TRAN VAN KHANG NGDUNGLYTHUYETLOGISTICS
NHAMTOIUHOAQUA TRNHSANXUAT VATIEUTHUBIDAXANHBENTRE LUAN VAN THAC S
KINH TE NGI HNG DAN KHOA HOC: PGS. TS. OAN TH HONG VAN TP. HO CH
MINH Nam 2006
2. - 1 - 1 MUC LUC LI M AU i 1. Y ngha cua e tai 2. Muc tieu 3.
oi tng va phng phap nghien cu 4. Gii han pham vi nghien cu va ng
dung 5. Tnh mi cua e tai 6. Noi dung chnh cua e tai CHNG 1: C S
KHOA HOC CUA VIEC NG DUNG LOGISTICS NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH SAN
XUAT VA TIEU THU TRAI CAY 1 1.1 Nhng van e ly luan c ban ve
Logistics 1 1.1.1 Ban ve khai niem logistics 1 1.1.2 Phan loai
logistics 4 1.1.3 Moi quan he gia logistics va Quan tr day chuyen
cung ng 7 1.1.4 Vai tro cua logistics 8 1.1.4.1 oi vi nen kinh te 8
1.1.4.2 oi vi cac doanh nghiep 9 1.1.5 Xu hng phat trien cua
logistics tren the gii 10 1.1.5.1 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics
trong thi gian qua 10 1.1.5.2 Cac xu hng mi noi len 11 1.2 Mot so
bai hoc kinh nghiem trong ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat
va tieu thu trai cay 12 1.2.1 Bai hoc t cac nc trong khu vc ve ng
dung logistics vao phat trien cay an qua 12 1.2.1.1 Bai hoc t Thai
Lan 12 trang
3. - 2 - 2 1.2.1.2 Bai hoc t ai Loan 14 1.2.1.3 Bai hoc t
Malaysia va Philippines 14 1.2.2 Bai hoc ve ng dung logistics vao
phat trien mot so loai cay an qua Viet nam 15 1.2.3 Bai hoc kinh
nghiem rut ra cho Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre 15 KET LUAN CHNG 1 16 CHNG 2:
ANH GIA THC TRANG VIEC SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 17
2.1 Gii thieu tong quan ve tnh Ben Tre 17 2.1.1 Gii thieu chung 17
2.1.2 ieu kien t nhien, kinh te xa hoi 18 2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da
Xanh va nang lc san xuat cua tnh 20 2.2.1 S lc ve Bi Da Xanh 20
2.2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh hien tai va qui hoach en nam 2010
21 2.2.3 Nang lc san xuat hien tai va tng lai en nam 2010 23 2.3
Tnh hnh san xuat va tieu thu thc te 24 2.3.1 Tnh hnh san xuat thc
te 24 2.3.1.1 Ve qui mo 25 2.3.1.2 Giong va ky thuat canh tac 25
2.3.2 Tnh hnh tieu thu 31 2.4 Phan tch moi quan he gia san lng, gia
ca va th trng tieu thu 36 2.4.1 Xu hng gia bien ong theo mua vu 36
2.4.2 Phan tch xu hng gia bien ong qua cac nam 37 2.4.3 Phan tch
cac nhan to anh hng en gia bi trong nhng nam ti 39 2.4.3.1 Cac yeu
to anh hng en lng cung 39 2.4.3.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en lng cau 41
2.4.3.3 anh gia xu hng bien ong gia theo cac nhan to anh hng 42 2.5
Phan tch SWOT anh gia chung thc trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi
Da Xanh Ben Tre 42 KET LUAN CHNG 2 44
4. - 3 - 3 CHNG 3: NG DUNG LOGISTICS NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH
SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 45 3.1 Muc tieu, quan iem
va c s e xuat giai phap 45 3.1.1 Muc tieu e xuat cac giai phap 45
3.1.2 Quan iem e xuat cac giai phap 46 3.1.3 C s e xuat cac giai
phap 46 3.1.3.1 Cac c s e xuat giai phap hoan thien ve chat lng
trai 46 3.1.3.2 Cac c s e xuat cac giai phap ve tieu thu 47 3.2 Cac
giai phap 47 3.2.1 Giai phap 1: Toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat nham
tao ra san pham chat lng cao va ong bo 47 3.2.1.1 Gii thieu noi
dung giai phap 47 3.2.1.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 48 3.2.1.3 Cac
bc thc hien 48 3.2.1.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 52
3.2.1.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 54 3.2.2 Giai phap 2:
Toi u hoa day chuyen phan phoi san pham t nha san xuat en ngi tieu
dung 54 3.2.2.1 Gii thieu noi dung giai phap 54 3.2.2.2 Muc tieu e
xuat giai phap 55 3.2.2.3 Cac bc thc hien 55 3.2.2.4 Phan tch tnh
kha thi hieu qua d kien 60 3.2.2.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai
phap 62 3.2.3 Giai phap 3: Thanh lap Khu Nghien Cu va Che Bien Bi
Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre, xay dng cac nha may che bien gan vi nguon
nguyen lieu va thc hien chuyen giao cong nghe 63 3.2.3.1 Gii thieu
noi dung giai phap 33 3.2.3.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 63 3.2.3.3
Cac bc thc hien 64 3.2.3.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien
67
5. - 4 - 4 3.2.3.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 67
3.2.4 Giai phap 4: Nghien cu cac chien lc phan phoi nham m rong lng
cau san pham trong nc va ngoai nc 68 3.2.4.1 Gii thieu noi dung
giai phap 68 3.2.4.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 69 3.2.4.3 Cac bc
thc hien 69 3.2.4.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 72 3.2.4.5
Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 72 3.3 Mot so kien ngh 73
3.3.1 Kien ngh oi vi tnh Ben Tre 73 3.3.1.1 Nang cao hieu qua va
tam hoat ong cua cac hiep hoi 73 3.3.1.2 Tang cng hp tac vi cac to
chc nghien cu phat trien nong nghiep nong thon 74 3.3.1.3 Trien
khai ong bo va kp thi cac giai phap ky thuat en tan cac vung trong
cay 75 3.3.1.4 au t c s ha tang ngay cang hoan thien 75 3.3.2 Kien
ngh oi vi Chnh phu 75 3.3.2.1 Moi lien ket bon nha: cung nang cao v
the Bi Da Xanh 75 3.3.2.2 Tang cng cac bien phap han che trai cay
nhap lau qua bien gii 76 3.3.2.3 Nghien cu viec chuyen oi Thue s
dung at nong nghiep sang thue thu nhap oi vi ngi co thu nhap cao 76
KET LUAN CHNG 3 77 KET LUAN v DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ix
6. - 5 - 5 PHAN PHU LUC PHU LUC 1: CAC BANG CAU HOI KHAO SAT
PHU LUC 2: DANH SACH NHNG NGI A PHONG VAN: PHU LUC 3: KET QUA KHAO
SAT PHU LUC 4: CAC NGUYEN LY VA CAC TIEU CHUAN CUA EUREPGAP, PHIEN
BAN 2.0 THANG 01/2004 VE THC PHAM AN TOAN PHU LUC 5: MOT SO IEM
CHNH TRONG BAN D THAO ASEANGAP VA LI CH OI VI CAC NC THANH VIEN PHU
LUC 6: MOT SO VU NGO OC THC PHAM TREN THE GII VA NGUY C NGO OC THC
PHAM VIET NAM PHU LUC 7: CHUYEN LI NHNG KIEN NGH CUA NONG DAN TRONG
BI
7. - 6 - 6 DANH MUC CAC HNH, O TH Hnh 1.1: Anh minh hoa:
LOGISTICS 2 Hnh 1.2: Cac bo phan c ban cua Logistics 2 Hnh 1.3: Cac
hnh thc phat trien cua logistics t 1PL en 5PL 5 Hnh 1.4: Mot so
cach phan loai Logistics 5 Hnh 1.5: Mo hnh mot day chuyen cung ng
san pham 8 Hnh 2.1: V tr va mot vai thong tin c ban ve Ben Tre 17
Hnh 2.2: Ban o cac vung trong bi 18 Hnh 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch
trong Bi Da Xanh 23 Hnh 2.4: Qui mo san xuat bi 25 Hnh 2.5: o th ni
mua giong cay bi 27 Hnh 2.6: Cac nguyen nhan nong dan khong trong
them Bi Da Xanh 31 Hnh 2.7: S o kenh tieu thu chnh 33 Hnh 2.8: Hnh
minh hoa: th trng xuat khau nong san Viet Nam 36 Hnh 2.9: Mc o bien
ong gia trong nam 37 Hnh 2.10: Mc o bien ong gia qua cac nam 38 Hnh
2.11: Mc chenh lech gia th trng tieu thu (TP.HCM) so vi nha vn 38
Hnh 2.12: D toan gia en nam 2010 theo ham xu the 39 Hnh 3.1: Day
chuyen cung ng nong pham sach ap dung cho Bi Da Xanh 47 Hnh 3.2:
Phan loai bi trong qua trnh san xuat 56 Hnh 3.3: Phan loai bi sau
thu hoach 57 Hnh 3.4: To chc cong ty mau 59 Hnh 3.5: Kenh phan phoi
qua trung tam 62 Hnh 3.6: Cac kenh tieu thu bi 71 trang
8. - 7 - 7 DANH MUC CAC BANG Bang 2.1: Phan bo dien tch trong
Bi Da Xanh 21 Bang 2.2: Hng qui hoach cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh en
nam 2010 22 Bang 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch va san lng bi qua cac nam
24 Bang 2.4: Tnh trang cay bi 26 Bang 2.5: Ch tieu nha nong la chon
trong Bi Da Xanh 27 Bang 2.6: Ty le cay giong an toan theo anh gia
cua nha nong 28 Bang 2.7: Khao sat ve hoc cach cham soc cay bi va
mc o trien khai tap huan ky thuat cua cac to chc khuyen nong 30
Bang 2.8: Khach hanh mua bi cua nong dan 31 Bang 2.9: Tieu thu trai
bi nho, khong at chat lng 32 Bang 2.10: S chenh lech gia: ngi tieu
dung / nha san xuat 32 Bang 2.11: anh gia th t quan trong e tieu
thu trai bi nhanh hn 34 Bang 2.12: Th t u tien can cai tien trai bi
de tieu thu hn 35 Bang 3.1: Cac khoan muc lam tang gia thanh trong
qua trnh phan phoi 61 Bang 3.2: D kien gia ban tham khao tai mot so
th trng (nam 2006) 61 trang
9. - 8 - 8 DANH MUC CAC CH VIET TAT 1PL First Party Logistics:
Logistics ben th nhat 2PL Second Party Logistics: Logistics ben th
hai 3PL Third Party Logistics: Logistics ben th ba 4PL Fourth Party
Logistics: Logistics ben th t 5PL Fifth Party Logistics: Logistics
ben th nam AFTA The ASEAN Free Trade Area: Khu vc t do thng mai
ASEAN ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations: Hiep hoi cac
Quoc gia ong Nam A ASEANGAP ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices BDX
Bi Da Xanh EDI Electronic Data Interchange: chuyen giao d lieu ien
t ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific EU European
