SPEECH ERRORS

SLIP OF TONGUE

Execution of Speech Plans &

Speech Errors

Common Speech Errors

Selection Errors

Assemblage Errors

Other Constituent

BoundariesBefore the first Content

Word within a Constituent

Grammatical

Junctures

Transposition/

SpoonerismAnticipations Repetitions

Semantic Errors

Malapropism

Blends

In Psycholinguistics Slips of Tongue are

generally considered as Speech errors.

Slips of the tongue have been the object of

PSYCHOLINGUISTICS research since 1960s.

One of the most imprortant contributors is

VICTORIA FROMKIN.

She contended that we switch initials

consonants of words with a single clause.

Commonest Silent Pauses Typical Repeats

the // house the // the house

the // big house the // the big house

in // houses in // in houses

in // big house in // in big house

in the // big house in the // in the big house

SPEECH ERRORS

Execution of Speech Plans

& Speech Errors

Common Speech Errors

SPEECH ERRORS

Grammatical

Junctures

Boomer in Clark and Clark, in Fauziati, (2013: 89)

has found that speakers most likely to pause after

the first word. The first word in most of them is a

function word: an article, a preposition, a

conjunction, or a pronoun.

Other Constituent

Boundaries

Within sentences, these boundaries are the

appropriate place to stop to plan details of the

next major constituent – precisely what noun

phrase, prepositional phrase, verb phrase, or

adverbial phrase is to fit next into the sentence

skeleton.

Before the first

Content Word within a

Constituent

SPEECH ERRORS

Common Speech Errors

Silent Pause

Filled Pause

Repeats

False Start

(Unretraced)

False (Retraced)

Corrections

Injections Stutters

Name of Speech Errors Example

Silent Pause Turn on the / heater switch

Filled Pause Turn on, uh, if the heater switch

Repeats Turn on the heater / the heater switch

False Start (Unretraced) Turn on the stove / heater switch

False (Retraced) Turn on the stove / the heater switch

Corrections Turn on Turn on the stove switch – I mean the

heater switch

Injections Turn on, oh, the heater switch

Stutters Turn on the h-h-h- heater switch

Slip of Tongue Turn on the sweeter hitch

In Psycholinguistics tongue slips are one kind ofspeech errors which are regarded mostly as errorsof articulation.

Serendre Shutter in 2004 stated that:

It is a complicated mental processing which ishappening entirely below the level ofconsciousness, so we're not aware of doinganything except when we hear ourselves sayingsomething funny, and its all happening at suchlighting speed that we're not aware of any timethese steps are taking.

William A. Spooner (1844-1930), a famous lecturer at Oxford University to whom many slips of the tongue have been attributed. For this reason, slips of the tongue are sometimes called Spoonerisms.

SPOONERISMS: is the transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words.

Examples:

(1) Intended: You have wasted the whole term

Said: You have tasted the whole worm

(2) Intended: The dear old Queen

Said: The queer old dean

This suggests that there is pre-planning of

an utterance: speakers have a „mental

image” of an utterance before they even

start producing it.

Victoria Fromkin Said that:

“Slips of the tongue are often the result of a

sound being carried over from one word to the

next”

Although the slips are mostly treated as errors of

articulation, it has been suggested that they may

result from ‘slips of the brain’ as it tries to organize

linguistic messages.

Tongue slips can be classified into two

categories : the major category and the

secondary category.

Smith (2003:1) identifies three levels of

tongue slips, they are as follows:

WORD ERRORSInterchanges of Words

MORPHEME ERRORS

Interchanges of Morphemes

SOUND ERRORS

Interchanges of Sounds

However, these three levels can be taken

various forms that can be summarized as

follows:

SPOONERISMS:

They involve the interchanging of initial

consonants of two words

MALAPROPISM:

Are caused by the confusion of two similar

sounds

ANTICIPATION:

This kind of error occurs as the initial

consonant of the first word is replaced by the

initial consonant of the latter word.

REPETITION:

In repetition errors a speaker repeats one or

more words in a row.

BLEND:

This error of tongue slips refers to a fusion of

two words into one.

1. SPOONERISMS:

Distinctive Features. Phonetic segment is divided into distinctive features (like voicing, nasality, and stridency).

Terry and Julia (Derry and Chulia)

Clear blue sky (Glear plue sky)

Phonetic Segments. They are frequently interchanged in slip of tongue.

With this ring I thee wed – with this wing I thee red.

David, feed the pooch – David food the peach.

Syllable. The next unit of articulatory program is syllables.

o Animal – aminal

2. MALAPROPISM:

Mussolini pudding ( semolina pudding)

The naughty story car park (multi – story car park).

“You keep newborn chicks warm in an incinerator” (an incubator).

“You go under a runaway bridge” (a railway bridge).

3. ANTICIPATION:

Take my bike – bake my bike

The west German chancellor – the worst German chancellor

An important point – an appointment point

4. REPETITION:

Turn on the heater / the heater switch

Isn’t it cold? More like a Sunday in February

It is not too bad – more like a February in March

I’d say “It’s not too bad – more like a Sunday in March”

5. BLEND:

Please exland that (explain and expand)

Not in the sleast (slightest and least)

Other examples taken from Fromkin (in Clark and Clark, in Fauziati, 2013: 95), are as follows:

Slicker (slick and Slippery)

Spaddle (spank and paddle)

Shimmy (stomach and tummy)

Shromkin (she and Fromkin)

Yule believes that when brain and tongue deny

to work in accordance slips of tongue occur.

Since our whole linguistics knowledge is stored

in our mind he calls it the ‘SLIPS OF BRAIN’

He suggests:

that our “word-storage” system is organized

on the basis of some phonological

information and that some words in the store

are more easily retrieved than others.

The most common speech errors which

disrupt ideal delivery are pausing and

hesitation, repeats, and stutters.

Tongue slip is one type of speech errors

which often occurs when speakers are

fatigue, a bit drunk, or nervous. It is the

result of problems in controlling the speech

production process.