Strategic Planning: Concepts, Theories & Practices

Strategic Planning: Concepts, Theories & Practices

1. Planning & Development in the Third World a. 1950’s: The First Development Decade

2. Philippine Planning Experiences

Enabling Objectives

• Describe the focus of national socio-economic planning and development in the Third World during 1950’s and 1960’s;

• Specify the contributions – benefits and problems of socio economic planning and development in the Third World Countries

Why there is a need to adopt development planning?

State of their underdevelopment. The conditions are:

a. Predominantly agricultural economy and were exporters of primary products.

b. The existence of a vast expanse of poverty and illiteracy among the masses of people and the limited public resources

c. Development planning was seen as indispensable means of national cohesion. It could mitigate economic and social inequities, create greater opportunities for the people giving them a collective achievement

d. Crucial role in the functioning of the government and in the evolution of coherent and effective public administration

What is Development

Planning?

Representative plans include the Rehabilitation Plan for the 1950s

Socio-Economic Development Plan for the 1960s;

The Development Plan for the 1970s

the Human Development Plan for the 1990s;

the Good Governance Plan during the initial years of the 21st century.

the Poverty Eradication Plan for the 1980s

PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2011-2016

The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 adopts a framework of inclusive growth, which is high growth that is sustained, generates mass employment, and reduces poverty. With good governance and anticorruption as the overarching theme of each and every intervention. The Plan translates into specific goals, objectives, strategies, programs and projects all the things that we want to accomplish in the medium term.

Development Planning Through this Plan, we intend to pursue rapid and sustainable economic growth and development, improve the quality of life of the Filipino, empower the poor and marginalized and enhance our social cohesion as a nation. Our strategic development policy framework thus focuses on improving transparency and accountability in governance, strengthening the macro economy, boosting the competitiveness of our industries, facilitating infrastructure development, strengthening the financial sector and capital mobilization, improving access to quality social services, enhancing peace and security for development, and ensuring ecological integrity.

Educational Planning in the Third World

As evidenced by the development experiences of the Third world countries “Economic is not economic growth alone. There are some non-economic ingredients of economic development”

More than half the economic growth of the last decade in industrialized countries was due to factors other than the classical inputs of labor and capital, to improvements in the quality of labor due to scientific research, technological innovation and EDUCATION AND TRAINING (A. King, 1967)

It was for this reason that educational objectives were subsumed in national development plans centered on the task of orchestrating the tremendous expansion of education systems with the aims of:

a. Universalizing education b. Providing national economies with the

qualified manpower they needed

Impact of the Over-all Integrated Education Systems

a. The evolution of over-all integrated education system

b. Development of educational administration and organization of planning structures within the education system; and

c. Sharpened administrative perception on the problem of efficiency in the system (R.Singh, 1990)

Major Economic Crisis in the ’70s and’90s

• Austerity and belt tightening measures were adopted led to a limitation in the resources made available to education

• With the dwindling Financial resources due to increased debt payments education planning was confronted challenge to link

between reduced public budget for quality education

Problems Encountered

• Excessive quantitative orientation

• Over centralization• Weaknesses in implementation• Evaluation dimension is slow

Philippine Planning Experiences• Public Administration (PA) from the western

concept was introduced in the Philippines through National Economic Council and International Cooperation Agency (ICA)

• Signing of MOA of the Quirino – Foster Agreement in Nov. 1950

• The economic and technical cooperation agreement between Phil & United States was signed in 1951.

• The assistance gave emphasis on the improvement of PA in the country

PA Assisted Projects

The Kroeger group of American consultants and experts contributed tangibly the introduction of American version of PA in the country.

• Improvement on budgeting, auditing, and revenue collection and assessment, general services, justice system and civil service;

• Police management and the setting of NBI;

• Census management;

• Organization and establishment of: - Institute of PA at UP - Bureau of Lands - National Media Production Center - Wage and Position Classification Office• Organization of the Government Survey and

reorganization Commission in Congress

PA Assisted Projects

L.D. Kroeger et al, 1959

National Economic Council (NEC)

• Created in 1935 by virtue of CA No. 2

• Tasked as the economic adviser and to formulate economic program

• For 13 years , NEC failed to come out with comprehensive plans by it’s lack of purposeful effort and political will on the part of the national leadership

• Failed to adopt the Five year Economic and Social Development Program FY 1957-1961 and the Three year Program of Economic & Social development FY 1959-1961

• In 1955 NEC was revitalized. The New NEC as tasked to: a) advise the President on matters concerning the economy, b) formulate definite & consistent national economic policies and to prepare comprehensive economic and social development program

Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP)

• Creation of the Commission on Reorganization (COR) in 1968 to promote simplicity, economy and efficiency in the government to enable it to pursue programs consistent with the national goals of accelerated social and economic development and to improve the service in the transaction of the public business

• In Sept 1972, Pres. Marcos declared Martial Law and picked up the old reorganization plan and named it Integrated Reorganization Plan (IRP) under PD No. 1