Union: Lien minh Chau Au EUREPGAP Tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan thc
pham cua Lien minh Chau Au FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GAP Good Agriculture Practices GDP Gross Domestic Product ICARD The
International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage ODA Nguon von ho tr
phat trien chnh thc NTD Ngi tieu dung SCM Supply Chain Management:
Quan tr day chuyen cung ng
10. - 9 - 9 SOFRI Souther Fruit Research Institude: Vien Nghien
cu Cay An qua Mien Nam (Long nh - Tien Giang) SWOT Ma tran phan tch
cac iem manh, iem yeu, C hoi va Nguy c THAIGAP Tieu chuan quoc te
ve an toan thc pham cua Thai Lan TP.HCM Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh TT Th
t (trong cac bang d lieu) USGAP Tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan thc
pham cua Hoa Ky VN Viet Nam VOLKA Wolkamriana: ten khoa hoc mot
loai cay cam (thuoc ho cay co mui) WHO The WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION: To chc Y te The gii WTO World Trade Organisation: To
chc Thng mai The gii
11. - 10 - 10 LI M AU 1. Y ngha cua e tai Bi Da Xanh, mot loai
trai cay co gia tr kinh te va y hoc hien ang c khuyen khch tang cng
san xuat Ben Tre. Trong ba nam tr lai ay, gia ban a co dau hieu sut
giam manh mac du so lng tang len cha nhieu. Theo thong tin ghi nhan
c, t hai en bon nam na, lng bi cung cap cho th trng se tang len gap
nhieu lan, v the gia se giam manh theo qui luat cung cau tren th
trng noi a, do hien nay Bi Da Xanh cha xuat khau c. Trong khi o,
nhieu quoc gia trong khu vc nh Thai Lan, Malaysia, ai Loan, a manh
dang ng dung logistics vao nong nghiep, tao ra nong san chat lng
cao va an toan. Trong ieu kien hoi nhap quoc te, ho ay manh xuat
khau lam trai cay chung ta chang nhng khong canh tranh noi ma ngay
cang kho tieu thu ngay ca tren th trng noi a. Mac du quan tam ti au
ra, nhng e tieu thu c trai bi chung ta khong the ch quan tam ti yeu
to th trng ma con rat nhieu yeu to tac ong khac nh giong cay trong,
ieu kien cham soc, ieu kien t nhien, e trai bi c ngon va ong nhat,
sach va an toan cho ngi s dung. Ngoai ra, cong nghe san xuat cung
phai bao am an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng. Lam c ieu o
th Bi Da Xanh mi co c s ng vng va on nh tren th trng trong va ngoai
nc. Vi mong muon ng dung logistics giup nong dan Ben Tre san xuat
va tieu thu co hieu qua Bi Da Xanh, gop phan lam giau cho tnh nha,
tac gia a chon e tai: ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham toi u hoa
qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre e lam luan van tot
nghiep cao hoc. 2. Muc tieu Trong e tai nay, tac gia he thong lai
nhng van e ly thuyet c ban nhat ve Logistics va nhng kinh nghiem ng
dung logistics trong san xuat nong nghiep
12. - 11 - 11 cua Viet Nam va mot so nc trong khu vc. Nghien cu
thc trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre, qua phan
tch nh lng tac gia e xuat nhng giai phap va mot so kien ngh nham ba
muc tieu ln: - San xuat nong pham sach va an toan cho ngi s dung,
an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng, ap ng nhu cau ngay cang
tang ve chat lng cua th trng trong nc va quoc te, t o m rong th
trng, ngan nga rui ro ve gia do qui luat cung cau trong s gii han
cua th trng tieu thu hien hu. - Viec tieu thu het lng bi san xuat
vi gia tng oi on nh quanh nam, khong tao ra s khung hoang theo chu
ky nh mot so loai trai cay a tng xay ra trc ay, nong dan co the yen
tam au t ln vao san xuat va phuc li cuoc song tng bc c nang cao. -
Gop phan ay manh tang trng kinh te nong nghiep va phat trien nong
thon, phat trien cac nganh san xuat dch vu khac co lien quan va on
nh xa hoi cua tnh Ben Tre. 3. oi tng va phng phap nghien cu oi tng
nghien cu: trong luan van tac gia tap trung nghien cu cac van e ly
thuyet c ban ve Logistics, cac van e thc te cua viec trong va tieu
thu Bi Da Xanh t ngi cung cap giong, nha vn, thng lai, ngi ban, ngi
tieu dung, Nha nc va mot so oi tng khac co lien quan. Phng phap
nghien cu: e thc hien e tai nay, ngoai viec thu thap nhng thong tin
th cap ve qui hoach, gia ca va lng bi trong qua kh va c lng c lng
san xuat trong khoang 5 nam ti, ngi viet co to chc nhieu t khao sat
thc te trong thi gian 2 thang (thang 5 va thang 6 nam 2006) nham
thu thap d lieu s cap, bang cach phong van trc tiep da theo cac
bang cau hoi va gi cac bang cau hoi lay thong tin t cac oi tng nh:
- Ngi trong bi: tac gia trc tiep khao sat 135 ho nong dan phan chia
eu hau het cac xa, huyen cua tnh Ben Tre (tr ba huyen ven
bien).
13. - 12 - 12 - Thng lai, va ban buon: tac gia trc tiep phong
van 25 thng lai va ngi ban buon, trong o Ben Tre 21 ngi va Ch au
Moi Nong San My Tho 4 ngi. - Ngi ban le: 26 ngi, trong o hau het 2
a phng la TP.Ho Ch Minh va Ben Tre, tac gia trc tiep lay thong tin.
- Ngi tieu dung: tac gia gi i 250 bang cau hoi khao sat, thu ve 212
bang va s dung c 153 bang, oi tng khao sat nhieu tnh (chu yeu Mien
Nam Viet Nam). - Phong van va hoc hoi kinh nghiem t 18 chuyen gia
tat ca cac khau: cay giong, san xuat, tieu thu, ng dung GAP vao san
xuat chuyen canh va xen canh, . . . Qua cac so lieu thong ke thu
thap c, tac gia s dung phng phap phan tch, tong hp d lieu theo
nhieu hng ng vi nhng muc tieu nghien cu cu the, so sanh vi qui trnh
va ly thuyet ng dung logistics nham anh gia xac thc hien trang tng
khau va ca qui trnh san xuat - tieu thu bi hien nay, tc mo xe cac
van e theo chieu ngang va chieu doc cua qua trnh san xuat - tieu
thu va tch hp toan bo chuoi cung ng san pham. Qua phan tch SWOT va
cac bai hoc kinh nghiem rut ra t nhng quoc gia khac cung nh mot so
loai trai cay Viet Nam, ngi viet e xuat nhng giai phap va nhng kien
ngh nham cac muc tieu ln neu tren. 4. Gii han pham vi nghien cu va
ng dung Do ieu kien tai chnh va kha nang han che, e tai nay ch
nghien cu tnh Ben Tre, nhng Bi Da Xanh con c trong rai rac Tien
Giang, Vnh Long, ong Thap, th trng tiem nang cua Bi Da Xanh hien
nay kha rong: ca nc Viet Nam, khu vc ong Nam A, EU, My, Trung ong,
Nhat Ban, ma ngi viet cha co ieu kien nghien cu, cha thu thap c
thong tin s cap ve th hieu, yeu cau, anh gia cua ngi tieu dung nhng
th trng o. Ve thi
14. - 13 - 13 gian, tac gia ch nghien cu t nam 2001 tr lai ay
do trc o lng bi khong ang ke va cung khong co nhng thong tin ang
tin cay. e tai nay c nghien cu rieng cho mat hang Bi Da Xanh, v the
no se khong hoan toan phu hp neu ap dung cho nhng loai trai cay co
mui khac nh cac loai bi khac, cam, quyt, chanh, mac du van co nhieu
van e trung khp. Ve thi gian, cac so lieu nh lng phan tch trong e
tai ang tin cay en khoang nam 2010 va toi a en nam 2012, qua thi
gian tren tac gia cha co nhng thong tin tng oi chnh xac ve qui
hoach, giong cay, ng dung khoa hoc cong nghe, tang nang suat, va e
tai nay bat buoc phai c tiep tuc nghien cu cho thi gian o. 5. Tnh
mi cua e tai Tac gia a tm c mot vai tai lieu nghien cu ve Logistics
mot cach he thong, kha nhieu tai lieu nghien cu cach trong va cham
soc cay an trai cung nh cac loai bi, mot so e tai nghien cu ve nong
san cho ong bang Song Cu Long. Nhng cha co e tai nao nghien cu ve
ng dung logistics trong nong nghiep Viet Nam, ac biet cha co e tai
nao nghien cu ve ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat va tieu
thu trai bi nham ay manh au ra th trng trong nc hay ngoai nc. e tai
nay ac biet nghien cu rieng cho Bi Da Xanh, mot loai trai bi ma
chat lng rat khac nhau bi nhng ieu kien anh hng, chat lng khong ong
nhat va khong an toan cho ngi dung, anh hng xau en tieu thu, nhat
la cung ng cho xuat khau trong ieu kien hoi nhap quoc te hien nay.
ay la e tai au tien nghien cu toan bo qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu
Bi Da Xanh theo hng ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham ay manh au ra
cho loai trai cay nay. 6. Noi dung chnh cua e tai Phan chnh cua e
tai gom co ba chng: - Chng 1: C s khoa hoc cua viec ng dung
logistics nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu trai
cay.
15. - 14 - 14 - Chng 2: anh gia thc trang viec san xuat va tieu
thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre. - Chng 3: ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham
toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre. Ngoai
ra, e tai con co Li m au, Ket luan, Danh muc tai lieu tham khao va
nhieu phu luc, bang bieu, o th, hnh minh hoa e noi dung e tai c ay
u va phong phu. Mac du tac gia rat no lc co gang, a tu chnh nhieu
lan nhng e tai nay chac chan khong tranh khoi nhng thieu sot. Rat
mong nhan c y kien ong gop cua Thay Co, cac chuyen gia va cac oc
gia nham a e tai vao ng dung thc te. Tac gia xin tran trong biet n!
