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THE IBERIAN PENINSULAIN THE MIDDLE AGE
Reconquest review
STAGES OFTHE RECONQUEST
What:When:Where:Why
Reconquest review
CAUSES OF THE MUSLIMINVASION
What:
When:Where:
Why? Reason 1
Why? Reson 2
Why? Reason 3
More reasons…
Reconquest review
STAGES:
POLITICS
CULTURE
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
AL ANDALUSWhat: Muslimkingdoms in Ib.Peninsula.When:8-11th cent.Why: conquest and Muslim hegemony
Reconquest review
POLITICS SOCIETY
CHRISTIANKINGDOMSWhat: expansionWhen: 11-13thWhere: Iber.Pen. &MediterraneanWhy: More military and political power
CASTILLA:
ARAGON:
EXPANSIONRECONQUEST
ARAGON:
CASTILLA
ECONOMY
CASTILLAHow is the crisis?
ARAGONHow is the crisis?
Pol society
Economy
Pol soc
Economy
CRISISWhat: CrisisWhen: 14th-15th c.Where: AllEurope, includingIb.Pen.Why: BlackDeath, fallOf population…
THE RECONQUEST• Three stages:
1. VIII- XI century: Muslim hegemony.– Emirate, Caliphate and taifa kingdoms.– Little Christian kingdoms: Asturias, Navarra, Marca
2. XII-XIII century: Christian expansion - Rise of Castilla and Aragon as main powers.
3. XIV-XV century: Late middle age. - Crisis and recovery. - Muslim kingdom of Granada.
- Fall of Granada (1492)
The Muslim expansion
THE MUSLIM HEGEMONYVIII-XI centuries.
NAVARRAREINO ASTUR-LEONES
MARCA HISPÁNICA
The mosquee in Córdoba (VIII-X).Almanzor’s extension.
Double arch
Horseshoe arch
chapitel
THE CALIPHATECordoba reached its peak ofstrenght in the X century. Itbecame the biggest cityIn Europe and its mainTrade center.
Medina Azahara (IX-X century)
This is the court of caliphAbdarramán III, what can youdescribe here?
This is the court of caliphAbdarramán III, what can youdescribe here? An embassy
of Jewish peopleis visitingthe caliph
Scribes and poets
scientists
musiciens
The caliphIs giving an audience
ViziersAdvisers
During the X centuryThe caliphate reachedIts peak of military power
Almanzor captures Santiago’sBells and brings them to Cordoba
• SOCIETY: It was typically Muslim. However, the conquest created a complex society where minorities like Christians and Jews played an important role.
The economy
Al Andalus became a great trading centre, working as intermediate between EuropeAnd Africa and Middle East. It was an easy task since all Islam enjoyed the same currency:the golden DINHAR.
COVADONGA,THE BEGINNINGOF RECONQUEST:MYTH AND HISTORY
THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS
RECONQUEST (CHRISTIAN SIDE)• EARLY MIDDLE AGE: Little kingdoms in the North,
Asturias, Navarra and the marca hispánica. They were quite poor compared with the Caliphate.
MIDDLE AGE (XI-XIII)Creation of the crown of Castilla-
León and Aragón
LATE MIDDLE AGE (XIV-XV)Crisis and recovery. End of the
Reconquest.
KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS-LEÓN
In the North west, aChrisitian kingdoms Emerged: theKingdom of Asturias-León(VIII-X century)
Santa María del Naranco (Oviedo, IX century)Palace of the kings.
With Alfonso III (end of IX century)the kingdomwon enough Strenght To dominate The Duerovalley
In the east, little counties were founded by frank influenceLater they won their independence.
THE EXPANSIONOF THE CHRISTIANKINGDOMS
XI – XIII centuries.
SECOND STAGE
FROM THE CID CAMPEADORTo LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA.Between the second half of XI century toThe end of XIII century, the ChristiansReconquered most of the iberian peninsulaAnd became the hegemonic powers in This territory.
The Cid Campeador was a mercenary., fighting sometimesIn the Muslim side.
The Christian Resettlement:Different stages.(private lords take land)
Castle of Peñafiel
Society was very similar to the Feudal Europe: * Priviledged (nobility and church)* Not priviledged (peasants).Trade and money was in hands of minorities like the jews.
THE SOCIETY:The war against the MuslimCreated a spirit of crusade.Religion and warfare had aStrong impact on the population.
However, during a longtime, three cultures livedTogether and tolerate Themselves: Jews, MuslimsAnd Christians.
POLITICS: The iberian monarchies concentratedgenerally speaking, more powerThan other European Monarchies.
CORTES:Assemblies where the main towns of the kingdom were represented
THE MODERN CORTES, elected democratically by all theCitizens.
The growth of the castilllianEconomy was based in the Exportation of raw materials,Especially wool, very appreciateIn North Europe for clothes making.
THE ECONOMY Flock of “Merina” Sheeps
The trade in Castilla was developed in big cities like Seville or northern ports.Cataluña had even a strong impact in the mediterranean sea, with the city ofBarcelona.
THE ECONOMY:TRADE ROUTES
THE FINAL STAGE OFRECONQUEST
CRISISAND FINALCAMPAIGN(GUERRADE GRANADA)
THE CRISISIN THE XIV CENTURYAnd BLACK DEATH
SOCIAL RIOTS:MURDER OF JEWS IN BARCELONA, 1391
SOCIAL UNREST:The economic crisisLed to peasant riots and created an atmosphereHostile to tolerance in towns
CIVIL WARS:KING AUTHORITYWEAKENS AND NOBILITYRISES AS POLITICAL AGENT
Recreation of the deathOf Pedro I in hands of His brother Enrique(1369)
ISABELDE CASTILLAQueen in 1476
FERNANDOII DE ARAGÓNKing in 1479
Married since1469, and ruling together in both
kingdoms
THE BEGINNING OF A SPANISH MONARCHY
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 15TH CENTURY
THE GRANADA WAR
1476
1512
1492
The fall of Granada (1492)
THE END OF RECONQUSTA:The Granada war (1482-1492)And the end of the muslim Kingdom in Spain.
Boabdil, Last king of Granada, gives the keys of the city
The Catholicmonarchs
The beginning of modern age: 1492
The catholic monarchs planted the seeds of what should be Spain later
Consequences Evidences
WHAT WERETHECONSEQUENCES OF AN UNITED KINGDOM?
Militarystrenght
Monarchs More powerful
Social stabilty
Economic development
Cultural development
New weapons:Victories: Bigger armies, new conquest
Burocracy. Power over nobility
End of civil wars No more social riots .
More trade to Europe New currency More production
Deeper contact with other cultures (arabs, jews)
Consequences Evidences
WHAT WERETHECONSEQUENCES OF AN UNITED KINGDOM?
Militarystrenght
Monarchs More powerful
Social stabilty
Economic development
Cultural development
New weapons: gun powder.Victories: Granada Napoles Bigger armies, new conquest
Burocracy and equal rules. Power over nobility(Cáceres)
End of civil wars (Beltraneja) No more social riots . More trade to Europe (wool)
New currency (ducado) More production (agriculture)
Deeper contact with other cultures (jews were expelled, intolerance)
AS A CONCLUSION,WAS IT POSITIVEOR NEGATIVE FOROUR HISTORY?
T
T
T
F
T
ART AND CULTURE INTHE MIDDLE AGE:
AL ANDALUSAND CHRISTIAN
KINGDOMS
THE ART AND CULTURE IN AL ANDALUS
THE ART AND CULTURE IN AL ANDALUS
Giralda XII century
ALHAMBRA, GRANADA (XIV-XV century)