• The NEC, Presidential Economic Staff (PES) and some offices under the Budget Commission were integrated into a new super body called the NEDA chaired by the Pres of the Republic. The Secretary of the NEDA sits as the director general

• Regionalization as a policy was then adopted to reduce disparities among the different regions of the country. into 17 administrative regions. The establishment of RDCs, as the planning and implementing machinery in the region

• The IRP gave emphasis on the regional planning and development in the country. Three models are made based on the degree of political & administrative authority over regional offices and LGUs namely:

1) RDC 2) MMDA 3) ARMM

Local Government Units

• RA 7160 Local Government Code further strengthened the planning structures in local levels. The LDCs as planning bodies are lodged with the responsibility of formulating development plans, appraising and establishing priority socio-economic development programs and projects and coordinating and monitoring the implementation of said programs and projects with the participation of NGOs

Problems encountered by LDCs

• Lack of power and authority to allocate and implement plans

• Plans are not religiously followed

• Limited amount of funds in the local development fund

Planning in Higher Education

• Educational planning was operated on ad hoc basis

• In 1970 The Phil Commission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) observed that educational planning has not been the strength of Philippine Education (B. Reyes, 1974)

• PCPSE recommended to FM to give further emphasis to educational planning through the promulgation of Education Development Decree of 1972

Proliferation of SUCs• 1972 23 SUCs P 706 Million

• 1984 78 SUCs • 1984 100 SUCs• 1990 P 4.6 B• 1995 P 7.4 B

• 2010 P 23.8 B

• 2014 P 38 B

• 2015 P 43.3 B

As of 2004, PASUC's membership comprises 111 SUCs and 11 satellite associations

81 Provinces

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

in line with the Aquino Administration’s Higher Education Reform Roadmap, which aims to further improve the quality of the country’s tertiary education system through the provision of key services and facilities

http://www.gov.ph/2014/10/02/suc-budget-up-by-p5-2b-in-2015/

• The proliferation of SUCs contributed significantly to the ballooning of the Phi. Budget and increase of external debt

• SUCs have become big spenders

• LOI No. 1461 in 1985 Each university or college shall identify

an area of specialization and its capability to implement taking into account its available resources, namely: faculty, employees, finances, buildings, and equipment etc.

• In 1994 the CHED was created by RA 7722.• The result of the Congressional Commission on

education (EDCOM) study revealed that the quality of Phil education was declining continuously.

• Elem & HS were failing to teach the competence of average citizen need to become responsible, productive and self-fulfilling

• Colleges and technical and vocational schools were not producing the manpower needed to develop the economy

Thus, the EDCOM recommended the restructuring of the DECS into three major agencies:

1) CHED 2) The Technical Education and

Skills Development Authority (TESDA)

3) Dept of Basic Education (DBE)

• CHED supervised higher education institutions were required to submit their ten year development plan

• In the private education sector the preparation of a long term plan is “sine qua non” as this is a requirement before a college or university is granted permit to operate.

“sine qua non” is a noun which meansan essential condition; a thing that is absolutely necessary

• In a report of the GMA News Research posted on December 1, 2006, it states that "in 15 years, the number of SUCs in the country increased by 160 percent-from 138 main and satellite campuses in 1990 to 364" in 2005.

• The unfortunate reality, however, is that the quantity of SUCs does not guarantee quality education. The unregulated propagation of SUCs is not matched with the corresponding increase in the budget for these institutions, thereby diminishing the quality of service that these academic institutions should be known for.

SEN. FERDINAND R. MARCOS, JR S.B. NO. 2188

Why does the Philippines Needs the K+12 Education System?

Sufficient Instructional TimeIf K- 12 will be implemented, students will be able to get sufficient instructional time to do subject- related tasks which makes them more prepared and well- trained on that subject area. On the other hand, if we remain on the old system, Filipino students would continually get low achievement scores. For instance, international test results revealed that we often come at the tail end in the exams compared to other countries.

More Skilled and Competent Labor Force

Another good reason why we should support K- 12 is that the graduates of this program will be more prepared to enter the labor force., they will be equipped with the skills needed for a specific job even without a college degree. At the age of 18, the age when they graduate from high school, they will be employable and competitive already. Thus, adding up to the nation’s manpower.

Recognition as Professionals AbroadFinally, with K- 12, Filipino graduates will be automatically recognized as professionals abroad because we are following the international education standard as practiced by all nations.

K- 12 is very beneficial to us Filipinos. Therefore, we must have the strong will in supporting K- 12 Educational Plan for the betterment of our education system and economy. If we want change in our society, we must start it with our education system.

Set your creativity and innovation in motion

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Reference:

Eusebio M. Miclat (2000) Development Planning and BudgetingPapyrus Publishing Company, Rosales, Pangasinan

http://www.slideshare.net/jobitonio/strategic-planning-concepts-theories-and-practices

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