TRAN VAN KHANG
16. - 15 - 15 CHNG 1: C S KHOA HOC CUA VIEC NG DUNG LOGISTICS
NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU TRAI CAY 1.1 Nhng van
e ly luan c ban ve Logistics 1.1.1 Ban ve khai niem Logistics Mot
ieu rat thu v la thuat ng Logistics chang co lien quan g vi t Logic
hay Logistic trong toan hoc. Trong cac t ien, t Logistics co ngha
la: to chc lo viec cung ng dch vu cho moi cuoc hanh quan hon hp,
nganh hau can (trong quan s). Mac du Logistics la mot thuat ng kha
mi me Viet Nam nhng thc ra no a co kha lau tren the gii. Theo tap
ch Logisticworld, 1997 th: Logistics la mot mon khoa hoc cua viec
hoach nh, to chc, quan l va thc hien cac hoat ong cung ng hang hoa
va dch vu. Theo Council of Logistics Managerment th: Logistics la s
quan l, kiem soat cac nguon lc trang thai ong va tnh, la mot bo
phan cua chuoi cung ng, bao gom qua trnh hoach nh, quan l, thc hien
va kiem soat hieu qua va tiet kiem nhat ve chi ph va thi gian cac
dong chay xuoi chieu cung nh ngc chieu, t iem tien san xuat en iem
tieu thu cuoi cung vi muc tieu ap ng nhu cau khach hang, qui trnh
nay bao ham ca cac hoat ong au vao, au ra, ben trong cung nh ben
ngoai cua to chc. Theo quan iem cua PGS. TS. oan Th Hong Van th:
Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr va thi iem van chuyen va d
tr nguon tai nguyen t iem au tien cua day chuyen cung ng cho en tay
ngi tieu dung cuoi cung, thong qua hang loat cac hoat ong kinh te
(Quan tr Logistics NXB Thong ke 2006).
17. - 16 - 16 Di goc o quan tr chuoi cung ng, th: Logistics la
qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr, lu tr va chu chuyen cac tai nguyen /
yeu to au vao t iem xuat phat au tien la nha cung cap, qua nha san
xuat, ngi ban buon, ban le, en tay ngi tieu dung cuoi cung thong
qua hang loat cac hoat ong kinh te (Logistics and Supply Chain
Managerment 1999 Ma Shuo) Theo khai niem nay, Logistics bao trum ca
hai cap o hoach nh va to chc: - Cap o th 1: toi u hoa v tr: la lay
nguyen vat lieu, ban thanh pham, thanh pham, dch vu, . . . au? khi
nao? va van chuyen i au? - Cap o th 2: toi u hoa van chuyen va lu
tr: lam the nao e a c nguon tai nguyen / cac yeu to au vao t iem au
en iem cuoi day chuyen cung ng. Hien nay, co nhieu khai niem
Logistics chung ta co the tiep can di nhng goc o nghien cu khac
nhau nhng cha co mot nh ngha thong nhat cung nh khong co thuat ng
bang tieng Viet tng ng. Theo tac gia: Logistics la qua trnh toi u
hoa toan bo day chuyen cung ng, t iem au tien cua qua trnh san xuat
cho en ngi tieu dung cuoi cung, nham thoa man nhu cau khach hang vi
tong chi ph thap nhat. Hay co the noi cach khac: logistics la qua
trnh toi u hoa ve v tr, thi gian, lu tr va van chuyen cac tai
nguyen t iem au cua day chuyen cung ng en tay ngi tieu dung nham
thoa man nhu cau khach hang. Hnh 1.1: Anh minh hoa: LOGISTICS
Nguon: Tac gia: Robert Mottley
18. - 17 - 17 Tuy nhien, chung ta cung co the rut ra mot so iem
chung cua cac khai niem nh sau: - Logistics la qua trnh quan l
luong van ong cua vat chat va thong tin nham at en s toi u. - Noi
en logistics la e cap en toan bo qua trnh cung ng t iem au tien
nhat en iem cuoi cung. - Logistics la xet tren toan bo he thong ch
khong ch toi u hoa tng khau, tc co moi lien he chat che, lien tuc
tat ca cac khau. * S lc s phat trien logistics: Theo ESCAP
(Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific) Logistics c
quan tam vao nhng nam 1960 va phat trien en nay trai qua ba giai
oan: Qua trnh san xuat Nguyen vat lieu Phu tung May moc, Thiet b
Ban thanh pham Dch vu . . . ong goi Kho lu tr thang pham Ben, bai
cha T.T. phan phoi Khach hang Cung ng Quan ly vat t Phan phoi
LOGISTICS Dong chu chuyen van tai Dong thong tin lu thong Hnh 1.2:
Cac bo phan c ban cua Logistics Nguon: Logistics nhng van e c ban -
XB 2003 - PGS. TS. oan Th Hong Van
19. - 18 - 18 Giai oan 1: Phan phoi vat chat Vao nhng nam 1960,
do canh tranh cang gay gat bi m rong san xuat, lng hang hoa lam ra
ngay cang nhieu ma th trng tieu thu gii han, cac doanh nghiep bat
au quan tam en chi ph, ma giai oan au tien la cac chi ph phan phoi
hang hoa nh: van tai, bao quan, ton kho, ong goi, phan loai, . . .
dan dan ngi ta lap ra mot he thong cac hoat ong phan phoi san pham
e tong chi ph la thap nhat. Giai oan 2: He thong logistics en nhng
nam 1980, ngi ta nghien cu hp l hoa ca au vao lan au ra cua qua
trnh san xuat (tc cung ng vat t va phan phoi san pham) nham tiet
kiem chi ph, tang hieu qua kinh te, goi la he thong logistics. Giai
oan 3: Quan tr day chuyen cung ng Ngay nay, cac doanh nghiep bat au
quan l, kiem soat toan bo chuoi cac hoat ong t ngi cung cap >
nha san xuat > en khach hang tieu dung san pham va nhng thong
tin (theo chieu ngc lai) vi muc tieu ngay cang hoan thien qui trnh
o. Trong qui trnh o bao gom tat ca nhng oi tng co lien quan nh: nha
cung cap, cong ty van tai, kho bai, giao nhan va ngi cung cap cong
nghe thong tin. * ac iem: e hieu ro hn ve logistics, chung ta
nghien cu them mot so ac iem cua no: - La mot qua trnh: logistics
khong phai la mot hoat ong n le ma la mot qua trnh, la mot chuoi
cac hoat ong lien tuc co lien quan mat thiet vi nhau, tac ong lan
nhau c thc hien mot cach co he thong, co hoach nh, kiem soat va
hoan thien, logistics bao gom moi yeu to tao nen san pham t au vao
cho en ngi tieu thu cuoi cung, tc gom ca trong san xuat va ngoai
san xuat. - La mot chuoi cung ng: logistics la mot he thong vo cung
phc tap ket hp nhieu cong oan vi thi gian va chi ph hp l nhat.
20. - 19 - 19 - Logistics bao gom ca dong chay au vao, au ra,
xuoi chieu va ngc chieu. V vay, muon ap dung logistics cho mot loai
san pham nao o, nh Bi Da Xanh chang han, th phai nghien cu toan bo
qua trnh t san xuat, thu hoach, thu mua, bao quan, van chuyen, en
tieu thu san pham. 1.1.2 Phan loai logistics Tren the gii,
logistics en nay a phat trien qua 5 hnh thc: - Logistics ben th
nhat ( 1PL - First Party logistics): hnh thc au tien nay la chu s
hu t mnh to chc, thc hien cac hoat ong logistics nham ap ng nhu cau
cua ban than. Hnh thc nay thng mang tnh chuyen nghiep thap do khong
co u cac phng tien ho tr, ac biet la cong nghe thong tin. -
Logistics ben th hai ( 2PL - Second Party logistics): la ngi cung
cap mot cong oan, mot dch vu n le nh: van tai, kho cha hang hoac
thu gom hang, . . . nhng cha tch hp cac hoat ong logistics. -
Logistics ben th ba ( 3PL - Third Party logistics): la ngi cung cap
dch vu tng oi hoan chnh, thay khach hang quan l va thc hien cac
hoat ong logistics en tng bo phan chc nang, co s ket hp thong nhat
cac khau. - Logistics ben th t ( 4PL - Fouth Party logistics): la
ngi tch hp logistics, chu trach nhiem quan ly, van hanh toan bo
hoat ong logistics nham mot muc tieu nh trc cua khach hang. -
Logistics ben th nam( 5PL - Fifth Party logistics): co hai quan
niem ve hnh thc 5PL nh sau: * 5PL la s phat trien cao nhat cua hoat
ong logistics cho en thi iem hien nay (at the top of the pyramid
xem hnh 1.3), nha cung cap cac dch vu logistics la cac chuyen gia
hang au trong viec ng dung cac cong nghe khoa hoc tien tien nhat,
khong nhng x l he thong thong tin linh hoat ma ho con phat ra cac
thong tin giup khach hang mot cach hoan hao nhat ve quan l nguon
cung ng lan nhu cau san pham (au vao lan au ra), nang
21. - 20 - 20 tam quan ly logistics len mot tieu chuan mi, ho
co the thiet ke va van hanh toan bo day chuyen cung ng san pham
(xem hnh 1.5). Tham ch mot cong ty khong can co bat c mot thiet b
nao, ch can co y tng va hanh ong, moi cong viec c nha cung cap dch
vu 5PL thc hien (An Approach towards overall supply chain
efficiency Hai Lu & Yirong Su). * 5PL la nhng to chc chuyen
thiet ke he thong thong tin logistics va to chc mot he thong
logistics chuyen nghiep bao gom ca viec tm kiem, la chon, tch hp
nhieu ben (multy-party) cung thc hien trong mot day chuyen cung ng
san pham trong hoat ong thng mai ien t (The Impact of E-commerce on
Logistics Jacques COLIN 2001). Hnh 1.3: Cac hnh thc phat trien cua
logistics t 1PL en 5PL Nguon: An Approach towards overall supply
chain efficiency Hai Lu & Yirong Su.
22. - 21 - 21 Phan loai logistics: chung ta co the tham khao
Hnh 1.4: Logistics la mot khai niem rat rong, c chia 3 nhom ln: -
Logistics trong quan s - Logistics trong san xuat, kinh doanh, thng
mai - Logistics trong quan l, xa hoi Chung ta quan tam en nhom 2 va
co the phan loai theo mot vai cach nh sau: - Cach 1: theo qua trnh,
chia 3 loai: * Logistics au vao: la cac hoat ong bao am cung ng tai
nguyen au vao (von, nguyen lieu, thong tin, nhan lc, ) toi u hoa ve
v tr, thi gian va chi ph cho qua trnh san xuat. * Logistics au ra:
thoa man nhu cau khach hang vi chi ph thap nhat (tc thu nhap doanh
nghiep toi u), bao am cung ng hang hoa en ngi tieu dung toi u ve v
tr, thi gian va chi ph. Ph. Loai theo oi tng hang hoa Logistics
trong quan l xa hoi Logistics trong quan s Ph. loai logistics theo
qua trnh Logistics Logistics trong san xuat, kinh doanh, thng mai
Logistics au vao Logistics au ra Logistics ngc Logistics nganh hang
tieu dung nhanh Logistics nganh o to Logistics nganh nong nghiep
Hnh 1.4: Mot so cach phan loai logistics Nguon: tong hp t nhieu
nguon Logistics nganh . . .
