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A short presentation about how SLA and CALL relate to one another.
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Second Language Acquisition and
CALL
Andrés Zapata October the 8th, 2014
About Second Language
Acquisition:
2 points of interest to understand SLA:
• Process of obtaining
• People involved
It is, however, still uncertain.
About CALL (Computer Assisted
Language Learning):
A very changing field. Why?
CALL or classroom teaching? Which one comes first?
Found influences in:
Behaviorism & Constructivism, eg. Repetition & Creation
Machine Translation, from the first teaching method
Schema theory, internalization of ideas.
Why use CALL for SLA?
Benefits in regular computer usage. How to
get attention from the learner?
Exposition to language. Collaboration and,
consequently, negotiation of meaning.
The power of simulation. “Real” situations as
the key to learning.
“The sky is the limit”.
Fundamentals of CALL:
Framework Fundamentals Evaluation Module
Computer - teacher/materials - learner Levels of adequacy
How to evaluate CALL resources?
Identify resources: Think specific, think organizational, think current
book publishers. Mind courseware.
Identify environments: Be it local, online, or even mobile. Take the
possibilities into account.
Krashen: Optimal Input in CALL
According to Krashen, there are four characteristics for optimal
input:
• It is comprehensible.
• It is interesting/relevant to the acquirer.
• It is not gramatically sequenced.
• It is provided in sufficient quantity.
Problem: How do computers “grade”?
Solution: Difficulty level. CAT (Computer-adaptive testing)
According to Chappelle, design vs
evaluation:
An ideal model of SLA, the
negotiation of meaning:
Seven hypotheses relevant to CALL
development
1. The linguistic
characteristics of L2 input
need to be made salient
Notice important
structures/forms in L2 that
should be given more
importance, e.g. formality
markers.
CALL allows easy solutions
such as highlighting, underlining, etc.
2. Learner needs help
concerningsemantic/syntactic
aspects of input.
The offering of
modifications in input isuseful to ease the
comprehension process.
Expanding linguistic
knowledge requires
modifications.
3. Learners should
have opportunities to produce L2 output.
Expectation: To be
understood. Hence,
the program must be
able to accept theplethora of answers
available. As such,
good syntax and
pragmatic
appropiacy are
required, which is
another push
towards theirimprovement.
4. Learners need to
notice their own output
errors.
The program gives the
opportunity of what we
consider the classic
“check before turning it
in”. This is based on the
learner’s perception or
“linguistic intuition”.
5. Learners need to correct their linguistic output.
The program may provide hints towards common errors, referencesand even show certain special marks for errors, effectively providing
a new opportunity.
6. Learners need to engage in L2 interaction
whose structure can be
modified for negotiation of
meaning.
Interaction with the
computer is required.
Hence, the use of
hypertext links, speech
recognition systems and even personal knowledge
are needed.
7. Learners should engage in L2 tasks to maximize opportunities forgood interaction.
How to create interaction? Preferred type is for communicative
tasks. This means, use of real language over linguistic forms.
Sources:
Hubbard, P. (2014) An invitation to CALL: Foundations of Computer
Assisted Language Learning. (Online resource)
Beatty, K. (2010) Teaching and researching computer-assisted
language-learning.
Johnson, K. (2005) Facilitating Second Language Acquisition through
Computer Assisted Language Learning. (Online resource taken from
http://chiron.valdosta.edu/are/artmanscrpt/vol1no1/cobb_am.pdf on
October the 5th, 2014)
Chappelle, C. (1998) Multimedia CALL: Lessons to be learned fromresearch on instructed SLA. (Online resource taken from
http://llt.msu.edu/vol2num1/article1/ on October the 5th, 2014)