THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA

Objects and Specimens

Objects- concrete materials such as plants, animals, tools, and artifacts

Specimens- a part or aspect of some item that is a typical sample of the character of others in its same class or group- enable us to learn many things that would otherwise be unobtainable

Points to Consider in Using Objects and Specimens for Teaching

1. Develop a purpose for using them2. Provide opportunities for students to

work with or to manipulate3. Present just enough at a time4. Present in a dramatic way

Advantages1. less abstract, more concrete2. attracts attention3. students become more familiar with objects

Limitations1. need bigger storage2. prone to possible damage3. some have limitation in availability

Models and Mock-upsModels

- modified real things, reproductions of costly or delicate items- replicas of real objects which may be larger or smaller than the real thing- can be made to show interior view of objects and they can be simplified to any extent desired in order that the basic concept represented may be communicated most adequately

Varied Purposes of Models1. when real objects are too small or too large to bring into the classroom2. to present subject matter involving the past and the future3. physical inaccessibility

4.abstract construction5. to explain processes

Types of Models1. Solid Models

- used mainly for recognizing external features

2. Cross-section Model / Cut-away Models- show the internal structures

3.Construction Models- models which can be assembled and disassembled to show relationship of parts to a whole

4. Working Models- indicate how the things being represented operate

Mock-up- arrangement of a real device or associated devices, displayed in such a way that representation of reality is created- may be simplified in order to emphasize certain features- a special model where parts or a model is singled out, heightened, and magnified in order to focus on that part

Advantages1. Learners can examine which may not

be easy with the real object2. Learners can handle and operate3. Create high interest and permit close-

up observation of how it works4. Can provide learning experiences that

real objects cannot provide5. Can illustrate basic operation of a real

device and provide important details6. Allow independent study7. Make classroom discussion more

effective

Limitations1. Require tedious work2. Expensive3. Might distort some real concepts4. Big or heavy models may be

difficult to handle for actual lecture

Diorama- of Greek origin which means “to see

through”- a 3D representation of events, ideas

or concepts against a scenic background

- miniature scene in 3D treatment meant to replicate reality

Principal Parts of DioramaPainted

Background

Case or Stage

3D Middle and

Foreground

Objects

Advantages1. Have intrinsic value2. Allow us to compare past and

present conditions3. Help us make connections to the

real world4. Develops students’ creativity5. Can be viewed, handled, and

examined by students6. Adds interest and meaning to the

lesson

Limitations1. Demands a bigger space in terms of

use and storage2. Expensive3. Easily damaged

Puppets- are artificial figures whose

movements are controlled by a person

- are moved by hand, strings, wires or rods

- are made to represent a person, animal, plant or an object

Types of Puppets1. Shadow Puppets

- 2D in nature, normally controlled by rods that are much thinner than the typical ones that are used to support the rod puppet- makes use of a translucent screen and a light source

2. Rod Puppets- flat, cut-out figures tacked on a stick, with one or more movable parts and operated from below the stage level by wire or slender sticks

3.Hand Puppets- made to slip over the hand like a glove- puppet’s head is operated by the forefinger, the little finger and thumb are used to animate the puppet’s hands

4.Glove-and-finger Puppets- make use of old gloves to which small costumed figures are attached

5.Marionettes- suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above - generally constructed of wood with articulating joints that replicate those of human beings- requires greater manipulative control than an finger, glove or rod puppet

Advantages1. Boost active participation among students2. Stirring and attention-getting3. Fascination of the inanimate objects4. Enjoyable and spontaneous learning

experience5. Students become more creative

Limitations1. Time consuming2. Expensive3. Demands extra effort4. Can compete with the teacher

Principles in Choosing Puppet Play for Teaching

1. Do not use puppets for plays that can be done just as well or better by another dramatic means

2. Puppet play must be based on actions rather than words

3. Keep plays short4. Do not omit the possibilities of

music and dancing as part of the show

5. Adapt in all respect to your audience

6. Do not hesitate to adapt puppet play

Resource Person as an Instructional Medium Resource Person –

someone invited to talk about something

Consider the following when inviting and using a resource speaker:1. engage the expert2. clarify the purposes of the visit3. subject should be of educational relevance and value to the students

Consider the following when inviting and using a resource speaker (cont.):

4. speaker should not tend to disrupt the educational program5. info to be discussed should be appropriate to the age and maturity of students6. teacher should remain in the classroom throughout the presentation

Introducing the Speaker/s1.Prepare what you are going to say2. Follow the TIS formula

T – topic / title of speaker’s talkI – importance of the topicS – speaker’s outstanding

qualifications3. Announce speaker’s name distinctly

and clearly4. Be enthusiastic about the speaker

Things to Remember when Invited as a Resource Speaker

1. Restrict subject to fit the time at your disposal

2. Arrange ideas in sequence3. Enumerate points as you make them4. Compare the strange with the familiar5. Turn a fact into a picture6. Avoid technical terms7. Use appropriate media8. Speak with contagious enthusiasm9. Show respect and affection to your

audience10. Begin in a friendly way

When delivering the talk…..1. Crash thoroughly your shell of self-

consciousness2. Don’t try to imitate others3. Converse with your audience4. Put your heart into your speaking5. Practice making your voice strong

and flexible

Advantages1. Less preparation on the part of the

teacher2. Thorough discussion of the topic3. It might add enthusiasm to the audience

if the speaker is good

Limitations1. Hassle in searching for the suitable

speaker2. It might confuse the audience if the

speaker is not good enough3. Less enthusiasm from the audience if

the speaker is boring