23. - 22 - 22 * Logistics ngc (reverse logistics): la thu hoi
cac san pham kem chat lng, phu pham, cac chat thai, nham tai che
hoac x l mot cach toi u. - Cach 2: chia theo nganh, co nhieu loai:
* Logistics nganh hang tieu dung nhanh: la qua trnh logistics cho
hang tieu dung co thi gian s dung ngan nh: quan ao, giay dep, thc
pham, * Logistics nganh hang o to: la qua trnh logistics phuc vu
cho nganh cong nghiep o to: nh xay dng nha may san xuat cac bo phan
au, mua tng chi tiet phu tung au, van chuyen va lu tr nh the nao,
xay dng nha may lap rap au, khi nao tap hp cac chi tiet, *
Logistics nganh hoa chat: cac hoat ong logistics phuc vu nganh hoa
chat * Logistics nganh ien t: cac hoat ong logistics phuc vu nganh
ien t * Logistics nganh nong nghiep: cay cong nghiep, cay an qua,
chan nuoi, * Logistics nganh dc pham * Logistics nganh benh vien *
Logistics dch vu ban le * 1.1.3 Moi quan he gia logistics va quan
tr day chuyen cung ng Quan tr day chuyen cung ng (SCM) la g? Thuat
ng Supply Chain Management (SCM) van con kha mi me oi vi phan ln
cac cong ty, mac du no ang tr thanh mot thi thng trong cac hoat ong
kinh doanh hien ai. SCM la s phoi hp nhieu thu phap nghe thuat va
khoa hoc nham cai thien cach thc cac cong ty tm kiem nhng nguon
nguyen lieu tho cau thanh san pham /dch vu, sau o san xuat ra san
pham / dch vu va phan phoi ti cac khach hang (Tm hieu ve Supply
Chain Management Phan 2). ieu quan trong oi vi bat k giai phap SCM
nao, du san xuat hang hoa hay dch vu, chnh la viec lam the nao e
hieu c sc manh cua cac nguon tai nguyen va moi tng quan gia chung
trong toan bo day chuyen cung ng san xuat. Ve c ban SCM se cung ng
giai phap cho toan bo cac hoat ong au vao cua doanh nghiep, t viec
at mua hang cua nha cung cap, cho en cac giai phap ton kho an toan
cua cong ty.
24. - 23 - 23 Co nhieu quan niem khac nhau nhng a so y kien cho
rang: Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la logistics ben ngoai doanh
nghiep, bao gom ca khach hang va cac nha cung cap, do o no la mot
khai niem rong hn logistics. Quan tr day chuyen cung ng phan anh
qua trnh san xuat, phan phoi va tieu thu san pham nh la mot chuoi
lien ket, lien tuc va co lien quan chat che vi nhau t nha cung cap
au tien, qua qua trnh san xuat, . . . en khach hang. Mot so y kien
khac cho rang: Logistics (5PL) va Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la hai
khai niem rat gan nhau (hnh 1.3) c xem xet di nhng goc o khac nhau,
Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la phan thc the con logistics la linh
hon, cai nay co the bao trum cai kia va ngc lai cai kia cung co the
rong hn cai nay. Khai niem logistics co trc, trong khi khai niem
Quan tr day chuyen cung ng xuat hien vao au nhng nam 1980. Quan tr
day chuyen cung ng la mot khai niem mi phan anh qua trnh san xuat,
phan phoi va tieu thu san pham nh mot qua trnh lien ket, tch hp,
phu thuoc va anh hng lan nhau t nha cung cap, cong ty en khach
hang. Co y kien cho rang khai niem Quan tr day chuyen cung ng se
phat trien theo hng tr thanh Quan tr day chuyen nhu cau (Demand
Chain Management) e nhan manh day chuyen se do yeu to cau th trng
quyet nh. Hnh 1.5: Mo hnh mot day chuyen cung ng san pham Nguon: An
Approach towards overall supply chain efficiency Hai Lu &
Yirong Su
25. - 24 - 24 Trc ay, ngi ta lam tng rang co the giam chi ph
cua mnh bang cach tan dung nhng li ch at c t pha oi tac, v du nh
nha san xuat muon giam ton kho vat t, san pham cua mnh se yeu cau
nha cung cap chuyen giao vat t theo tien o san xuat hoac yeu cau
ngi ban hang ton tr san pham ma khong tnh chi ph, nhng that ra chi
ph ton kho vat t se c cong vao gia ban vat t va chi ph ton tr hang
hoa se lam tang gia ban ra cua san pham. Vi cach tiep can theo khai
niem Quan tr day chuyen cung ng, nhng oi tng co lien quan trong mot
day chuyen cung ng mot san pham nao o cung nhau chia se thong tin
ve nhu cau th trng, hp tac nham toi u hoa chi ph tren toan bo day
chuyen cung ng san pham. 1.1.4 Vai tro cua logistics Qua cac khai
niem logistics, chung ta thay rang van e thoa man nhu cau tieu dung
luon luon c cac doanh nghiep quan tam hang au nhng mc o thoa man b
gii han bi chi ph. Logistics cang phat trien th moi quan he nghch
chieu o ngay cang c giai quyet thoa ang. Sau ay chung ta xet vai
tro cua logistics vi hai oi tng cu the: 1.1.4.1 oi vi nen kinh te:
Logistics giup nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi, nang cao li the
canh tranh cua quoc gia tren trng quoc te. Hp l hoa chi ph va tang
cac gia tr gia tang cho khach hang co y ngha nang cao kha nang tiep
can cua cac nguon lc trong nc vi th trng quoc te va thu hut cac
nguon lc quoc te vao trong nc, qua o tang thu nhap cua nen kinh te.
V nh: chi ph xuat khau hang nong san Thai Lan en th trng Trung Quoc
la 42% so vi gia thanh sau khi thu hoach (bao gom hao hut 15%),
trong khi o nong san ong bang Song Cu Long (Viet Nam) en Trung Quoc
co gia tang gan gap oi so vi gia thanh, trong o hao hut chiem tren
30%, ieu o l giai v sao trai cay Viet Nam phai nhng san Trung Quoc
cho trai cay Thai Lan (nguon: longdinh.com - Trai cay Viet Nam ng
trc thach thc khi hoi nhap WTO).
26. - 25 - 25 Logistics giup thu hut au t nc ngoai: trnh o va
chi ph logistics cua quoc gia la mot trong nhng c s quan trong
trong viec la chon au t cua cac nha au t quoc te. Cac cong ty se u
tien chon nhng a iem co dch vu logistics phat trien, he thong van
tai, phan phoi nhanh chong, thuan li va chi ph thap, thuan li trong
viec thiet lap he thong thu gom, van chuyen, d tr va phan phoi san
pham mot cach toi u. Dch vu logistics la mot nganh co ty suat li
nhuan cao, ong gop vao ngan sach Nha nc va tao sc hut phat trien
cac nganh kinh te khac: logistics la mot nganh kinh te rieng, co
gia tr gia tang, ong gop vao thu nhap quoc dan va gop phan chuyen
dch c cau kinh te. Dch vu logistics phat trien thuc ay s a dang va
ket hp gia cac loai hnh van tai dan en giam chi ph do tnh kinh te
theo qui mo. T o, he thong giao thong van tai va ng dung cac tien
bo ve ky thuat trong cong nghe thong tin cung phat trien, tao sc
hut phat trien kinh te cho tat ca cac nganh co lien quan va la mot
trong nhng ieu kien bao am s tang trng on nh cua mot quoc gia.
1.1.4.2 oi vi cac doanh nghiep: Trong nen kinh te th trng, doanh
nghiep phai t tm kiem nguon cung cap nguyen lieu, vat t, cong nghe,
kenh phan phoi va th trng, tc doanh nghiep phai t to chc thu mua,
van chuyen, d tr thiet b va vat t cho qua trnh san xuat (logistics
au vao), to chc ton kho, phan phoi va tieu thu san pham (logistics
au ra) cung nh tai s dung, x l cac phe pham, chat thai tao ra t qua
trnh san xuat (logistics ngc). Logistics giup doanh nghiep toi u
hoa hieu qua cua toan bo qua trnh thay v toi u hoa cuc bo ma khong
tnh en hieu qua chung: - Logistics giup doanh nghiep giam chi ph
san xuat, chi ph lu thong va chi ph c hoi do s toi u hoa ve thi
gian, v tr cac nguon tai nguyen va san pham thong qua hang loat cac
hoat ong kinh te nh tm kiem va duy tr nguon cung cap vat t co chat
lng vi gia thanh thap, can nhac viec to
27. - 26 - 26 chc van chuyen hay thue ngoai, ton kho (vat t,
san pham) toi u, nham tiet kiem chi ph nhat, t o tang cung cap dch
vu khach hang, tang vong quay von, . V the, quan tr logistics tot
la c hoi e nang cao li the canh tranh ve chi ph cua cac cong ty
tren th trng. - Tang gia tr gia tang va cung cap dch vu khach hang:
logistics tang tnh chuyen nghiep trong cung cap hang hoa, dch vu t
s ng dung cac cong nghe thong tin lam gia tang s hai long cua khach
hang, tang cac dch vu cong them va cam ket cua doanh nghiep. Do o,
logistics la mot cong cu nham at ti s tang trng on nh va ben vng
cua doanh nghiep. - Tang kha nang tham nhap th trng mi: quan l
thong tin tot trong logistics em lai kha nang phan ng nhanh nhay vi
nhu cau cua th trng, t o ieu chnh hp l tng giai oan cua toan bo qua
trnh san xuat va kp thi chiem gi th trng. 1.1.5 Xu hng phat trien
cua logistics tren the gii 1.1.5.1 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics
trong thi gian qua: Phat trien manh ng dung logistics vao quan ly
xa hoi cung nh tat ca cac nganh kinh te, san xuat va tieu thu cac
loai san pham: o to, dau kh, ien t, thu cong my nghe va san xuat
nong nghiep, Gia tang tap trung vao cac gia tr cot loi: cac cong ty
ngay cang tin tng rang e cai thien nang lc canh tranh cua ho th can
phai tap trung toan bo nang lc vao nhng mang ma ho lam tot nhat va
ch thc hien nhng hoat ong giup ho gia tang gia tr cot loi cua mnh.
