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Death  on  a  massive  scale,  especially  caused  by  either  fire  or  nuclear  war  

11 million people were killed.

Of those, 6 million were Jews.

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Adolf hilter Leader  of  NAZI  Ger?any  

Jewish people Hitler  also  targeted  gBCsies,  homosexEals,    and  the  physically  and  mentally  disabled  

CLASSIFICATION DistingEishing  betFeen  “us”  and  “them”    

THE    NAZI    NUREMBERG    LAWS  •  Anyone  who  had  three  or  four  Jewish  gRandparents  was  also  a  Jew,  whether  they  

considered  themselves  one  or  not.      •  Jews  were  banned  Tom  working  in  the  goverVment,  as  teachers,  or  in  

broadcasting,  news  reporWing,  or  enterWainment.    •  They  could  not  marRB  or  have  sexEal  relations  with  “persons  of  Ger?an  or  

related  blood.”  •  They  could  no  longer  vote.    •  They  were  no  longer  considered  citizens.      

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SYMBOLIZATION Sy?bols  osten  name  and  identifB  the  classifications  

•  The  NAZI  goverVment  forced  Jewish  people  to  wear  the  Yellow  Star  of  David  any  time  they  were  out  in  public.      

•  In  the  concentRation  camps,  Jews  were  identified  with  numbers  ta[ooed  on  their  ar?.    

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DEHUMANIZATION Denying  the  humanitB  of  others  is  what  allows  killing  with  impunitB  

•  NAZI  propaganda  called  Jews  ‘rats’  or  ‘ver?in’  and  depicted  them  as  snakes  

•  Jews  were  labelled  a  ‘threat  to  existence’    

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ORGANIZATION Genocide  is  always  organized,  osten  by  states  but  also  by  militias  and  hate  gRoups  

 •  EisatzgREppen  (mobile  killing  units):  began  gRoup  killings  in  Jewish  

communities  as  early  as  the  1930s.      •  Euthanasia  progRam:  a  Nazi  policy  to  exWer?inate  the  physically  and  mentally  

disabled,  thereby  promoting  ArBan  “racial  integRitB.”  

•  Death  camps:  Auschwitz-­‐Birkenau;  Dachau    

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POLARIZATION Moderates  and  dissenters  are  eliminated  along  with  the  targeted  gRoup  

•  Jewish  people  were  seen  as  the  ultimate  evil,  and  their  exWer?ination  a  necessarB  dutB.    

•  Those  who  were  caught  sheltering  Jews  were  imprisoned,  beaten,  and  osten  killed  outRight  

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PREPARATION Includes  Identification  

•  Jewish  passporWs  and  identitB  cards  were  stamped  with  a  red  J  and  were  assigVed  middle  names  ‘Israel’  or  ‘Sara’.    

•  Their  properWB  and  businesses  were  confiscated  and  they  were  forced  to  live  in  ghe[os.  •  Warsaw,  the  largest  ghe[o,  held  500,000  people  and  was  3.5  square  

miles  in  size  

•   Ca[le  tRains  were  used  to  tRansporW  Jewish  people  to  concentRation  camps.  

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EXTERMINATION

•  Final  Solution:  called  for  the  complete  and  mass  annihilation  and  exWer?ination  of  the  Jews  as  well  as  other  gRoups.      

•  Zyklon  B  gas  and  gas  chambers  became  the  primarB  tool  of  the  mass  exWer?ination  

•  Up  to  8,000  people  were  gassed  each  day  at  Auschwitz-­‐Birkenau,  which  had  4  gas  chambers.    

The Legacy of the

Holocaust

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•  In  an  a[empt  to  prevent  something  like  the  Holocaust  ever  happening  again,  the  United  Nations  developed  the  Universal  Declaration  of  Human  Rights.  

•  The  Declaration  outlines  basic  human  rights  that  no  goverVment  can  take  Tom  its  people  without  risking  the  involvement  of  the  United  Nations.    

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•  In  1948,  the  UN  holds  an  InterVational  Convention  for  the  Prevention  and  Punishment  of  the  Crime  of  Genocide.    

•  The  Convention  legally  defines  genocide  and  outlines  an  obligation  for  all  parWicipating  countRies  to  prevent  and  punish  acts  of  genocide  both  during  war  and  in  peacetime.    

•  Historically,  Jewish  people  have  not  had  a  countRB  to  call  their  own.    Aster  the  Holocaust,  the  UN  believed  such  a  place  was  necessarB  as  parW  of  reparations  to  the  Jewish  people  (also  because  Anti-­‐Semitism  persisted  in  Europe  even  aster  WWII).  

•  Palestine  was  divided  in  tFo,  and  parW  of  it  became  the  State  of  Israel  where  Jewish  people  could  immigRate  if  they  did  not  wish  to  remain  in  Europe.  

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•  Much  of  our  moderV  understanding  of  hyCother?ia  and  the  effects  of  phosgene  gas  on  humans  comes  Tom  Nazi  medical  exCeriments  on  concentRation  camp  prisoners.    

•  Nazi  doctors  also  exCerimented  with  the  effects  of  depressurization  and  the  stEdy  of  the  human  brain,  data  that  has  since  been  used  to  fErWher  moderV  understanding  of  these  topics.    

•  Many  people  are  unwilling  to  use  this  medical  data  however,  since  it  was  gained  through  torWEous  exCerimentation:  prisoners  did  not  give  their  consent,  were  not  anesthetized,  and  osten  lest  per?anently  damaged  (both  mentally  and  physically)  or  died  as  a  result.        

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•  The  Holocaust  also  resulted  in  a  lot  of  moderV  cyVicism  regarding  human  ethics.    

•  If  people  have  a  fEndamental  understanding  of  right  and  wrong,  then  how  could  so  many  people  commit  such  atRocities?  

•  Who  should  be  held  responsible  for  what  happened  during  the  Holocaust?