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The JAZ family of repressors is the missinglink in jasmonate signalling
A. Chini, S. Fonseca, G. Ferna´ndez, B. Adie, J. M. Chico, O. Lorenzo, G. Garcı´a-Casado, I. Lo´pez-Vidriero, F. M. Lozano, M. R. Ponce, J. L. Micol & R. Solano
November 13th , Tuesday, 2007
Kihye Shin
NATURE Vol 448 9 August 2007
Jasmine
Jasmonates
JA and MeJA inhibit the germination of nondormant seeds and stimulate the germina-tion of dormant seeds
High levels of JA encourage the accumulation of storage proteins; genes encoding vegetative storage proteins are JA responsive and tuberonic acid (a JA derivative) has been proposed to play a role in the formation of tubers
JA application can induce chlorosis and inhibition of genes encoding proteins in-volved in photosynthesis, although the purpose of this response is unknown it is proposed that this response to JA could help reduce the plant's capacity for carbon assimilation under conditions of excess light or carbon
The role of JA accumulation in flowers and fruit is unknown; however, it may be re-lated to fruit ripening (via ethylene), fruit carotenoid composition, and expression of genes encoding seed and vegetative storage proteins
JA plays a role in insect and disease resistance. Many genes during plant defense are induced by JA; JA and ethylene may act together in defense response
Jasmonates
key regulators of plant responses to environmental stresses and biotic challenges
ozone exposure Wounding water deficit pathogen and pest attack
involved in important plant developmental processes
root growth Tuberization fruit ripening tendril coiling reproductive development senescence
Jasmonate signaling pathway
JA
COI1(SCF complex)
AtMYC2
DHS1, VSP1, LEC
Reduced sensitivity to JA mutants
Mutant Characteristics (screen/phenotype) Gene
coi1
Reduced root growth inhibition and anthocyanin accumulation by coronatine (and JA). Male-sterile. Enhanced sensitivity to A. brassicicola, Pythium irregulare and Bradysia impatiens.
F-box leucine-rich re-peat (LRR) (At2 g39940)
jar1/jin4/jai2
Reduced root growth inhibition by MeJA. Enhanced sensitivity to Pythium irregu-lare.
JA–amino synthetase (At2 g46370)
jin1/jai1
Reduced root growth inhibition by JA. AtMYC2 is a nuclear-localised bHLHzip transcription factor.
AtMYC2 (At1 g32640)
jai3 Reduced root growth inhibition by JA in ein3 background.
mpk4
Alteration in the expression of JA- and SA-response genes. Dwarf phenotype. AtMPK4 (At4 g01370)
jai4/sgt1b Reduced root growth inhibition by JA in the ein3 background. SGT1b (At4 g11260)
axr1 Reduced root growth inhibition by MeJA.RUB-activating en-zyme E1 (At1 g05180)
jue1–3 Reduced expression of pLOX2::LUC.
oji1
Enhanced sensitivity to ozone. Reduced root growth inhibition by MeJA.Reduced expression of VSP.
Identification of jai Mutants
Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenized ein3-3 plantsmutants were insensitive to JA
JASMONATE-INSENSITIVE1 (JAI1/JIN1). JIN1 encodes AtMYC2, a nuclear-localized basic helixloop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor, whose expression is rapidly upregulated by JA, in a CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1–dependent manner
Thirty-one genes showed a lower expression in the jai3-1 mutant
Table S1: Differentially expressed genes in jai3-1 vs wild-type plants , after JA treatment (FDR<0.1 and a log ratio >0.5/ <-0.5 in at least one experiment). 35S:AtMYC2 values are also included for comparison. A, signal value (in log scale), M, signal log ratio, FDR, false discovery rate p-values
JAI3-dependent gene expression
Meta-analysis of downregulated genes showedthat most of them were upregulated by jasmonate in wild-type plants
wild-type JAI3 is required for a complete response to jasmonate and that the dominant jai3-1 mutation represses jasmonate-dependent gene expression
identification of JAI3
A positional cloning approach
identify At3g17860 as the mutated gene in the jai3-1 mutant
JAZ (jasmonate ZIM-domain proteins)
a member of a previously uncharacterized family of 12 proteins of un-known biochemical function
JAZ (jasmonate ZIM-domain proteins)
Phenogram representation of the neighbour-joining for proteins
JAZ proteins show domain simi-larity with transcription factors,such as ZIM1 and CON-STANS (CO) that may imply a function as transcriptional regu-lators.