Mot so cong ty ang dan nhan ra rang hoat ong logistics khong phai
la the manh trong kinh doanh cua mnh va ho gia tang chuyen sang nha
cung cap dch vu logistics chuyen nghiep e at c hieu qua va kha nang
toi a, ieu ma ho se khong lam c neu t thc hien. Xu the toan cau
hoa: trong qua trnh tm kiem nhng gia tr ln hn, cac cong ty luon tm
kiem th trng mi va nguon nguyen lieu mi re hn tren toan the gii, ho
phai nh en nhieu cong ty logistics. e ap ng c nhu cau khach
28. - 27 - 27 hang mot cach toi u, cac cong ty logistics tm moi
cach m rong hoat ong cua mnh tren toan cau, sap nhap hoac hp tac
nham cung cap dch vu khach hang mot cach toan dien. Chuyen hng t
phng phap ay (Push) sang phng phap Keo (Pull): tc chuyen t hng san
xuat, ton kho va ay ra th trng e ap ng nhu cau sang san xuat theo
cac n at hang e ap ng ngay nhu cau thc te, khi o se giam toi thieu
ton kho va rut ngan chu trnh san xuat. ng dung thanh tu mi ve cong
nghe thong tin vao quan ly, m rong thng mai ien t: S tham gia cua
cong nghe thong tin trong nganh logistics a thuc ay viec quan l co
hieu qua cac hoat ong logistics. Hau het cac cong ty logistics ln
eu s dung cac phan mem nh he thong quan l kho va he thong quan l
van tai,. ng dung Intrenet va EDI (chuyen giao d lieu ien t) a cho
phep cac cong ty 3PL cung cap cac dch vu gia tr ln hn cho khach
hang, dch vu cung cap cong cu tm kiem (track and trace) a xac lap
gia tr cho khach hang trong viec len ke hoach hoat ong cua ho tot
hn va giam von lu ong do anh hng bi ton kho va cac hoat ong van
chuyen. 1.1.5.2 Cac xu hng mi noi len: Khach hang ngay cang oi hoi
hang hoa va dch vu tot hn, ong thi cung m ra nhng yeu cau ve s chnh
xac, ung han, tien li, thch ng nhanh, chat lng va gia thanh ngay
cang thap. Hn na th trng tai chnh ang tm kiem nhieu li nhuan ln hn
va bao am hn trong nhng khoan au t cua ho. Nhng yeu to c ban nay a
tac ong en s thay oi cua nganh logistics: - S phu thuoc vao gia tr
cot loi va viec tap trung vao khach hang oi hoi cac cong ty phai
lam viec vi nhieu oi tac hn e hoan tat n hang, dan en viec ra i he
thong oi tac kinh doanh (trading partner ecosystem). - S mong i
ngay cang cao cua th trng tai chnh ve vong quay von ngan hn va li
nhuan nhieu hn keo theo nhu cau ve s tch hp chuoi cung ng va chuoi
tai chnh, s noi len cua nha cung cap dch vu logistics ben th 4
phi
29. - 28 - 28 tai san (asset-less 4PLs) va s chap nhan mot c
cau gia tr cho viec ra quyet nh tam cong ty. - Thng mai ien t c
phat minh va s dung qua rong rai trong thi gian gan ay do s tien
li, tiet kiem cua no dan en s ra i cua logistics ben th 5 (5PL). -
Chi ph gia tang ang ke cua viec khong ap ng mong i ve hieu qua hoat
ong (d bao th trng sai hay giao hang cham tre) a dan en viec ap
dung ky thuat quan l rui ro cho viec lap ke hoach chuoi cung ng,
giam sat thi gian nham kiem soat va can thiep kp thi cac phat sinh
bat thng. - Ap lc cai thien li nhuan keo theo viec ap dung cac
chien lc quan l doanh thu va chng trnh nh gia ong cung nh phat
trien nhieu dch vu mi: logistics ngc (reverse logistics), quan l
chuoi dch vu va thiet ke cho logistics. 1.2 Mot so bai hoc kinh
nghiem trong ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu
trai cay Hoat ong logistics nc ta phat trien bat au t lnh vc van
tai, giao nhan hang hoa nen van con nhieu ngi lam tng rang
logistics la dch vu giao nhan, xuat - nhap khau hang hoa, nhng thc
te khong phai nh vay, thc te ang chng minh logistics ngay cang c ng
dung rong rai hn trong quan ly xa hoi va tat ca cac nganh kinh te.
au co toi u hoa, o co logistics. Sau ay, chung ta nghien cu mot so
kinh nghiem ng dung logistics trong san xuat va tieu thu nong san:
1.2.1 Bai hoc t cac nc trong khu vc ve ng dung logistics vao phat
trien cay an qua Trong e tai nay, tac gia ch nghien cu viec ng dung
logistics cua mot so nc co ieu kien tng t nh nc ta la Thai Lan, ai
Loan, Malaysia va Phillipines: 1.2.1.1 Bai hoc t Thai Lan:
30. - 29 - 29 Bat au t khau giong: cach ay khong ay 30 nam, tnh
hnh kinh te nong nghiep cua nc ta va Thai Lan khong co s chenh lech
ang ke ve chat lng trai cay nhiet i va tnh hieu qua kinh te nong
nghiep. Nhng Thai Lan a ng dung logistics bang cach lam ung ngay t
au tc la bat au ap dung logistics t khau giong cay trong, ho lap
nhng trang trai, vn m cay giong theo nhng tieu chuan ky thuat, lai
tao giong va th nghiem, ben ngoai ho kiem soat nghiem ngat cac
nguon cung cap giong, giong cay cua ho khi trong co nguon goc rat
ro rang (ni cung cap) va co bao am ve chat lng (*). V the, nong dan
rat yen tam au t trong chuyen canh, au t ln vao nong nghiep. Hn na,
giong cay theo tieu chuan se tao ra trai cay co chat lng thuan nhat
nham tang kha nang tiep can th trng xuat khau, ac biet la cac th
trng kho tnh nh Chau Au, My, Nhat, ac biet Thai Lan a ap dung cong
nghiep hoa nong nghiep, thc hien THAIGAP (*) va nham en th trng noi
a trc. Vi dien tch trong cay an trai nho hn nhieu so vi Viet Nam
(Thai Lan: 260.000 ha, Viet Nam: 750.000 ha nguon: ang Vy -
Vietnamnet 24/4/2006) nhng Thai Lan a a viec san xuat cay an qua
thanh mot nganh cong nghiep thc s. Tuy nhien, Thai Lan xuat khau
khong qua 10% trai cay, tc chu yeu tieu thu tren th trng noi a. e
co the hieu thau ao nhng kinh nghiem cua Thai Lan trong ng dung
logistics e phat trien san xuat trai cay, trc het can tm hieu mot
so khai niem: + Cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep: ap dung cung mot qui
trnh san xuat tao ra trai cay chat lng ong nhat, trai cay giong het
nhau ve chat lng, mau ma, va ngi mua khong can phai kiem tra, la
chon, co the s dung nhng phng thc mua ban nhanh va t chi ph hn. Mot
lo hang cong nghiep, moi cay but eu phai giong het nhau. Trai cay
Viet Nam chng nao ra hang loat, kch thc, trong lng, hng v, chat lng
giong nhau, la cong nghiep hoa (TS. Tran Du Lch Vien Kinh te
TP.HCM).
31. - 30 - 30 + Trai cay chat lng: trai cay chat lng c hieu la
trai cay khong ch at tieu chuan ve chat lng trai (ngon, ep) ma con
phai la trai cay sach va ong nhat. Trai cay sach ngha la trong trai
khong tch tu d lng cac chat oc nh kim loai nang, goc lan, clo, thuy
ngan, , tc ca giong cay va qua trnh cham soc phai c kiem soat theo
mot qui trnh chat che. + GAP: GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) la
mot chuoi hoat ong cua he thong san xuat nong pham chat lng cao co
s quan ly chat che suot qua trnh san xuat en tieu thu (San xuat
nong pham GAP - ly thuyet va thc hien - Tap Ch: Th Trng Cay An Qua
- so 77&78 SOFRI). Vai tro cua nha vn het sc quan trong v chnh
ho tao ra san pham sach. Moi nc hoac mot so nc (hiep hoi, khoi cac
nc) co the xay dng tieu chuan GAP cho rieng mnh theo tieu chuan
quoc te va cac thanh vien khac co the thc hien v nhng li ch cua
mnh, hien nay co USGAP (My), EUREPGAP (Lien minh Chau Au), ASEANGAP
(Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A), THAIGAP (Thai Lan), (Xem Phu Luc 4:
Cac nguyen ly va cac tieu chuan cua EUREPGAP, phien ban 2.0 thang
01/2004 ve thc pham an toan) (Xem Phu luc 5 Mot so iem chnh trong
Ban d thao ASEANGAP va li ch oi vi cac nc thanh vien) Khau x l sau
thu hoach va bao quan: muc tieu san xuat trai cay la e an ti nen
Thai Lan a rat chu trong khau nay, ho a ng dung logistics nham toi
u hoa ky thuat thu hoach, x l sau thu hoach, bao quan va van chuyen
ng vi tng loai nong san nham keo dai thi gian ti cua trai cay va
khong b mat pham chat. V the trai cay Thai Lan ch hao hut t 15% en
17% khi en tay ngi tieu dung, quyt Thai Lan sau khi thu hoach en 30
ngay la van con ti va vo van gion cng giong nh mi va hai, hao hut
thap dan en gia thanh thap, v the trai cay Viet Nam thua tren san
nha la ieu kho tranh khoi. 1.2.1.2 Bai hoc t ai Loan:
32. - 31 - 31 ai Loan co ieu kien san xuat gan giong nh ong
bang Song Cu Long hien nay, moi ho nong dan co t 0.5 ha en 1 ha at,
vn tap chiem a so, tren mot manh at nho trong nhieu loai cay nen
chat lng khong ni nao giong ni nao, viec thu mua, che bien rat kho
khan, nong dan kho ban c hang va nha may th kho mua nguyen lieu. ai
Loan a ng dung logistics bang chnh sach gom lai thanh nhng hp tac
xa (t nguyen), cac hp tac xa c vay von dai han, cung ng vat t (dung
cu, phan, thuoc, ), cay giong sach benh, co chuyen vien hng dan ky
thuat, hp tac xa am nhiem luon ca viec tieu thu san pham. Qua o, ho
co u ieu kien e chuyen oi vn tap hoac cac vn cay gia coi thanh cac
vn cay an trai chuyen canh, ong thi cac doanh nghiep va cong ty rau
qua co ieu kien hp ong tieu thu rau qua on nh, tranh c c mua rt
gia. 1.2.1.3 Bai hoc t Malaysia va Philippines: Trong khi o,
Malaysia va Philippines th ng dung logistics vao tng khau cua qua
trnh san xuat tieu thu: hai nc nay co chien lc kha giong nhau: bat
au bang viec qui hoach vung trong cay gan lien vi giai quyet au ra
bang cach xay dng nhng nha may che bien, cong nghiep hoa qua trnh
trong va thu hoach trai cay, lap cac khu thu mua tai vung trai cay
cung vi viec tieu thu nhanh trai cay ti bang cach giam nhng trung
gian tieu thu trong nc, nhng nha phan phoi lap nhng tram thu mua
tai vung trai cay va van chuyen en ni tieu thu, tc ho va la thng
lai va la ngi ban buon. Ho ay manh dch vu logistics nham giam chi
ph trong qua trnh tieu thu, lam tang gia mua cua nong dan va giam
gia ban tai th trng tieu thu. Mat khac, che bien va tieu thu di
dang khong phai an ti cung lam giam mc chenh lech ve nguon cung ng
theo mua va gia trai cay c gi on nh tng oi quanh nam. 1.2.2 Bai hoc
ve ng dung logistics vao phat trien mot so loai cay an qua Viet
Nam
33. - 32 - 32 Bai hoc thanh cong t Bi Nam Roi: nhan to chnh tao
nen s thanh cong cho Bi Nam Roi la thng hieu, ac biet la thanh cong
th trng nc ngoai nh EU, My, Nhat Ban va cac nc Trung ong. Tuy
nhien, viec xay dng thng hieu can phai co mot qua trnh ma quan
trong nhat la gi c thng hieu bang viec tieu chuan hoa trai bi. Bi
Nam Roi a khong ng dung c logistics trong san xuat, ch chu trong
dch vu logistics nham giai quyet au ra, chnh chat lng khong ong
nhat lam cho Bi Nam Roi kho gi c thng hieu ca th trng trong va
ngoai nc. Bai hoc that bai t s san xuat khong theo qui hoach, khong
gan vi th trng tieu thu: nhng nam 1980, khong nhng Ben Tre ma mot
so tnh lan can a au t trong rat nhieu cay cong nghiep nh: ca cao,
ho tieu, ieu lay hat (ieu lon hot), . . . khi co trai th th trng
xuat khau khong con, th trng trong nc khong tieu thu ca cao, tieu
va ieu tieu thu khong ang ke va ngi dan phai on bo cay e trong lai
cay an trai nh chom chom, nhan, xoai, sa-po, . . . va vai nam sau
khi cay co thu hoach lai gap nhng t khung hoang tha tng t, trai cay
thng pham khong tieu thu c, va c au t nh the th se tao ra nhng chu
ky trong roi chat bo la kho tranh khoi. 1.2.3 Bai hoc kinh nghiem
rut ra cho Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre - ng dung ly thuyet logistics vao
nong nghiep nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da
Xanh, thc hien san xuat theo qui trnh GAP nham bao ve an toan thc
pham cho ngi tieu dung, an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng.
