Communication The brain:

”…….a man shal more profite, in one wike, by figures and chartis, well and properly made, than he shall by only reding or herying the rules of that science by the space of half a yer at the lest…….” Thomas Elyot (1531)

Robinson og Petcheniks model

A

A = World of the cartographer

B

B = World of the map reader

M1

M1 = Map reader already knows

M2

M2 = Information apprehended by B

M3

M3 = Information missed by B

(Induction)

U = Indirectly expanded knowledge of geographic content

U

Colour theory Physical Physiological Psychological

Art or ……?

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Visible light

Visible light have wave length between 380 and 740 nm (nanometre 10-9 m)

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Historic primary colours

Primary colours

Secondary colours

Tertiary colours Yellow Orange

Yellow Green Orange

Red

Red Violet

Violet Blue

Blue Green

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Modern colour combination

Additiv mixture of colours

TV screen an example. Mixture of red, green and blue pixels Colour depend strength of each Of the pixels

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Subtraktive colour mixture CMYK

C (Cyan) - M (Magenta) - Y(Yellow) - K (key - black pigment) K – amount of black Print

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Graphic print

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Visible light Visible on screen (RGB) Visible on print (CMYK)

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Hue is varioation in wave length

Hue

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The colours location in a greyscale

Value

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Saturation The purity of a colour

Low saturation at left – high saturation at right

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Eye

What you see depends on who you are!

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Eye

Distribution of sencory cells

Different kinds of cones

Colour-blindness

Normally sight Red - Green Blue - Yellow

8% of all men, 0.5% of all women

Congenital or as result of illness

Colour-blindness

Colour-blindness

Ishihara-test

Neighbour colours are important?

Colour contrasts

Red text on blue background is difficult

for the eye (big difference in refraction index)

Lesbarhet

Svart mot gult 94,2 %

Hvit mot rødaktig blå 93,1 %

Svart mot hvit 88,6 %

Blått mot gult 83,2 %

Rødt mot gult 79,5 %

Rødt mot grønt 66,9 %

Blått mot grønt 55,4 %

Svart mot rødt 49,9 %

Mørkegrått mot rødt 48,1 %

Hvit mot gul 46,8 %

Grått mot grønt 44,0 %

Grått mot blått 43,2 %

Lys grå mot gul 42,5 %

Blått mot rødt 65,8 %

Readability

Skandinaviska Färginstituttet, Johansson 2002

Psycology and colours

Blue Blue and purple is a colour for kings Blue water and sky Blue is the coldest colour Blue is symbolizing cleanness The colour of poetry Blue is sadness and blues Symbolizes piece Uncertainty Blue-eyed, naïve Conservative politics

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Grønt Comforting effect Growth and fertility Spring and hope Green - go (drive) here Greenhorn – rookie - unexperienced Jealousi Environment Freedom – green stripe in Italian flag

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Kalde og varme farger

Red

Revolution Love Blood – rudhira (Sanskrit for

blood) First colour a baby can

perceive Stressful – influence on

people’s blood preasure Anger Girl Danger

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Colour association

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Complimentary colours

Diametrally location in colour circle

Greatest contrast Harmonic

Avoid yellow on white background

Avoid saturated colours on large areas

Grey background is good!

Avoid restless line patterns

Equidistant grey scale

5%

10%

15%

85%

90%

95%

Øyebevegelser

Optical illusions

Kva er figuren?

Which is the dominating figure?

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Po

Poggendorf’s illusion

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Gestalt rules - continuation

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Lengd på linjer

Lengd på linjer

Adelson’s illusjon - Kontraster

… a small test

PARISIN THE

THE SPRING

Two ladies?

Bird or fish?

Kva dyr er dette?

Visual variables and theire qualities

Localization

Size

Value

Texture

Colour

Direction

Shape

Godstrafikk med jernbane Breddeproporsjonalt band

Grafisk variabel farge

Dynamic maps

Dynamic variables and their properties

Example on dynamic maps

History of religion

Hurricane – New Orleans

Convey time in a dynamic map

Typical: text string

Visual variables for presenting time

Order - ordering variables (location, size, value..)

The visual variable showing time has to be different from the visual variable for the main phenomenon.

How can we perceive the «time variable»

Focus on main phenomenon – time comprehended by the periheral-sight

Peripheral-sight is sensitive for value, less sensitive for colours

Minimizing the eye movement between the main phenomenon and the time variable

Visualization of time - examples

Time illustrated by a linear animation

Time illustrated by a cirkular animation

Time illustrated by a text

Other animations of time

Activating legend Symbols in the legend are interactive A ghost image of the symbol is “draggable” The “ghost symbol” can be compared to the animated

symbol in the map A growing bar is indicating time When the “ghost symbol” overlap the map symbol more

information is showed in the time bar For example indication if the animated symbol is larger

or less then the corresponding symbol in the legend Example

Animated legend

For the closer study of selected sites in an animated map. Selection of site by draggable arrow.

Ghost of animated symbol is showed in legend Size of ghost symbol corresponds to size of animated

map symbol Position of ghost symbol is also adapted to the

legend Example

Animated legend with tracking

To better study the variation in the animated map symbol over a certain period of time

The variation is represented by a curve in the time-indicator

Example 1 Example 2

Multiple tracks

To compare animated symbols in different sites

Choice of sites by arrows Colour-code on the different sites Example

Combination of time bar and legend

Colours from the choropleth map in the time indicator

Tracks/curves are indicating the history of the situation in the area

Example

Animations – static information

”Theme wheel” ”Rehabilitation of pie-chart”

Thank you !