none of the JAZs contains any known DNA-binding domain
identification of jai3-1 mutants
Sequencing of At3g17860 genomic DNA in the jai3-1 mutantidentified a G to A transition in the splicing acceptor site of its 5th intron
lacking the C-terminal domain and including 14 extra amino acids en-coded by the fifth intron
dominant jasmonate-insensitive phenotype of jai3-1
the importance of the C-terminal domain in the regulation of JAI3 activity
physical interaction between JAI3and COI1 proteins
enrichment of [35S]JAI3 in amylose resins containing maltose binding protein (MBP)–COI1 compared to MBP controls
COI1 interacts with the JAI3 N terminus (containing the ZIM domain), but not with its C terminus (containing the C-terminal domain)
proteasome degradation of JAI3
JAI3–GFP (green fluorescent protein) in wild-type
disappeared after jasmonate treatmentThe proteasome-specific inhibitor MG132 blocked JAI3 degradation
the 26S proteasome in jasmonate-mediated JAI3 removal
proteasome degradation of JAI3
JAI3–GFP (green fluorescent protein) in coi1-1
JAI3 is a target of SCFCOI1
proteasome degradation of JAI3
the C-terminal domain is required for JAI3 instability in response to jasmonate, degradation of JAI3 is required for jasmonatesensitivity.
JAI3∆C–GFP (green fluorescent protein) in wild-type
Proteasome-mediated, COI1-dependent degradation of JAI3 in vitro.
Prevention of proteasome-mediated degradation of JAI3 by JAI3ΔC inNicotiana benthamiana leaves.
Regulation of MYC2 by JAI3
Regulation of MYC2 by JAI3
MYC2 interacts with MBP–JAI3∆N, containing the C-terminal domain
JAI3 interacts with the N terminus of MYC2
Yeast two-hybrid interactionsbetween JAI3, MYC2
Interaction model
MYC2
SCF COI1
ZIMJAI3
Regulation of MYC2 by JAI3
most of the genes showing a lower expression in jai3-1 than in wild-type plants after jasmonate treatment are regulated by MYC2
JAI3 represents the missing molecular link be-tween the two wellestablished steps of the jas-monate signalling pathway, SCFCOI1 andthe transcription factor regulating jasmonate-de-pendent transcriptional reprogramming
Functional redundancy among JAZ proteins
other JAZ proteins (for example, JAZ1) also interact with COI1 and MYC2, and are similarly degraded by the proteasome
Feed-back regulation of JAZ genes by MYC2
JA–Ile
Figure |S7. Proteasome degradation of JAI3 in vitro requires JAR1 modification of JA.Quantification of [35S]JAI3 residual protein following incubation with cellular extracts fromjar1 mutant plants after indicated treatments and incubation times. JA: 50 μM JA; MG132:200 μM of the proteasome specific inhibitor MG132. Control, - JA. The values plotted are the mean (+ standard deviation) of three indepen-dent experiments
The requirement of JAR1 for JAI3 degra-dation after JA treatment, but not after coronatine treatment, suggests that a JA-derivative (likely JA-Ile) is the active hormone rather than JA itself. Moreover, coronatine may also be an active ana-logue
JAZ (jasmonate ZIM-domain proteins)
Identification and analysis of eight JAZ pro-teins in Arabidopsis
Deletion of domain 3 of JAZ1 produces a dom-inant, jasmonate resistant phenotype
Analysis of JAZ1–GUS function
JA–Ile-dependent interaction between COI1 and JAZ1 in yeast
Interaction between tomato COI1 and JAZ1 in yeast was also de-pendent on the presence of JA–Ile, and was not stimulated by jasmonate, MeJA or OPDA
Specificity of jasmonate action in a cell-free system
COI1 and JAZ1 interact physically, and that the interaction is promoted in a highly specific manner by JA–Ile
summary
a, In the absence of JA, JAI3 interacts through its N-terminal (ZIM-containing) portion with COI1 and through its CT domain with AtMYC2 maintaining this TF inactive. b, Upon JA perception, SCFCOI1 promotes the ubiquitination of JAI3 and its subsequent degradation by the 26S pro-teasome. JAI3 degradation liberates AtMYC2 that subsequently activates transcription of early JA responsive genes (includingJAZs). Expression of JAI3 and other JAZs restores the un-in-duced situation by re-repressing AtMYC2
summary
The mutated JAI3ΔC protein is resistant to proteasome degradation. Continuous binding of JAI3ΔC to SCFCOI1 prevents ubiquitination and degradation of JAI3 and otherJAZs, thus maintaining AtMYC2 inactive
Discussion
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