ay cung la tieu chuan e xuat khau trai bi va la ieu kien can trong
cuoc canh tranh khi tham gia hoi nhap quoc te. - Chnh phu ch nen ho
tr gian tiep cac khau qui hoach chi tiet, khuyen cao nhng vung
trong Bi Da Xanh thch hp va xay dng c s ha tang: he
34. - 33 - 33 thong thuy li, giao thong va thong tin lien lac,
thong tin khoa hoc, au t cho nghien cu cac giai phap ve ky thuat,
phong nga sau benh. - Bao ve nhng thng hieu Bi Da Xanh a co san va
co chien lc phat trien thanh nhng thng hieu manh. - To chc thanh
cac hp tac xa hoac mot hnh thc tng t nham cong nghiep hoa nong
nghiep, t o lien ket cac khau: san xuat - thu mua - bao quan - che
bien va tieu thu, tranh c rui ro ve gia do s bat on cua th trng. -
Nham en th trng noi a trc va sau o mi en xuat khau: Theo TS. Nguyen
Minh Chau (SOFRI) muc tieu cua GAP Song Tien la hnh thanh nhng vung
chuyen canh, khong phai ch nham en th trng nc ngoai, ma chu yeu tm
cho ng vng th trng trong nc, lam sao khong e trai cay ngoai chiem
lnh. - Bao hiem rui ro trong nong nghiep: do ac tnh cua san xuat
nong nghiep phu thuoc nhieu vao ieu kien t nhien, cac thien tai nh
lu lut, han han, nc man, v the, can co bao hiem nham bu ap ton that
cho nhng ho san xuat gap rui ro.
35. - 34 - 34 KET LUAN CHNG 1 Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa
ve v tr, thi gian, lu tr va van chuyen cac tai nguyen t iem au cua
day chuyen cung ng en tay ngi tieu dung nham thoa man nhu cau khach
hang. Thc chat logistics c ng dung au tien trong lnh vc quan s, sau
nhng nam 1960 en nay logistics c ng rong rai va mang lai hieu qua
rat ro trong tat ca cac nganh kinh te va quan ly xa hoi. No giup
cac doanh nghiep, nha quan ly at c muc tieu vi chi ph thap nhat, tc
nang cao hieu qua cong viec cua ho. oi vi tng doanh nghiep, tng
vung hay moi quoc gia, ni nao co chi ph logistics thap nhat se co
li the hn so vi nhng n v khac, quoc gia khac. Vi muc tieu ng dung
logistics nham san xuat trai bi chat lng va an toan, tang gia tr
gia tang cua san pham, toi thieu hoa chi ph van chuyen - tieu thu,
tang kha nang tieu thu Bi Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre, nhng muon ng dung c
logistics th trc het phai hieu ro, phan tch, anh gia ung hien trang
qui trnh san xuat va tieu thu, nhng li the va han che cua oi tng
nghien cu. Van e o c tac gia khao sat thc te, phan tch nh lng va
anh gia chi tiet tng khau va toan bo qua trnh san xuat - tieu thu
trong chng sau.
36. - 35 - 35 CHNG 2: ANH GIA THC TRANG VIEC SAN XUAT VA TIEU
THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 2.1 Gii thieu tong quan ve tnh Ben Tre 2.1.1
Gii thieu chung Din tch : 2.315 km2 Dn s : 1.400.000 ngI n v hnh
chnh : 1 th x & 7 huyn Dn tc : Vit Kh hu nhit i gi ma, ma ma t
thng 5 en thng 10, cc thng cn li l ma kh. Nhit trung bnh nm t 26 -
27o C. Lng ma trung bnh nm t 1.250 - 1.550 mm. Ben Tre la mot tnh
ong bang cuoi nguon song Cu Long, tiep giap vi Bien ong vi b bien
dai 63 km. Pha Bac giap Tien Giang, pha Tay va Tay Nam giap Vnh
Long, pha Nam giap Tra Vinh. Th xa Ben Tre cach thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh 85 km ve pha Tay, Ben Tre ten trc ay la tnh Kien Hoa. Bon
nhanh song ln cua song Tien thuoc he thong song Me Kong la song My
Tho, song Ba Lai, song Ham Luong va song Co Chien mang phu sa boi
tu qua nhieu the ky va a chia a hnh Ben Tre thanh ba dai cu lao ln:
cu lao Bao, cu lao Minh va cu lao An Hoa. Nhn t tren khong, tnh Ben
Tre co hnh re quat ma au nhon nam thng nguon (song My Thuan), cac
nhanh song ln giong nh nhng nan quat xoe rong ra pha ong. Dien tch
t nhien cua Ben Tre la 2.315,01 km2 , kh hau nhiet i gio mua, dan
so hau het la dan toc Kinh. a hnh tng oi bang phang, rai rac co
nhng con cat xen ke vi ruong vn, khong co Hnh 2.1: V tr va mot vai
thong tin c ban ve Ben Tre Nguon: website: www.bentre.gov.vn
37. - 36 - 36 rng cay ln, bon be song nc bao boc. Ben trong, he
thong song rach chang cht noi lien cac song ln, thuan li cho giao
thong ng thuy va la nguon tai nguyen nc doi dao cho san xuat nong
nghiep. Ben Tre co mot Th xa va bay huyen la: Chau Thanh, Ch Lach,
Mo Cay, Giong Trom, Bnh ai, Ba Tri va Thanh Phu. Ben Tre co nhieu
tiem nang e phat trien du lch xanh, bi ay con gi c net nguyen s cua
miet vn, moi trng sinh thai trong lanh vi mau xanh cua vn cay trai
tot bat ngan, Ben Tre con la mot va kha ln cua ong bang Song Cu
Long vi nhieu san vat va hoa qua (khoang 30.000 ha): bi, sau rieng,
mang cau, vu sa, mang cut, chom chom, . . . va nhieu loai thuy san.
ac biet, Ben Tre la x s cua Bi Da Xanh (gan 2.000 ha) va rat nhieu
loai da (khoang 40.000 ha), noi tieng vi ac san Keo Da Ben Tre,
Banh Trang My Long, Banh Phong Sn oc. Lang nghe Cai Mn hang nam
cung ng cho th trng hang trieu giong cay an qua va cay canh noi
tieng khap ni. Hnh 2.2: Ban o cac vung co the trong bi: ba huyen
giap bien khong trong c bi do ieu kien t nhien khong phu hp la: Bnh
ai, Ba Tri va Thanh Phu Nguon: Website: www.bentre.gov.vn
38. - 37 - 37 2.1.2 ieu kien t nhien, kinh te xa hoi: ieu kien
t nhien: - Tho nhng: at gom ba nhom chnh: nhom at phu sa, at phen
nhe va at cat pha. - Kh hau: nhiet i gio mua chu anh hng cua bien,
nhiet o trung bnh 27.3o C, chenh lech khong ln gia ngay va em va
gia cac mua trong nam, lanh nhat khoang 23.1 o C va nong nhat
khoang 34 o C. - o am: trung bnh 79.2%, cao nhat vao thang 8 9
khoang 83% va thap nhat vao thang 2 3 khoang 74%. - Lng ma: trung
bnh 1.520mm, mua ma t thang 5 en thang 11 chiem 85% lng ma ca nam.
- Gio: gio Tay Nam trong mua ma t thang 5 en thang 11 va gio ong
Bac trong mua kho t thang 12 en thang 4 nam sau va nc man xam thc
sau vao at lien t thang 3 en thang 4 (thang 2 thang 3 am lch), o
man cao nhat tai Th xa (tren song Ham Luong) khoang 0.6% anh hng en
nguon nc cung cap cho nong nghiep va sinh hoat. Hien trang kinh te
xa hoi: - en cuoi nam 2005, dan so khoang 1.4 trieu ngi, 48.7%
trong o tuoi lao ong. Theo thong ke nam 2004, lao ong trong nong
nghiep chiem 53%, cong nghiep: 29%, thng mai - dch vu va cac nganh
khac: 18%. So ho ngheo chiem 16.4% tong so ho gia nh, so mu ch
chiem 0.6% dan so. - Theo thong ke nam 2004, GDP at 9.086 ty ong,
toc o tang trung bnh t nam 2000 en nam 2004 at 7.5 8%/nam, GDP bnh
quan au ngi at: 6.490.000 ong / ngi / nam. C cau GDP cua tnh la:
cong nghiep 31.3%, nong nghiep: 36.36%, thng mai - dch vu va cac
nganh khac: 32.34%. Hien trang c s ha tang: - Giao thong: Cac ng
giao thong chnh ang c trai nha va bat cau be tong noi lien en cac
xa, cac vung xa th xa va th tran van con nhieu lo a
39. - 38 - 38 o, at bun va cau kh, giao thong ng bo con gap
nhieu kho khan trong mua ma, giao thong bang ng thuy chiem v tr ac
biet quan trong. - ien kh hoa: mang li ien quoc gia ch u phuc vu
cho thap sang va sinh hoat cho cac ho gia nh, cha s dung rong rai
trong san xuat tr ch co tram bm Phu Khng phuc vu ti cho phng 1 va 2
cua th xa, con lai hn 96% s dung ti thu cong, bang ong c ien nho
(moteur HP - 1 HP) va ong c xang, dau. Cung vi cong cuoc oi mi va
cac chnh sach au t phat trien, Ben Tre a cu the hoa va ban hanh mot
so chnh sach u ai, thu hut au t, huy ong moi nguon lc e tang toc
phat trien kinh te tren a ban tnh. Ngay 30- 4-2002, Cong ap Ba Lai
a chnh thc chan bt mot ca cua he thong song Cu Long nham ngan man
ra phen va ti nc ngot cho gan 20.000 ha at thuoc huyen Giong Trom,
Bnh ai va Ba Tri. Cung ngay nay, Ben Tre a khi cong xay dng Cau
Rach Mieu dai hn 3 km vt song Tien, ieu nay co y ngha quan trong m
ra tng lai phat trien kinh te cua vung at nay, a Ben Tre thoat khoi
the oc ao, nhanh chong hoi nhap vi cac tnh ong bang song Cu Long,
tao a phat trien cac mat kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi va bao am an ninh
quoc phong cho toan vung. 2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh va nang lc
san xuat cua tnh 2.2.1 S lc ve Bi Da Xanh Bi da Xanh la mot loai
trai cay co mui, trai kha to va nang: trung bnh 1.4 kg / trai (ca
biet co trai nang en 4.5 kg), dang trai hnh cau, vo trai mau xanh,
khi chn mau xanh nhat hn chuyen sang mau xanh vang, ben trong lp vo
xanh la lp vo em mau hong o nhat, tep bi mau hong o kha am, bo chat
va de tach khoi mui, nc va phai, rat ngot nhng van con v chua va co
mui thm cua trai bi (o brix: 9.5% 12%), ty le tht qua at 55% 60%.
Qua ieu tra thc te, tac gia phan biet hai loai nhng khong ro ret
lam:
40. - 39 - 39 - Loai th nhat: tep bi mem va bam nhau, khong hat
(trai non co nhieu hat nhng khi trai chn hat teo lai va bien mat)
va trai hnh bau duc, loai nay chiem khoang 75%. a so nong dan cho
rang ay la loai nguyen thuy cua Bi Da Xanh (co nguon goc t xa My
Thanh An, th xa Ben Tre) - Loai th hai: tep bi gion va de tach ri
nhau, rat nhieu hat (15 30 hat to / trai), trai hi cao va co num
tren au, loai nay chiem khoang 25%. Mot so nong dan co kinh nghiem
cho rang, trai Bi Da Xanh co hat la do trong xen va c thu phan cheo
t cac loai bi khac hoac loai cay co mui khac. Bi Da Xanh la loai
trai cay co gia tr cao ve mat dinh dng va y hoc. Neu an 100 gram
bi, ta co: 59 calo, nhieu khoang chat va Vitamin nh: Ca: 30mg; P:
21mg; Fe: 0.7mg; Vitamin A: 10 I.A; Vitamin B1: 0.07; Vitamin B2:
0.02, Vitamin C: 11, . . .. Ngoai ra bi noi chung con giup de tieu
hoa va lu thong huyet mach. Bi Da Xanh khong nhng la mot loai trai
cay ngon ma no con em lai hieu qua kinh te kha cao cho ngi trong
(se thay ro phan sau trong chng nay). Ke t nam 1996, vi giai nh tai
Hoi thi trai cay co mui giong tot, Bi Da Xanh ngay cang c nhieu ngi
biet en, ke ca ngi nc ngoai khi an c trai bi ung chat lng, eu co
nhan nh chung ve pham chat tuyet vi cua giong bi nay so vi cac
giong bi khac. Tuy nhien, so vi Bi Nam Roi, cay Bi Da Xanh kho
trong hn va co s chenh lech rat ln ve chat lng trai gia cac vn bi,
gia nhng cay trong vn, tham ch gia nhng trai bi tren cung mot cay.
S khong ong nhat ve chat lng nay cung anh hng ln en viec tieu thu,
ac biet la e xuat khau. 2.2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh hien tai va
qui hoach en nam 2010 Ben Tre co tren 30.000 ha cay an qua vi nhieu
chung loai, trong o cay bi khoang 3.500 ha, rieng Bi Da Xanh hien
nay toan tnh a trong gan 2.000 ha, trong o ch hn 500 ha cay bi ang
cho trai, so con lai ang giai oan cay cham soc (di 3 nam tuoi) phan
bo theo a ban nh sau:
41. - 40 - 40 Bang 2.1: Phan bo dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh hien
nay Vung canh tac Dien tch trong (ha) a co thu hoach (ha) Nang suat
(tan/ha) 1. Huyen Ch Lach 195 34 cha co thong tin chnh xac 2. Huyen
Chau Thanh 365 42 7.6 3. Th xa Ben Tre 450 65 10 4. Huyen Mo Cay
610 345 14.4 5. Huyen Giong Trom 230 38 8.2 6. Cac huyen Bnh ai, Ba
Tri, Thanh Phu di 100 ha cha co thong tin chnh xac Cong 1 950 524
11.9 - Huyen Ch Lach: Bi Da Xanh trong tap trung cac xa Vnh Bnh, Sn
nh, Th tran Ch Lach, Hoa Ngha, Long Thi, Vnh Thanh, cac ni khac
trong rai rac. Theo thong ke s bo, en cuoi nam 2005, dien tch trong
gan 200 ha nhng ch mi co khoang 34 ha cay co trai ang thu hoach (so
co trai chiem 17.5% / tong so trong), so con lai la cay bi t 1 en 3
nam tuoi. Cha co thong ke chnh xac nang suat cua khu vc nay nhng
theo mot so nhan nh ban au nang suat kha cao so vi cac vung khac. -
Huyen Chau Thanh: dien tch trong kha nhieu nhng so nam tuoi cay bi
con thap nen nang suat cha cao, ch co 11.5% cay bi ang cho trai. Bi
Da Xanh trong tap trung cac xa Tng a, Tan Phu, Tan Thach, Qui Sn, -
Th xa Ben Tre: trong tap trung cac xa My Thanh An, Nhn Thanh, Phu
Nhuan va rai rac hau het cac xa. Phng thc: a so trong xen canh
trong vn da hoac loai cay an trai khac, nang suat at 10 tan / ha oi
vi cay Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
42. - 41 - 41 bi 6 7 nam tuoi. Theo so thong ke cha ay u, nam
2004 th xa a thu tren 400 tan bi. - Huyen Mo Cay: hien la ni trong
nhieu nhat va cung co so cay va lng bi ang thu hoach nhieu nhat.
Nang suat cao do cay bi a ln (7 en 12 nam tuoi). Hien nay Bi Da
Xanh c trong rai rac khap cac xa cua huyen Mo Cay, ca biet co mot
so ho nong dan trong chuyen canh en vai ha bi. - Huyen Giong Trom:
ang trong them rat nhieu nen hau het cay bi con giai oan cay cham
soc (di 3 nam tuoi), cha co thu hoach nhieu va nang suat cung kha
cao. - Cac huyen khac: Bnh ai co trong mot so nhng khong nhieu phan
bo tap trung pha au (thng nguon) cua cu lao An Hoa, va chu yeu la
cay bi t 1 en 3 nam tuoi. Huyen Ba Tri va Thanh Phu hau nh khong co
do ieu kien tho nhng khong phu hp. Tom lai, tnh Ben Tre en cuoi nam
2005 co khoang 524 ha cay Bi Da Xanh ang cho trai vi nang suat
khoang 11.9 tan / ha. Bang 2.2: Hng qui hoach cac vung trong Bi Da
Xanh en nam 2010 Vung canh tac Dien tch trong (ha) Ghi chu 1. Huyen
Ch Lach 1.000 trien khai tren 5 xa 2. Huyen Chau Thanh 1.000 19 xa
3. Th xa Ben Tre 500 4 xa 4. Huyen Mo Cay 1.000 14 xa 5. Huyen
Giong Trom 500 6 xa 6. Cac huyen Bnh ai, Ba Tri, Thanh Phu 0 - Cong
4.000 Nguon: Khung Chng trnh phat trien Bi Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre -
UBND tnh Ben Tre-thang 9/2005
43. - 42 - 42 Nh vay: dien tch trong d kien tang dan en gap oi
vao nam 2010 va dien tch cay bi ang cho trai tang gap 8 lan vao nam
2013. Chung ta co the c lng bang o th sau ve dien tch trong bi Ben
Tre va dien tch cay bi ang cho trai. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DT
cay trong DT cay co thu hoach Nam Hien nay, ngoai ke hoach a len nh
tren, tnh Ben Tre con hoach nh mot chien lc lau dai nham qui hoach,
khuyen khch nong dan trong Bi Da Xanh vi qui mo tap trung, tham
canh vi dien tch len en 10.000 ha nhng cha co qui hoach vung trong
bi va thi gian cu the. 2.2.3 Nang lc san xuat hien tai va tng lai
en nam 2010 Theo thong tin chung cua tnh Ben Tre th nang suat bi
cua toan tnh at 11.9 tan/ha/nam. Nhng theo so lieu ieu tra c t 135
ho nong dan trong bi a co thu hoach th so cay bi trong tren 1.000
m2 la 36 cay nhng trung bnh ch co 73.85% la tot va co thu hoach,
moi cay bi cho 35.65 trai/nam, moi trai can nang 1.4 kg (t 1.2 1.6
kg / trai). Chung ta tnh c nang suat bi tren 1.000 m2 nh sau: 36
cay x 73.85% x 35.65 trai/cay x 1.4 kg/trai = 1.327 kg (tng ng 13.2
tan/ha/nam) T o, ta c lng c khoi lng Bi Da Xanh san xuat Ben Tre nh
sau: Hnh 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh Nguon: tac gia
tnh toan theo ke hoach cua tnh
44. - 43 - 43 Bang 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch va san lng Bi qua
cac nam Nam 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Trong (ha) 550 1,047 1,544 1,950 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 Cho trai
(ha) 150 284 354 524 1,016 1,508 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 San
lng (tan) 1,974 3,752 4,676 6,917 13,411 19,906 26,400 33,000
39,600 46,200 52,800 Ghi chu: 1. So lieu t nam 2002 en 2006 la tng
oi xac thc; 2. T nam 2007 en 2009 la so lieu c lng theo lng cay con
a trong, so nay ang tin cay. 3. T nam 2010 tr ve sau la so c lng
theo qui hoach cua tnh, so nay se phu thuoc rat ln vao gia ban bi
trong khoang t nay en nam 2009. Do vay, e tai ch tap trung phan tch
so lieu en nam 2010 S d lng bi tang manh t nam 2005 tr ve sau la do
chnh sach khuyen khch trong bi bat au t 3 nam trc o (nam 2002).
Trong nong nghiep noi chung va oi vi Bi Da Xanh noi rieng, cac yeu
to anh hng lam tang san lng tac ong rat cham do vong quay rat dai
(t ba en bon nam). Do o o co gian cua san lng theo gia va cac yeu
to khac nh qui hoach va cac chnh sach kinh te cua tnh se phat huy t
sau ba en bon nam. 2.3 Tnh hnh san xuat va tieu thu thc te e anh
gia c hien trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh, tac gia a to
chc khao sat thc te tai hau het cac xa cua bon huyen va th xa Ben
Tre vi 135 ho nong dan. oi tng c chon la nhng nong dan trong bi e
ban (trong thng mai) mau ieu tra phai at c ca hai ieu kien sau: -
Dien tch trong: toi thieu 1.000 m2 - So goc bi ang co thu hoach:
toi thieu 20 goc Nguon: tong hp t nhieu nguon
45. - 44 - 44 2.22% 1.48% 11.85% 84.44% t 1.000 en 5.000 m2
6.000 - 10.000 m2 11.000 - 19.000 m2 t 2 ha tr len 2.3.1 Tnh hnh
san xuat thc te a so cac ho nong dan nhan xet Bi Da Xanh kho trong
hn cac loai bi khac, oi hoi ieu kien cham soc khat khe hn va chat
lng rat khac nhau ng vi nhng ieu kien cham soc khac nhau. 2.3.1.1
Ve qui mo Ch co 1 / 135 mau khao sat la trang trai vi dien tch 2ha,
con lai la ho nong dan san xuat nong nghiep, cha tm c mot hp tac xa
hay mot nong trng nao. Hau het cac ho eu trong bi vi qui mo rat
nho, xem hnh 2.4 chung ta thay: co en 84.44% cac ho nong dan trong
t 5.000 m2 tr xuong, 81.48% so ho trong t hn 200 goc bi va ch co
1.48% so ho trong t 2 ha tr len, 5.19% so ho trong tren 400 cay bi.
Viec san xuat nho le va phan tan nh the nay se rat kho ap dung ky
thuat vao san xuat cung nh ap dung cac qui trnh san xuat tien tien
nh trong bi sach va an toan theo qui trnh GAP v san xuat theo qui
trnh nay can au t ung mc ve con ngi va ky thuat (xem giai phap 1
chng 3). Hau het cac ho trong xen trong vn da hoac cac loai cay an
trai khac v mot so l do: th nhat: bi can nang va nhiet o va phai
(tot nhat t 29 31o C), th hai: khi cay bi con nho th cac loai cay
khac van cho thu hoach. ieu nay anh hng en chat lng cua trai bi sau
nay. 2.3.1.2 Giong va ky thuat canh tac Qui mo: theo dien tch trong
Qui mo: theo so goc bi 23.70% 21.48%36.30% 13.33% 5.19% T 20 - 60
goc 61 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 400 tren 400 goc Hnh 2.4: Qui mo san
xuat bi Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
46. - 45 - 45 Cac vn bi tac gia khao sat co nam tuoi cay bi
phan tan rai rac t 3 en hn 12 nam tuoi, ca biet co mot so ho nong
nang a thay cay bi gia, trong mi lai nhieu lan. Ngoai ra, co rat
nhieu cay con cha co trai (cay di 3 nam tuoi - chiem 50.58% so cay
bi trong vn). Mat o trong trung bnh 5m x 5m / cay (35-40 cay/1.000
m2). Ve bon phan va thuoc: 100% co s dung phan vo c bon cho cay bi,
pho bien nhat la NPK 20-20-15, bon ba en bon lan moi nam. Hau het
(94%) cac ho nong dan co s dung phan hu c (phan chuong) va boi bun
(phu sa lang tu di ao) moi nam mot lan. 20% s dung phan rm ra muc,
phan rac va 40% co s dung phan bon la e phun vao thi ky trai non
ket hp vi phun thuoc tr sau benh. Hau het cac ho eu co s dung thuoc
bao ve thc vat, ch co 6% khong s dung bat ky loai thuoc bao ve thc
vat nao. Hau het bon phan va phun thuoc theo cam tnh khong theo mot
tai lieu nao thong nhat tr mot vai ho co ghi chep ve loai thuoc,
lieu lng, cach bon va ngay thc hien (nhng ho nay c huan luyen ky
thuat t s hp tac vi Vien Nghien cu Cay an qua Mien Nam). Ve con
trung, sau benh: theo nhng nong dan co kinh nghiem, cay bi se co
nguy c mac cac loai sau benh sau: ray mem, rep sap, bo xt, kien la,
moi va sau ve bua la. Mot so loai thuoc tr sau co hieu qua tc th
nhng sau benh rat de tai lai khong lau sau o, phat tan va lay lan t
cay nay sang cay khac va sang vn khac. Ch khoang 30% so ho nhan
dien c benh vang la Greening, rat nhieu ngi cho rang cay b vang la
do thieu dinh dng, thoi re. Mot so ho con phong tr sau benh bang
cach quet voi vao goc cay va tam voi cho cay nh ky, mot so ngi khac
cha that sach cay bi hang tuan (bang ban chai va nc ra) e tay nam
moc, S a dang hoa cac loai thuoc hoa hoc phong tr sau benh, thuoc
dng cay cung nh viec s dung khong theo bon ung (ung thuoc, ung lieu
lng, ung cach va ung luc), cong vi viec s dung nguon nc ti khong
bao am lam tch luy nhng chat oc nh: goc lan, clo, cac loai kim loai
nang nh ch, thuy
47. - 46 - 46 ngan, . . . trong qua bi lam anh hng en sc khoe
ngi tieu dung, o nhiem moi trng va d nhien rat kho xuat khau c.
Chat lng trai bi khong bao am va khong the truy tm nguyen goc ni
san xuat nh hien nay la rao can ln nhat oi vi viec hoi nhap va canh
tranh tren th trng khu vc va the gii. Theo ket qua khao sat, a so
cac vn bi tnh trang kha tot, ty le cay xau tang dan theo nam tuoi,
so nam thu hoach cua cay bi keo dai t 5 en 10 nam (tc cay bi song t
8 en 13 nam tuoi), trai cua cay bi cang gia th cang nho nhng vo
cang mong va chat lng bi cang ngon, tnh trang cu the nh sau: Bang
2.4: Tnh trang cay bi Tnh trang cay bi So mau khao sat Ty le (%)
Tot 51 37.8% Kha tot 59 43.7% Trung bnh 25 18.5% Xau 0 0.0% Cong
135 100% Viec la chon va quyet nh trong cay Bi Da Xanh chu yeu da
vao gia trai cay hien tai va ieu kien tho nhng phu hp (chiem 67.6
%). Tuy nhien, phan ln van rat e ngai gia trai bi se giam khi san
lng san xuat nhieu nh tnh trang cua nhan, chom chom, long mc
(sa-po), xoai cat va mot so loai cay an trai khac trc ay. Ch tieu u
tien e la chon trong cay Bi Da Xanh nh sau: Bang 2.5: Ch tieu nha
nong la chon trong Bi Da Xanh Ch tieu la chon cay bi S thch De tieu
thu Ban c gia cao ieu kien at phu hp Cong So la chon 29 39 73 69
210 Ty le (%) 13.8% 18.6% 34.8% 32.9% 100.0% Nguon: ket qua khao
sat cua tac gia Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
48. - 47 - 47 Do mau khao sat la nhng nong dan co bi ang thu
hoach, nen co en 54.5% so ho t chiet canh, t ghep cay e trong.
Khoang 23% mua cay bi ghep goc Volkamriana, theo ho giong cay ghep
nay co sc chong choi sau benh tot hn va chat lng trai khong khac
nhieu so vi cay bi chiet canh. 3.0% 54.5% 19.4% 23.0% at hang khi a
xem vn cay ang cho trai Ban dao, khong ro nguon goc Vn m chuyen ban
cay giong T chiet, t ghep cay con e trong Cach ay vai nam ngi dan
mua giong nhieu cac ghe ban dao va ho a trai qua nhng kinh nghiem
cay ang: cay bi cho trai khong ung giong yeu cau, trai bi ang, kho
nc va khong ban c, ac biet la giong bi ghep T Qu (ra trai bon mua)
cho trai rat nhieu nhng mui bi kho khong co nc. Ch tnh rieng ve thi
gian, nha vn cung thiet mat khoang t 3 en 5 nam. Ngay nay, hau het
nong dan khong dam mua giong bi ben ngoai, tham ch cac vn cay giong
ho cung khong tin tng lam v khong co g bao am, v the co di 1/4 cay
giong c mua cac vn m, con hau het eu t chiet canh trong vn cay cua
ho. Theo TS. Nguyen Minh Chau, Vien Nghien cu Cay an qua Mien Nam
(SOFRI) th hien tai giong cay c bay ban tran lan, cac c quan chc
nang khong the kiem soat noi, v the giong cay dom la chuyen dai,
cha co hoi ket. au la nguyen nhan? Cung theo ong Chau, cac trung
tam giong cua cac trung tam khuyen nong ch co the ap ng 10% giong
cay sach benh vi gia kha cao (50.000/cay), 90% con lai do cac thanh
phan khac cung cap. Theo TS. Le Th Thu Hong. SOFRI, giong cay co
mui chu yeu c san xuat khu vc t nhan, qui mo nho, thieu c s vat
chat toi thieu phuc vu san xuat cay giong chat Hnh 2.5: o th ni mua
giong cay Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
49. - 48 - 48 lng cao, trong khi kenh phan phoi linh hoat nen
giong kem chat lng chiem u the tren th trng. Ve pha ngi dan, au t
cho giong cay sach benh qua cao nen ho chuyen hng sang t san xuat
hoac mua nhng nguon khac re hn. Khi c hoi lieu giong cay cua nha
nong co an toan hay khong, th 63% nong dan cho rang giong cay bi
mnh trong la an toan. Tuy nhien, vi ni cung cap giong nh tren th e
rang co en 90% giong cay trong con nhieu rui ro, ma ngi ganh chu
thiet hai chnh la ngi trong cay. Bang 2.6: Ty le cay giong an toan
theo anh gia cua nong dan Giong cay trong So mau Ty le (%) An toan
85 63% Khong 9 7% Khong biet 41 30% Cong 135 100% Viec s dung giong
cay kem chat lng a giam nhieu (con ch khoang 3% mua giong cay khong
ro nguon goc) nhng giong cay sach benh cha c chu y, ieu o cung lam
giam ang ke ve nang suat, pham chat trai bi va tuoi tho cay bi.
Viec chiet canh nhng canh cay co o tuoi khac nhau, canh bao nhieu
tuoi la tot nhat, tieu chuan cay bi c chiet canh ra sao, ky thuat
thc hien nh the nao, , nhng cau hoi nay khong nhng nha nong khong
tra li c ma cac nha khoa hoc cung ang tm nhng bien phap hoan thien.
ieu nay cong vi viec trong xen canh la nguyen nhan chnh lam cho
chat lng trai bi khong ong nhat, anh hng xau en viec tieu thu. Phap
lenh ve Giong cay trong a thc thi vao thang 7 nam 2004 la cong cu
quan ly giong cay trong nhng no cha i sau vao cac ngo ngach va tng
nha nong nen cha thc s co tac dung. Viec cham soc cay bi c hoc qua
t rut kinh nghiem ban than va trao oi kinh nghiem trong xom, trong
to la chu yeu (chiem 65.6%), phan ln cac xa cha co hoi khuyen nong
(tr cac xa thuoc a ban th xa Ben Tre), tai lieu th Nguon: ket qua
khao sat cua tac gia